Au (Indic)

Last updated
Au
Devanagari au.svg
Example glyphs
Bengali–Assamese Bengali Letter Au.svg
Tamil Tamil-alphabet-auau.svg
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka Brahmi
𑀒
Devanagari Devanagari au.svg
Cognates
Hebrew ו
Greek Ϝ (Ϛ), Υ (Ȣ)
Latin F, V, U, W, Y, Ⅎ
Cyrillic Ѕ, У (Ꙋ), Ѵ, Ю
Properties
Phonemic representation /ɐːʊ//ou//ɔː/
IAST transliteration au Au
ISCII code point B1 (177)

Au is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Au is derived from the middle "Kushana" Brahmi letter Gupta ashoka au.svg , and the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad au.svg . As an Indic vowel, Au comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Contents

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The ौ sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×1016, but the vowel letter औ did not have an inherent value by itself. [1]

Historic Au

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Au was not found in the earliest forms of Brahmi, but was found in the more flowing forms the Kushana Gupta ashoka au.svg and Gupta Gupta allahabad au.svg . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Au Tocharian letter au.gif has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Au are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

Brahmi Au

The Brahmi letter Au, is based on the letter O which was probably derived from the Aramaic Waw Waw.svg . That would make it related to the modern Latin F, V, U, W, Y and Greek Upsilon. [2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Au can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. [3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but only being found in later styles, the reference form of Brahmi Au is back-formed from later styles to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Au historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
Gupta ashoka au.svg Gupta gujarat au.svg Gupta allahabad au.svg

Tocharian Au

The Tocharian letter Tocharian letter au.gif is derived from the Brahmi Gupta ashoka au.svg . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian consonants with Au vowel marks
KauKhauGauGhauCauChauJauJhauNyauṬauṬhauḌauḌhauṆau
Tocharian letter kau.gif Tocharian letter khau.gif Tocharian letter gau.gif Tocharian letter cau.gif Tocharian letter jau.gif Tocharian letter jhau.gif Tocharian letter ttau.gif Tocharian letter ddau.gif
TauThauDauDhauNauPauPhauBauBhauMauYauRauLauVau
Tocharian letter tau.gif Tocharian letter thau.gif Tocharian letter dau.gif Tocharian letter dhau.gif Tocharian letter nau.gif Tocharian letter pau.gif Tocharian letter phau.gif Tocharian letter bhau.gif Tocharian letter mau.gif Tocharian letter yau.gif Tocharian letter rau.gif Tocharian letter lau.gif Tocharian letter vau.gif
ŚauṢauSauHau
Tocharian letter shau.gif Tocharian letter ssau.gif Tocharian letter sau.gif Tocharian letter hau.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Au

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Au is indicated with the O vowel mark Bukva O (zalezhnii znak). Pis'mo kkharoshtkhi. Kharoshthi vowel sign O.svg plus the vowel length mark Dovgii golosnii (zalezhnii znak). Pis'mo kkharoshtkhi. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg . As an independent vowel, Au is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A Bukva A (nezalezhnii znak). Pis'mo kkharoshtkhi. Kharoshthi letter A.svg .

Devanagari Au

Devanagari au.svg
Devanagari au.svg
Devanagari independent Au and Au vowel sign.

Au () is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg , after having gone through the Gupta letter Gupta allahabad au.svg . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘍.

Devanagari Using Languages

The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ओ is pronounced as [au] . Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Bengali Au

Bengali Letter Au.svg
Bengali Au vowel sign.svg
Bengali independent Au and Au vowel sign.

Au () is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter Siddham au.svg , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ओ.

Bengali Script Using Languages

The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঔ is pronounced as [au] . Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

Gujarati Au

Gujarati vowel Au.svg
Gujarati vowel sign Au.svg
Gujarati independent Au and Au vowel sign.

Au () is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Au Devanagari au.svg , and ultimately the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઔ is pronounced as [au] . Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Javanese Au

Telugu Au

Telugu vowel Au.svg
Telugu Au vowel sign.svg
Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Au.

Au () is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

Telugu Au vowel sign on k, kh, g, gh & ng: Kau, Khau, Gau, Ghau and Ngau. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to. Telugu Au matra.svg
Telugu Au vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kau, Khau, Gau, Ghau and Ngau. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.

Malayalam Au

Malayalam vowel Au.svg
Malayalam vowel sign Au.svg
Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Au.

Au () is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg , via the Grantha letter Grantha vowel Au.svg au. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Odia Au

Odia alphabet au.svg
Odia vowel sign au.svg
Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Au.

Au () is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg , via the Siddhaṃ letter Siddham au.svg au. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

Kaithi Au

Kaithi Au.svg
Kaithi Au vowel sign.svg
Kaithi independent vowel and vowel sign Au.

Au (𑂌) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Brahmi au.svg , via the Siddhaṃ letter Siddham au.svg Au. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.

Comparison of Au

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Au, are related as well.

Comparison of Au in different scripts
Aramaic
Waw.svg
Kharoṣṭhī
-
Ashoka Brahmi
𑀒
Kushana Brahmi [lower-alpha 1]
Gupta ashoka au.svg
Tocharian [lower-alpha 2]
-
Gupta Brahmi
Gupta allahabad au.svg
Pallava
Pallava Au.svg
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰍
Siddhaṃ
Siddham au.svg
Grantha
𑌔
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon [lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
-
Newa
𑐍
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Ranjana au.svg
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
-
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo [lower-alpha 4]
-
Khmer
 / 
Tamil
Tamil-alphabet-auau.svg
Chakma
𑄯
Tai Tham
-
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
-
Lao
-
Tai Le
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒎
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
Aksara Kawi
-
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆐
Rejang
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨈
Bengali-Assamese
Bengali Letter Au.svg
Takri
𑚉
Javanese
-
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul [lower-alpha 5]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠉
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘍
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈇
Khudabadi
𑊹
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Devanagari au.svg
Nandinagari
𑦭
Kaithi
Kaithi Au.svg
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics [lower-alpha 6]
-
Soyombo [lower-alpha 7]
-
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
𑵫
Masaram Gondi [lower-alpha 8]
𑴋
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Au

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Au in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Au from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview Devanagari au.svg Bengali Letter Au.svg Tamil-alphabet-auau.svg
Unicode nameDEVANAGARI LETTER AUBENGALI LETTER AUTAMIL LETTER AUTELUGU LETTER AUORIYA LETTER AUKANNADA LETTER AUMALAYALAM LETTER AUGUJARATI LETTER AUGURMUKHI LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 2324U+09142452U+09942964U+0B943092U+0C142836U+0B143220U+0C943348U+0D142708U+0A942580U+0A14
UTF-8 224 164 148E0 A4 94224 166 148E0 A6 94224 174 148E0 AE 94224 176 148E0 B0 94224 172 148E0 AC 94224 178 148E0 B2 94224 180 148E0 B4 94224 170 148E0 AA 94224 168 148E0 A8 94
Numeric character reference औऔঔঔஔஔఔఔଔଔಔಔഔഔઔઔਔਔ
ISCII177B1177B1177B1177B1177B1177B1177B1177B1177B1


Character information
Preview
Ashoka𑀒
Kushana Gupta ashoka au.svg
Gupta Gupta allahabad au.svg
Siddham au.svg 𑌔
Unicode nameBRAHMI LETTER AUSIDDHAM LETTER AUGRANTHA LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode 69650U+1101271053U+1158D70420U+11314
UTF-8 240 145 128 146F0 91 80 92240 145 150 141F0 91 96 8D240 145 140 148F0 91 8C 94
UTF-16 55300 56338D804 DC1255301 56717D805 DD8D55300 57108D804 DF14
Numeric character reference 𑀒𑀒𑖍𑖍𑌔𑌔


Character information
Preview𑐍𑰍𑆐
Unicode nameNEWA LETTER AUBHAIKSUKI LETTER AUSHARADA LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode 70669U+1140D72717U+11C0D70032U+11190
UTF-8 240 145 144 141F0 91 90 8D240 145 176 141F0 91 B0 8D240 145 134 144F0 91 86 90
UTF-16 55301 56333D805 DC0D55303 56333D807 DC0D55300 56720D804 DD90
Numeric character reference 𑐍𑐍𑰍𑰍𑆐𑆐


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameMYANMAR LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode 4138U+102A
UTF-8 225 128 170E1 80 AA
Numeric character reference ဪဪ


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameKHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAUTAI VIET VOWEL AUE
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode 6067U+17B343707U+AABB
UTF-8 225 158 179E1 9E B3234 170 187EA AA BB
Numeric character reference ឳឳꪻꪻ


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameSINHALA LETTER AUYANNATAI LE LETTER AUESAURASHTRA LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode 3478U+0D966508U+196C43153U+A891
UTF-8 224 182 150E0 B6 96225 165 172E1 A5 AC234 162 145EA A2 91
Numeric character reference ඖඖᥬᥬꢑꢑ


Character information
Preview𑘍𑦭𑵫 Kaithi Au.svg
Unicode nameMODI LETTER AUNANDINAGARI LETTER AUGUNJALA GONDI LETTER AUKAITHI LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 71181U+1160D72109U+119AD73067U+11D6B69772U+1108C
UTF-8 240 145 152 141F0 91 98 8D240 145 166 173F0 91 A6 AD240 145 181 171F0 91 B5 AB240 145 130 140F0 91 82 8C
UTF-16 55301 56845D805 DE0D55302 56749D806 DDAD55303 56683D807 DD6B55300 56460D804 DC8C
Numeric character reference 𑘍𑘍𑦭𑦭𑵫𑵫𑂌𑂌


Character information
Preview𑒎
Unicode nameTIRHUTA LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode 70798U+1148E
UTF-8 240 145 146 142F0 91 92 8E
UTF-16 55301 56462D805 DC8E
Numeric character reference 𑒎𑒎


Character information
Preview𑚉𑠉𑈇𑊹
Unicode nameTAKRI LETTER AUDOGRA LETTER AUKHOJKI LETTER AUKHUDAWADI LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 71305U+1168971689U+1180970151U+1120770329U+112B9
UTF-8 240 145 154 137F0 91 9A 89240 145 160 137F0 91 A0 89240 145 136 135F0 91 88 87240 145 138 185F0 91 8A B9
UTF-16 55301 56969D805 DE8955302 56329D806 DC0955300 56839D804 DE0755300 57017D804 DEB9
Numeric character reference 𑚉𑚉𑠉𑠉𑈇𑈇𑊹𑊹


Character information
Preview
Unicode nameBALINESE LETTER OKARA TEDUNG
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode 6930U+1B12
UTF-8 225 172 146E1 AC 92
Numeric character reference ᬒᬒ


Character information
Preview𑴋
Unicode nameMASARAM GONDI LETTER AU
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode 72971U+11D0B
UTF-8 240 145 180 139F0 91 B4 8B
UTF-16 55303 56587D807 DD0B
Numeric character reference 𑴋𑴋


Related Research Articles

Cha is the seventh consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, cha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter ("Q") after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ṇa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṇa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṇa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Tha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, tha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Bha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Bha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Śa or Sha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Sa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Sa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

A is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, A is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the "A" vowel inherently, and thus there is no modifier sign for "A" in Indic scripts.

Ā is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Aa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, "Ā" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent short "A" vowel.

I is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, I is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, "I" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ī is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ī is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ī comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

U is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, U is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, U comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ū is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ū is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ū comes in two normally distinct forms: as an independent letter and as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, R̥ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, R̥ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

is a vowel-like letter of Indic abugidas, often referred to as a "vocalic R̄". In modern Indic scripts, Ṝ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an ostensible Indic vowel, Ṝ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

or Vocalic L is a vowel symbol of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḷ is derived from the Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ḷ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḹ is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ḹ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Ai is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

O is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, O is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, O comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

References

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN   0-471-39340-1.
  2. Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838