The issue of child sexual abuse by Roman Catholic priests was first publicized in 1985 when a Louisiana priest pleaded guilty to 11 counts of molestation of boys.[1] It was again brought to national attention in 2002 following a series of publications by The Boston Globe.
As it became clear that there was truth to many of the allegations and that there was a pattern of cover-ups in a number of large dioceses across the United States, the issue became a nationwide scandal, creating a crisis for the Catholic Church in the United States. Though the sex abuse cases are not unique in comparison to other countries, the sex abuse crisis in the United States is more conspicuous due to the behavior and reaction (or lack thereof) from the clergy and the Vatican.[2] Allegations in the United States also encouraged victims in other nations to come forward, rapidly creating a global crisis for the Church. Over many decades, priests and lay members of religious orders in the Roman Catholic Church had sexually abused children, principally boys, on such a large scale, that the accusations reached into the thousands.[3]
"The majority of accused priests in the United States (55.7%) had one formal allegation of abuse made against them, 26.4% had two or three allegations, 17.8% had four to nine allegations, and 3.5% had ten or more allegations."[4] A major aggravating factor was the actions of Catholic bishops to keep these crimes secret and to reassign the accused to other parishes in positions where they had continued unsupervised contact with youth.
Many of the accused priests were forced to resign or were laicized. In addition, several bishops who had participated in the cover-up were also forced to resign or retire. The dioceses in which the crimes were committed found it necessary to make financial settlements with the victims estimated to have surpassed $3 billion in total by 2012. The revelations nationwide led to a "zero tolerance" policy by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). In December 2019, however, it was revealed that numerous Bishops across the United States withheld hundreds of names from their accused clergy list.[5][6][7]
The Associated Press estimated the total from settlements of sex abuse cases from 1950–2007 to be more than $2 billion.[23] BishopAccountability reports that figure reached more than $3 billion in 2012.[26][27]
In 2018, bankruptcy court approved an offer from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis to pay victims of clergy sexual abuse a total of $210 million in settlement, which was the second largest settlement for any United States Catholic Diocese and the largest by any United States Catholic Diocese in bankruptcy.[29][30][31][32]
On February 9, 2020, it was reported that five Catholic dioceses across the state of New Jersey had paid over $11 million compensate 105 claims of sex abuse committed by Catholic clergy.[33] Of these 105 claims, 98 were compensated through settlements.[33] The payments also do not involve 459 other sex abuse cases in these dioceses which are still not resolved.[33]
On May 5, 2020, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia announced that it now expected to pay $126 million in reparations.[34] The archdiocese also said its Independent Reconciliation and Reparations Program, which was established in 2018, has received a total of 615 claims, and had settled 208 of them for $43.8 million as of April 22, 2020.[34] That averages out to about $211,000 per claim, which is in line with what other dioceses have been paying under similar programs.[34] The same day, the total amount of money which the Archdiocese of Philadelphia expects to pay in sex abuse settlements was soon revised to $130 million.[35]
The U.S. dioceses have tallied complaints from 17,000 people for what they paid out about $4 billion to victims since the 1980s. That figure could double given recent lookback laws that give them more time to sue.[36]
In October 2024, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles will pay $880 million to compensate 1,350 victims (who were minors at the time) of sexual abuse by approximately 300 of their clergy members dating back decades.[37] This is the largest settlement involving the Catholic Church, and, including the $740 million the LA Archdiocese had previously paid, brings their total payout to $1.5 billion.[37]
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) commissioned the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in 2002 to conduct a comprehensive study based on surveys completed by the Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States. The product of the study, titled the John Jay Report indicated that some 11,000 allegations had been made against 4,392 priests in the USA. This number constituted approximately 4% of the priests who had served during the period covered by the survey (1950–2002).[46] Of the abused, 81% were male, and 19% were female, 22% were younger than age 11, 51% were between the ages of 11 and 14, and 27% were between the ages of 15 and 17 years when first abused. Within the youngest age group, 64% of abused children were male, while within the older age groups, 85% were male.[46] 2,411 of the priests had a single allegation made against them, while 149 priests had 10 or more allegations made against them.
The John Jay report identified that the reported sexual abuse cases had a sharp increase in the 1960s and continued to do so until the decrease of reported sexual abuse cases in the 1980s.[4] The decrease in allegations has continued until today.[4] There does not appear to be a single primary cause of the abuse patterns within the Catholic clergy; however, the John Jay report suggests that many of the abusing priests were inclined to abuse victims because they themselves have experienced childhood sexual abuse first hand.[4]
A further analysis by the John Jay College found that, among clerics with a single accusation of abuse, the victims were more evenly divided between male and female and were more likely to be older. Abusers with greater numbers of victims abused a higher proportion of boys.[47] The report also identified some subsets of abusive behaviour: pedophilia (96 priests) and ephebophilia (474 priests).
In spite of the importance of this study, the John Jay studies have been heavily criticized.[4] Some critics deemed the studies as inaccurate and consider the researchers ignorant on the subject.[4]
In 2018, a grand jury in Pennsylvania issued a report of 884 pages,[48] stating that there were over 1,000 identifiable child victims of sexual abuse by over 300 priests in six of the eight Roman Catholic dioceses in Pennsylvania,[49] while advising "that there were likely to be thousands more."[50] Only two criminal charges were brought, as either the priests involved had died or the statute of limitations had run out, a situation the grand jury stated made them "sick".[48]:2 The grand jury recommended to the Pennsylvania Legislature that:
the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse in Pennsylvania be eliminated[48]:7
the window for filing civil suits be expanded[48]:8
the laws requiring reporting of abuse be strengthened[48]:8
a requirement be put into law mandating that any non-disclosure agreement include the statement that a non-disclosure agreement does not (and legally can not) prohibit victims from talking to law enforcement[48]:8–9
The grand jury found that Church officials followed a "playbook for concealing the truth", minimizing the abuse by using words like "inappropriate contact" instead of "rape".[49]State Attorney GeneralJosh Shapiro, whose office initiated the investigation, said in a news conference, "They protected their institution at all costs. As the grand jury found, the church showed a complete disdain for victims."[49]
The Vatican has declined to respond to the grand jury report detailing decades of sexual abuse and cover-ups by priests and bishops in Pennsylvania, refusing even to say whether church officials in Rome have read the damaging documents.[51]
Actions of the Catholic hierarchy
Historically, the Church has typically addressed sexual abuse as an internal matter, not reported to civil authorities. Abusive priests were usually sanctioned under canon law and sometimes received treatment from specialized Catholic service agencies. For example, 6,000 pages of documents released in a Milwaukee court case showed a pattern of ongoing abuse by a large number of priests who were being systematically switched to different assignments while church administrators failed to inform secular law enforcement agencies.[52]
Offenders reported to authorities
Some, but relatively few, offenders were reported to civil authorities.
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The Church was widely criticized when it was discovered that some bishops knew about the crimes committed, but reassigned the accused instead of seeking to have them permanently removed from the priesthood.[18][53] In defense of this practice, some have pointed out that public school administrators acted in a similar manner when dealing with teachers accused of sexual misconduct,[54] as did the Boy Scouts of America.[55]
Some bishops have been heavily criticized for moving offending priests from parish to parish, where they still had personal contact with children, rather than seeking to have them permanently removed from the priesthood.[citation needed] Instead of reporting the incidents to police, many dioceses directed the offending priests to seek psychological treatment and assessment.
In response to these allegations, defenders of the Church's actions have suggested that in reassigning priests after treatment, bishops were acting on the best medical advice then available, a policy also followed by the US public school system when dealing with accused teachers. Some bishops and psychiatrists have asserted that the prevailing psychology of the times suggested that people could be cured of such behavior through counseling.[53][56] Many of the abusive priests had received counseling before being reassigned.[57][58] Critics have questioned whether bishops are necessarily able to form accurate judgments on a priest's recovery.[citation needed] The priests were allowed to resume their previous duties with children only when the bishop was advised by the treating psychologists or psychiatrists that it was safe for them to resume their duties.[citation needed]
Accused clergy allowed to leave country
On March 6, 2020, a joint investigation conducted by ProPublica and the Houston Chronicle was published which revealed that the Catholic Church transferred more than 50 credibly accused U.S. Catholic clergy to other countries after sex abuse accusations surfaced against them.[59][60]
Failure to report alleged criminal acts to police
Sexual abuse has been institutionalized, routinized and tolerated by the church hierarchy for decades. American professor of religion Anthea Butler says that in these actions the church acted as a criminal syndicate,[61] and many believe that the Catholic Church is guilty of a grave moral failure for allowing massive sexual abuse of children.[62] In response to the failure to report abuse to the police, lawmakers have changed the law to make reporting of abuse to police compulsory. An example of this can be found in Massachusetts, USA.[63]
Handling of evidence
William McMurry, a Louisville, Kentucky lawyer, filed suit against the Vatican[64] in June 2004 on behalf of three men allegedly abusing as far back as 1928, accusing Church leaders of organizing a cover-up of cases of sexual abuse of children. In November 2008, the United States Court of Appeals in Cincinnati denied the Vatican's claim of sovereign immunity and allowed the case to proceed. The Vatican initially stated that it did not plan to appeal the ruling.
Awareness of the problem
Some date the current sexual abuse scandal to an article published in the National Catholic Reporter in 1985.[65] After that, the scandal remained at the fringes of public attention but did not become a point of national attention until the mid-1990s when a number of books were published on the topic.[66] The topic became the focus of intense scrutiny and debate after The Boston Globe published a series of articles covering cases of sexual abuse.
In 2002, criminal charges were brought against five Roman Catholic priests in Boston, (John Geoghan, John Hanlon, Paul Shanley, Robert V. Gale and Jesuit priest James Talbot) which ultimately resulted in the conviction and sentencing of each to prison.[67] The ongoing coverage of these cases by The Boston Globe thrust the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests into the national limelight.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][68] The coverage of these cases encouraged other victims to come forward with their allegations of abuse resulting in more lawsuits and criminal cases.[18]
Prosecution by civil authorities
In June 2012, Msgr. William J. Lynn, of the archdiocese of Philadelphia, became the first senior official convicted in the United States for covering up the sexual abuse of children by priests he oversaw. Lynn was convicted of child endangerment for, as the official in charge of handling abuse complaints, reassigning known abusers to new parishes instead of keeping them away from children.[69] He was sentenced to three to six years in prison.[70]
In July 2008 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver agreed "to pay $5.5 million to settle 18 claims of childhood sexual abuse."[25] The Associated Press estimated the total from settlements of sex abuse cases from 1950–2007 to be more than $2 billion.[23] According to the USCCB that figure reached more than $2.6 billion in 2008.[27] Addressing "a flood of abuse claims" five dioceses (Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Davenport, Iowa, and San Diego) got bankruptcy protection.[23] Eight Catholic dioceses have declared bankruptcy due to sex abuse cases from 2004 to 2011.[71]
On December 3, 2020, New York City priest Fr. George Rutler, the prestigious pastor of the Church of St. Michael in Manhattan who gained notoriety for criticizing high-profile Irish politician Leo Varadkar's homosexually, was arrested on charges of groping female security guard Ashley Gonzalez.[72][73] Rutler, considered a conservative icon, had made numerous appearances on EWTN and had written 30 books.[73][72] The charges were dropped the following May.[74]
Response of the Church
Although many cases could not be prosecuted because the statute of limitations in civil law, the Church's canon law allows for prosecution of many of those cases.[citation needed]
The Catholic Church responded to the scandal at three levels: the diocesan level, the episcopal conference level and the Vatican. Responses to the scandal proceeded at all three levels in parallel with the higher levels becoming progressively more involved as the gravity of the problem became more apparent.
Before The Boston Globe coverage of the sexual abuse scandal in the Boston archdiocese, handling of sexual abuse allegations was largely left up to the discretion of individual bishops. After the number of allegations exploded following the Globe's series of articles, U.S. bishops felt compelled to formulate a coordinated response at the episcopal conference level.
Although the Vatican did not respond immediately to the series of articles published by The Boston Globe in 2002, it has been reported that Vatican officials were, in fact, monitoring the situation in the U.S. closely.[75] Over time, it became more apparent that the problem warranted greater Vatican involvement.
Diocesan responses to the problem
The response to allegations of sexual abuse in a diocese was largely left to the bishop or archbishop. Many of the accused priests were forced to resign or were laicized. In addition, several bishops who had participated in the cover-up were also forced to resign or retire.[76]
The dioceses in which abuse was committed or in which abuse allegations were settled out of court found it necessary to make financial settlements with the victims totaling over $1.5 billion as of March 2006.[77] The number and size of these settlements made it necessary for the dioceses to reduce their ordinary operating expenses by closing churches and schools. In many instances, dioceses were forced to declare bankruptcy as a result of the settlements.
John F. Allen Jr., Vatican correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter, has commented that many American Catholics saw the Vatican's initial silence on The Boston Globe stories as showing a lack of concern or awareness about the issue. However, Allen said that he does not know anyone in the Roman Curia who was not horrified "by the revelations that came out of the Globe and elsewhere" or that "would defend Cardinal Law's handling of the cases in Boston" or "would defend the rather shocking lack of oversight that revealed itself [although] they might have different analyses of what should have happened to him".[75] Allen described the Vatican's perspective as being somewhat skeptical of the media handling of the scandal. In addition, he asserted that the Vatican viewed American cultural attitudes toward sexuality as being somewhat hysterical as well as exhibiting a lack of understanding of the Catholic Church.
No one [in the Vatican] thinks the sexual abuse of kids is unique to the States, but they do think that the reporting on it is uniquely American, fueled by anti-Catholicism and shyster lawyers hustling to tap the deep pockets of the church. And that thinking is tied to the larger perception about American culture, which is that there is a hysteria when it comes to anything sexual, and an incomprehension of the Catholic Church. What that means is that Vatican officials are slower to make the kinds of public statements that most American Catholics want, and when they do make them they are tentative and half-hearted. It's not that they don't feel bad for the victims, but they think the clamor for them to apologize is fed by other factors that they don't want to capitulate to.[75]
In April 2002, Pope John Paul II called to Rome the U.S. cardinals, plus the president and vice president of the USCCB. The pope asserted that "there is no place in the priesthood or religious life for those who would harm the young." The meeting's participants drew up a final statement, which called for a set of national standards for dealing with sexual abuse of minors by priests and new procedures for dismissing from the clerical state those found guilty of that crime.
Relations between the Vatican and American Catholics
According to John Allen Jr., Vatican correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter, cultural differences between the Vatican and American Catholics complicated the process of formulating a comprehensive response to the sexual abuse scandal. Allen asserted that the sexual abuse crisis illustrated that "there is a lot about the American culture and the American Church that puzzles people in the Vatican, and there is much about the Vatican that puzzles Americans and English speakers generally."[75]
Response of the US Conference of Catholic Bishops
As the breadth and depth of the scandals became apparent in dioceses across the United States, it became apparent to the American bishops that a joint response was warranted at the episcopal conference level. John F. Allen Jr. characterized the reaction of the USCCB as calling for "swift, sure and final punishment for priests who are guilty of this kind of misconduct." In contrast to this, Allen characterized the Vatican's primary concern as wanting to make sure "that everyone's rights are respected, including the rights of accused clergy" and wanting to affirm that it is not acceptable to "remedy the injustice of sexual abuse with the injustice of railroading priests who may or may not be guilty."[75]
According to Bishop Blase J. Cupich, then Bishop of Rapid City, by 2008 the U.S. church had trained 5.8 million children to recognize and report abuse. It had run criminal checks on 1.53 million volunteers and employees, 162,700 educators, 51,000 clerics and 4,955 candidates for ordination. It had trained 1.8 million clergy, employees and volunteers in creating a safe environment for children.[79]
In 2019, more than 2.6 million background checks were conducted on clergy, employees and volunteers, and more than 2.6 million adults and 3.6 million youths were trained on identifying warning signs of abuse and how to report them. Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests, which advocates for survivors of clergy sex abuse, expressed concern about a section of the report indicating that only 60% of parishes nationwide were performing safety audits on their own.[80]
Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People
In June 2002, the USCCB unanimously promulgated a Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People, sometimes referred to as the Dallas Charter.[81] The charter committed the Catholic Church in the U.S. to the goal of providing a "safe environment" for all children and youth participating in activities sponsored by the Church. To accomplish this, the U.S. bishops pledged to establish uniform procedures for handling sex-abuse allegations against lay teachers in Catholic schools, parish staff members, coaches and other people who represent the Church to young people.[82][83]
The thrust of the charter was the adoption of a "zero tolerance" policy for sexual abuse.[84][85] The USCCB instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees.[82] They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[82][83] An audit of the Charter was completed in 2010.[86]
In June 2014, the chairman of the USCCB's National Review Board reported that Bishop James Conley's Lincoln Diocese and three eparchies had yet to comply with the USCCB's charter requiring every diocese to submit its procedures for the protection of children to the Review Board for an audit.[87]
Essential Norms
In June 2002, to ensure that each diocese/eparchy in the United States had "procedures in place to respond promptly to allegations of sexual abuse of minors", the USCCB also issued "Essential Norms for Diocesan/Eparchial Policies Dealing with Allegations of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priest or Deacons". In October, the USCCB and the Holy See established a commission of four bishops from the Holy See and four bishops from the United States to review the norms.[88] In November, the U.S. bishops were invited to accept the commission's work, but not to propose amendments.[89] Following the document's approval, the USCCB issued the revised version of the norms.[90] According to the USCCB, the Essential Norms constitute "'particular' canon law", that is, canon law for the Catholic bishops in the United States.[91]
National studies
The National Review Board engaged the John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York to conduct a study analyzing allegations of sexual abuse in Catholic dioceses in United States. The time period covered by the John Jay study began in 1950 and ended in 2002. The product of the study was a report to the National Review Board titled "The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States" and commonly referred to as the "John Jay Report". It was published in February 2004.
The John Jay report indicated that some 11,000 allegations had been made against 4,392 priests in the USA. This number constituted approximately 4% of the 110,000 priests who had served during the period covered by the survey (1950–2002).[46] The report found that, over the 52-year period covered by the study, "the problem was indeed widespread and affected more than 95 percent of the dioceses and approximately 60 percent of religious communities."[92]
In 2008, the Church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem but, at the same time, estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent' (or 5,000) of the over 500,000 Roman Catholic priests worldwide. [citation needed]
A second John Jay report, titled The Causes and Context of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests in the United States, 1950–2010, was published in May 2011.[93]
Response of the laity
A study conducted by CARA in 2007 found that, although many Catholics are unaware of the specific steps that the church has taken, when informed of them, large majorities approve these actions. 78% strongly approved of reporting allegations of sexual abuse by clergy to civil authorities and cooperating in civil investigations. 76% strongly approved of removing from ministry people credibly accused of sexual abuse of a minor. [citation needed]
Global extent
Although allegations of clergy sexual abuse have surfaced in several countries around the world, there have been no comprehensive studies which compare the relative incidence of sexual abuse in different areas. However, there is a general perception that the issue has been most prominent in the United States, and then in Australia, Canada and Ireland.[94]
Number of allegations
The number of alleged abuses increased in the 1960s, peaked in the 1970s, declined in the 1980s and by the 1990s had returned to the levels of the 1950s.[77]
Of the 11,000 allegations reported by bishops in the John Jay study, 3300 were not investigated because the allegations were made after the accused priest had died. 6700 allegations were substantiated, leaving 1000 which could not be substantiated.
According to the John Jay report, one-third of the accusations were made in the years 2002 and 2003. Another third of the allegations were reported between 1993 and 2001.[77]
In consideration to the victims who reported their abuse, there are still many victims that have not reported their perpetrators and continue to survive with their experiences. In terms of children, data illustrates that the number of child-victims are "significantly underreported".[4] According to academic journal Deviant Behavior, "Approximately 78% of the victims (male and females) were between the age of 11 and 17, 16% were between 8 and 10, and 6% were younger than 7".[4]
Profile of the alleged abuses
The John Jay study found that, "Like in the general population, child sex abuse in the Catholic Church appears to be committed by men close to the children they allegedly abuse." According to the study, "many (abusers) appear to use grooming tactics to entice children into complying with the abuse, and the abuse occurs in the home of the alleged abuser or victim." The study characterized these enticements as actions such as buying the minor gifts, letting the victim drive a car and taking youths to sporting events. The most frequent context for abuse was a social event and many priests socialized with the families of victims. Abuses occurred in a variety of places with the most common being the residence of the priest.[92]
The John Jay report catalogued more than twenty types of sexual abuse ranging from verbal harassment to penile penetration. It said that most of the abusers engaged in multiple types of abuses. According to the report, only 9% of the accused performed acts limited to improper touching over the victim's clothes. Slightly more than 27% of the allegations involved a cleric performing oral sex and 25% involved penile penetration or attempted penile penetration, reported the study.
The study said sexual abuse "includes contacts or interactions between a child and an adult when the child is being used as an object of sexual gratification for the adult." The report categorized allegations of sexual abuse even if the allegation did not involve force or genital or physical contact.[92]
Profile of the victims
The John Jay report found that 81% of the victims were male. 22% of victims were younger than age 10, 51% were between the ages of 11 and 14, and 27% were between the ages 15 and 17 years.[77][92]
Profile of the abusers
Half the priests were 35 years of age or younger at the time of the first instance of alleged abuse. Fewer than 7% of the priests were reported to have experienced physical, sexual or emotional abuse as children. Although 19% of the accused priests had alcohol or substance abuse problems, only 9% used drugs or alcohol during the alleged instances of abuse.[77]
Over the period from 1890 to 2002, the majority of priests accused of sexual abuse were ordained in the mid-20th century, with 68% of all alleged abusers ordained between 1950 and 1979. The share of all accused priests by decade of ordination tripled from just 2% in the 1920s to 6% in the 1930s, doubling to 12% in the 1940s, and again to 23% in the 1950s. The number of alleged abusers peaked in the 1960s as over 25% of all accused priests were ordained between 1960 and 1969; another 20% of all accused clerics were ordained during the 1970s. But the number of accused tumbled precipitously to only 8% of priests ordained in the 1980s, and a mere 2% of all alleged abusers were ordained after 1990.[95]
Of the priests who were accused of sexual abuse, 59% were accused of a single allegation. 41% of the priests were the subject of more than one allegation. Just under 3% of the priests were the subject of ten or more allegations. The 149 priests who had more than 10 allegations against them accounted for 2,960 of the total number of allegations.[77]
2003 Vatican Conference on Sexual Abuse
In April 2003, the Pontifical Academy for Life organized a three-day conference, entitled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts identified the following factors contributing to the sexual abuse problem:[96]
Failure by the hierarchy to grasp the seriousness of the problem.
Overemphasis on the need to avoid a scandal.
Use of unqualified treatment centers.
Misguided willingness to forgive.
Insufficient accountability.
Diocesan awareness of the problem
In response to criticism that the Catholic hierarchy should have acted more quickly and decisively to remove priests accused of sexual misconduct, contemporary bishops have responded that the hierarchy was unaware until recent years of the danger in shuffling priests from one parish to another and in concealing the priests' problems from those they served. For example, Cardinal Roger Mahony of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, said: "We have said repeatedly that ... our understanding of this problem and the way it's dealt with today evolved, and that in those years ago, decades ago, people didn't realize how serious this was, and so, rather than pulling people out of ministry directly and fully, they were moved."[97]
Diocesan response to allegations of sexual abuse
Some bishops have been heavily criticized for moving offending priests from parish to parish, where they still had personal contact with children, rather than seeking to have them permanently removed from the priesthood by defrocking. The Church was widely criticized when it was discovered that some bishops knew about some of the alleged crimes committed, but reassigned the accused instead of seeking to have them permanently removed from the priesthood.[18][53]
In defense of this practice, some have pointed out that public school administrators engaged in a similar manner when dealing with accused teachers,[54] as did the Boy Scouts of America.[55]
Instead of reporting the incidents to police, many dioceses directed the offending priests to seek psychological treatment and assessment. According to the John Jay report, nearly 40% of priests alleged to have committed sexual abuse participated in treatment programs. The more allegations a priest had, the more likely he was to participate in treatment.[77] From a legal perspective, the most serious criticism aside from the incidents of child sexual abuse themselves was by the bishops, who failed to report accusations to the police. In response to the failure to report abuse to the police, lawmakers have changed the law to make reporting of abuse to police compulsory. In 2002, Massachusetts passed a law requiring religious officials to report the abuse of children.[98]
In response to these allegations, defenders of the Church's actions have suggested that in reassigning priests after treatment, bishops were acting on the best medical advice then available, a policy also followed by the US public school system when dealing with accused teachers. Some bishops and psychiatrists have asserted that the prevailing psychology of the times suggested that people could be cured of such behavior through counseling.[53][56] Many of the abusive priests had received counseling before being reassigned.[57][58] Critics have questioned whether bishops are necessarily able to form accurate judgments on a priest's recovery.[citation needed] The priests were allowed to resume their previous duties with children only when the bishop was advised by the treating psychologists or psychiatrists that it was safe for them to resume their duties.[citation needed]
According to the John Jay study, "3 percent of all priests against whom allegations were made were convicted and about 2 percent received prison sentences."[92]
Media coverage and public opinion
Media coverage
The Boston Globe
In 2002, The Boston Globe publicized their research of sex abusers within the Catholic church, being primarily priests within the Boston Archdioceses. Through the research and interviews conducted, the Boston Globe uncovered upwards of 130 victims of sexual abuse by a single priest.[2] This information caused a public uproar as many accused priests were still practicing. The results of the Boston Globes' research indicate that "more than 800 individuals accused 248 Boston Archdioceses priests of abusing them as children".[2]
The Boston Globe spoke with several victims about their perpetrators and gathered significant details which were then published. Following the first publications, The Boston Globe continued to publish new articles on a daily basis and exposed hundreds of cases where priests were involved in sexual abuse scandals.[2]
The Boston Globe found that accused priests were put on a temporary "sick leave" and were then transferred to another parish where the priest could have a fresh start.[2] This was done without the knowledge of the parish. The victims often were offered a financial settlement in order to keep their experience out of the public eye.[2]
Public opinion
Differing perspectives and misconceptions contributed to negative public opinion in the U.S. towards what was perceived as the failure of the Catholic hierarchy to respond adequately to allegations of sexual abuse and the seemingly sluggish response of the Vatican to the unfolding scandal. Some sources argue that the negative public opinion was fueled in part by statements made to the media by various parties with differing agendas including lawyers for those suing the Church for damages resulting the alleged sexual abuse. As the public furor over the scandal grew, some members of the Catholic Church began to see an anti-Catholic agenda behind some of these pronouncements.
Criticism of media coverage by Catholics and others centered on an excessive focus being placed on Catholic incidences[spelling?] of abuse. Such voices argue that equal or greater levels of child sexual abuse in other religious groups or in secular contexts such as the US public school system have been either ignored or given minimal coverage by mainstream media.[99] Anglican writer Philip Jenkins supported many of these arguments stating that media coverage of the abuse story had become "a gross efflorescence of anti-Catholic rhetoric".[100]
Response of the Vatican
Pope John Paul II
In 1993, Pope John Paul II addressed the sexual abuse issues via a letter. This letter was sent to American Bishops. This is said to be the first time the Vatican addressed the sexual abuse cases that were occurring.[101] Pope John Paul II stated, "Woe to the world because of scandals!"[101] The letter continues with a somber tone of sorrow for those who are victims.
In 2003, Pope John Paul II stated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[102]
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI apologized for the sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy and pledged that abusers would not be allowed to become priests in the Catholic Church.[103] A document obtained by The Associated Press shows Pope Benedict XVI laicized nearly 400 priests over just two years for sexually molesting children.[104]
In October 2018, the Holy See announced that it would conduct an investigation into how allegations against Theodore McCarrick, a former cardinal and Catholic Archbishop of Washington, D.C. from 2001 to 2006, who was laicized[106] in February 2019, following credible allegations of repeated sexual misconduct towards children and seminarians, were handled. The Report was published on Tuesday, Nov. 10, at 2p.m. local time in Rome, under the title "Report on the Holy See's institutional knowledge and decision-making process related to former Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick (from 1930 to 2017)".[107] Summarizing the key findings of the Report, Andrea Tornielli said:
At the time of Theodore McCarrick’s appointment as Archbishop of Washington in 2000, the Holy See acted on the basis of partial and incomplete information. What has now come to light are omissions, underestimations, and choices that later proved to be wrong, due in part to the fact that, during the assessment process requested by Rome at the time, those questioned did not always disclose all they knew. Until 2017, there had never been any precise accusation regarding sexual abuse or harassment or harm done to a minor. As soon as the first report was received from a victim who was a minor at the time the abuse was committed, Pope Francis reacted promptly regarding the elderly cardinal, who had already retired as head of the archdiocese in 2006, first taking away his red hat and then dismissing him from the clerical state. This is what emerges from the Report on the Holy See’s Institutional Knowledge and Decision-Making Related to Former Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick (1930 to 2017) published by the Secretariat of State.[108]
Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI were both blamed in the Vatican report for allowing McCarrick to rise in power although they both knew of sex abuse allegations against him.[109][110]
According to Donald Cozzens, "by the end of the mid 1990s, it was estimated that ... more than half a billion dollars had been paid in jury awards, settlements and legal fees." This figure grew to about one billion dollars by 2002.[111] Roman Catholics spent $615 million on sex abuse cases in 2007.[112]
In 2002, one attorney reported total earnings of $60 million from suing the church.[113]
Many US dioceses filed for bankruptcy or Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection due to the cost of compensation to abuse victims. This has been criticised as a way to put further cases on indefinite hold. Chapter 11 protection avoids numerous costly individual trials, grouping them into one settlement. There is no discovery process about such matters as what church leaders knew as in a trial. Abuse survivors have called this a way to silence them. Joseph Piscitelli, a 1970s victim in the diocese of Oakland, California whose 2020 case was put on hold when the diocese declared bankruptcy in 2023, said "Oakland could get together enough money to build a $200m cathedral not too long ago, but they can't get the money together to pay the child victims whom they raped for decades".[125]
Citing monetary concerns arising from impending trials on sex abuse claims, the Archdiocese of Portland (Oregon) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 6, 2004, hours before two abuse trials were set to begin, becoming the first Roman Catholic diocese to file for bankruptcy. If granted, bankruptcy would mean pending and future lawsuits would be settled in federal bankruptcy court. The archdiocese had settled more than one hundred previous claims for a sum of over $53 million. The filing seeks to protect parish assets, school money and trust funds from abuse victims; the archdiocese's contention is that parish assets are not the archdiocese's assets. Plaintiffs in the cases against the archdiocese have argued that the Catholic Church is a single entity, and that the Vatican should be liable for any damages awarded in judgment of pending sexual abuse cases.
In December 2004, the Diocese of Spokane, Washington agreed to pay at least $48 million as compensation to those abused by priests as part of its bankruptcy filing. This payout has to be agreed upon by victims and another judge.[117]
The Diocese of Tucson filed for bankruptcy in September 2004. The diocese reached an agreement with its victims, which the bankruptcy judge approved June 11, 2005, specifying terms that included allowing the diocese reorganization to continue in return for a $22.2 million settlement.[126]
On October 10, 2006, the Diocese of Davenport filed for Chapter 11 protection.[127] The decision to file for bankruptcy was driven by many claims which focused on Bishop Lawrence Soens, who had been accused of fondling as many as 15 students during his tenure as priest and principal at Regina Catholic High School in Iowa City during the 1960s. Soens denies the allegations. A judge discharged one suit in October 2006.[128]
On February 27, 2007, the Diocese of San Diego filed for Chapter 11 protection, hours before the first of about 150 lawsuits was due to be heard. San Diego became the largest diocese to postpone its legal problems in this way.[129] The bankruptcy was dismissed November 16, 2007, on a motion by the Diocese after a settlement of $198 million was reached with 144 claimants.
On March 7, 2008, the Diocese of Fairbanks filed for bankruptcy after the failure of negotiations to settle 130 civil suits filed by Alaska natives who claimed to be abused by priests, and other church employees, beginning in the 1950s.[130]
On October 18, 2008, the Diocese of Wilmington filed for bankruptcy as the first of some eight lawsuits (of more than 100 potential) was scheduled to go to trial the next day.[131][132][133]
On January 4, 2011, the Archdiocese of Milwaukee announced that it would be filing for bankruptcy. The church was facing more than 23 lawsuits, and attempts to reach a mediated settlement with victims failed in December 2010. This came two days before the Bishop was scheduled to be deposed about these cases, and after the church had refused to release the names or personnel records of the accused priests. The opposing attorney said that the bankruptcy filing was an attempt to delay turning over church records on the cases. The Milwaukee archdiocese has already paid out over $29 million to settle 200 cases over the last 20 years. They said that these additional cases would cause hefty legal fees that the dioceses could not afford. The diocese has assets of about $98.4 million, but $90 million of that is restricted for specific uses.[134] Prior to the bankruptcy Cardinal Timothy Dolan then an Archbishop, with Vatican approval transferred $57 million from diocesan funds to prevent victims awarded compensation accessing the money.[52][135]
On February 19, 2020, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after disclosing to federal bankruptcy court it has more than 200 creditors and estimated liabilities between $50 million and $100 million, with assets of less than $10 million. The Harrisburg Diocese was the first Catholic diocese in Pennsylvania to seek bankruptcy protection.[144]
One issue that is often raised by legislators and law enforcement is the confidentiality which is enjoyed between priest and penitent in the Sacrament of Penance. In the Catholic Church, the penitent's confession of sins is absolutely secret and can be revealed to no one.[147] Western democracies, and in particular, the US government, have historically recognized and upheld this confidentiality,[148] but as of 2021[update], some challenges have been brought against this secrecy. In North Dakota, a bill was introduced which will compel Catholic priests to divulge the confessions they have heard to law enforcement, abolishing the priest-penitent privilege.[149]
Resignations
In 2002, the Diocese of Manchester signed an agreement with the state's attorney general, acknowledging that past diocesan failures to protect minors from abusive priests were possible grounds for the diocese as an institution to be convicted under the state's child endangerment statute. On February 10, 2003, a special grand jury was conducted by the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office under the leadership of District Attorney Thomas Spota. "The grand jury concludes that the history of the Diocese of Rockville Centre demonstrates that as an institution they are incapable of properly handling issues relating to the sexual abuse of children by priests," the special grand jury said in a 180-page report based on a nine-month inquiry.[150][151][152]
Bernard Francis Law, Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts, United States resigned after Church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[153] For example, John Geoghan was shifted from one parish to another although Cardinal Law had often been informed of his abuse. In December 1984 auxiliary Bishop John M. D'Arcy wrote to Cardinal Law complaining about the reassignment of Geoghan to another Boston-area parish because of his "history of homosexual involvement with young boys."[154]
Continued attention to issue
While the Church in the United States claims to have addressed the issue, others maintain the only change is the Church has hardened its defenses while allowing abuse to continue. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops convened a meeting in Dallas on June 12, 2002, to address the sex abuse scandal. They announced a national policy of zero tolerance for those accused of molesting.[155]
In 2005, Dr. Kathleen McChesney of the USCCB said that the crisis is not yet over because thousands of victims across the country are still reporting the abuse. She said: "In 2004, at least 1,092 allegations of sexual abuse were made against at least 756 Catholic priests and deacons in the United States. Most of the alleged incidents occurred between 1965 and 1974. What is over is the denial that this problem exists, and what is over is the reluctance of the Church to deal openly with the public about the nature and extent of the problem."[156]
In 2010, the Associated Press reported that the number of allegations, victims, offending clergy dropped in 2009 to their lowest point since data started being collected in 2004. Dioceses and their insurers paid $104 million in settlement fees, attorney fees and other costs, down from $376 million in 2008.[157]
In 2013, a group calling itself Catholic Whistleblowers began to launch a public campaign to encourage improvement in implementing the zero-tolerance policies on child sexual abuse by clergy members. The group said that despite annual audits of the policies by the bishops commission since 2004—which show improvements—"vigilance is necessary because some bishops are violating the ... policies, and abusive clergy (who now number 6,275, according to the bishops' count of those accusations that they deem credible) still have access to children", according to a media report. One focus of the group's activity has regarded a priest in the Archdiocese of Newark. "Several of the whistle-blowers ... [a]long with some New Jersey politicians ... have called for the resignation of the archbishop of Newark, John J. Myers" in the matter. The group has also "sent a letter to Pope Francis asking him to take several significant steps to heal victims and restore the church's credibility". The Whistleblowers has a steering committee of 12 priests, nuns and lay people. "Rev. Thomas P. Doyle—perhaps the church's most famed whistle-blower—recently joined the group"; and a news conference was scheduled for late May 2013; the report also said.[158]
In July 2020, the U.S. Roman Catholic bishops said that 4,434 sex abuse allegations against clergy were filed in the 2018–19 audit year, triple the number seen the previous year, with much of the increase stemming from a wave of lawsuits and claims by survivors of decades-old molestation. They reported paying out $281.6 million during the year. 37 of the new allegations were made by people who were minors in the audit year ending June 30, 2019.[80]
New York Child Victims Legislation
On December 7, 2018, a measure was signed into law which requires private schools throughout the state of New York to report allegations of sex abuse.[159] On December 21, 2018, another measure was signed into law requiring the New York Department of Health to notify victims of their legal rights as they navigate the medical and criminal justice systems.[160] This measure also extends a victim's right to consult with a rape crisis organization and receive updates on the status of their case as well.[160] On January 28, 2019, members of the New York state Assembly and Senate passed a bill allowing prosecutors to bring criminal charges until a victim turned 28, and permitting victims to sue until age 55.[161] The bill was sent to Cuomo's desk on February 7. Cuomo signed the bill into law on February 14, 2019.[162] On May 8, 2020, Cuomo extended the statewide statute of limitations deadline to file sex abuse lawsuits, which was originally set for August 14, 2020, to January 14, 2021.[163] On May 13, 2020, a challenge to law's constitutional legality which was filed by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre was tossed after a Nassau County Supreme Court justice ruled that the law does not violate due process.[164][165]
Establishment of third-party reporting system against bishops
On June 13, 2019, during a meeting in Baltimore,[166] the General Assembly of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops approved a measure to authorize the design of a "third-party system" for receiving confidentially, by phone or online, reports of possible violations by bishop.[166] The "third-party system", which was approved by a vote of 205 to 16 with 3 abstentions,[166] complies with Pope Francis' Vos estis lux mundi.[166] By a vote of 200 to 21 with 2 abstentions, the bishops also voted to authorize the executive committee to develop a more detailed proposal for a third-party reporting system, including financial, structural, and other necessary adjustments to account for Vos estis lux mundi, for review and approval by the Conference's Administrative Committee at its September and November 2019 meetings.[166] Additionally, the bishops voted in favor of committing to activate the third-party reporting system by no later than May 31, 2020 by a 220 to 4 vote with 1 abstention.[166]
Revelations of withheld names
On December 29, 2019, it was revealed that numerous bishops across the United States withheld the names of hundreds of Catholic clergy who were accused of committing acts of sex abuse while serving in their Dioceses.[5][6][7]
Report on Baltimore Archdiocese Released
On April 5, 2023, a report issued by the Maryland Attorney General’s Office stated that more than 150 Catholic priests and others associated with the Archdiocese of Baltimore sexually abused more than 600 children over the past 80 years. The investigation also revealed that the archdiocese failed to report many allegations of sexual abuse to authorities, conduct adequate investigations, remove abusers from the ministry or restrict their access to children.[167][168]
There have been many cases of sexual abuse of children by priests, nuns, and other members of religious life in the Catholic Church. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the cases have involved many allegations, investigations, trials, convictions, acknowledgement and apologies by Church authorities, and revelations about decades of instances of abuse and attempts by Church officials to cover them up. The abused include mostly boys but also girls, some as young as three years old, with the majority between the ages of 11 and 14. Criminal cases for the most part do not cover sexual harassment of adults. The accusations of abuse and cover-ups began to receive public attention during the late 1980s. Many of these cases allege decades of abuse, frequently made by adults or older youths years after the abuse occurred. Cases have also been brought against members of the Catholic hierarchy who covered up sex abuse allegations and moved abusive priests to other parishes, where abuse continued.
The Diocese of Oakland is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the San Francisco Bay Area of California in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archbishop of San Francisco.
The Diocese of Sacramento is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco.
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agaña is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese. It comprises the United States dependency of Guam. The prelate is an archbishop whose cathedral is the Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral-Basilica.
The Diocese of Charlotte is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in western North Carolina in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Atlanta.
The Archdiocese of New Orleans is a Latin Church ecclesiastical division of the Catholic Church spanning Jefferson, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, St. Tammany, and Washington civil parishes of southeastern Louisiana. It is the second to the Archdiocese of Baltimore in age among the present dioceses in the United States, having been elevated to the rank of diocese on April 25, 1793, during Spanish colonial rule.
The Diocese of Rockville Centre is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the Long Island region of New York State in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of New York.
The Diocese of Harrisburg is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in south central Pennsylvania in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Philadelphia.
The Diocese of Erie is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in western Pennsylvania in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Philadelphia.
The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, commonly known as the John Jay Report, is a 2004 report by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, commissioned by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, based on surveys completed by the Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States. The initial version of the report was posted on the Internet on February 27, 2004, with corrections and revisions posted on April 16. The printed version was published in June 2004.
This page documents Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country.
The Archdiocese of Boston sex abuse scandal was part of a series of Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in the United States that revealed widespread crimes in the American Catholic Church. In early 2002, TheBoston Globe published results of an investigation that led to the criminal prosecutions of five Roman Catholic priests and thrust the sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy into the national spotlight. Another accused priest who was involved in the Spotlight scandal also pleaded guilty. The Globe's coverage encouraged other victims to come forward with allegations of abuse, resulting in numerous lawsuits and 249 criminal cases.
The sexual abuse cases in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon in the United States is an important chapter in the series of Catholic sex abuse cases in the United States. During its course in July 2004, the archdiocese under Archbishop John George Vlazny filed for bankruptcy.
The sexual abuse scandal in the Milwaukee Archdiocese is a series of sexual-abuse cases that occurred in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US.
Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Canada are well documented dating back to the 1960s. The preponderance of criminal cases with Canadian Catholic dioceses named as defendants that have surfaced since the 1980s strongly indicate that these cases were far more widespread than previously believed. While recent media reports have centred on Newfoundland dioceses, there have been reported cases—tested in court with criminal convictions—in almost all Canadian provinces. Sexual assault is the act of an individual touching another individual sexually and/or committing sexual activities forcefully and/or without the other person's consent. The phrase Catholic sexual abuse cases refers to acts of sexual abuse, typically child sexual abuse, by members of authority in the Catholic church, such as priests. Such cases have been occurring sporadically since the 11th century in Catholic churches around the world. This article summarizes some of the most notable Catholic sexual abuse cases in Canadian provinces.
Settlements and bankruptcies in Catholic sex abuse cases have affected several American dioceses, whose compensation payments have totaled in the billions of dollars.
The ecclesiastical response to Catholic sexual abuse cases is a major aspect of the academic literature surrounding the Catholic Church's child sexual abuse scandal. The Catholic Church's response to the scandal can be viewed on three levels: the diocesan level, the episcopal conference level and the Vatican. Responses to the scandal proceeded at all three levels in parallel with the higher levels becoming progressively more involved as the gravity of the problem became more apparent.
The sexual abuse scandal in Hartford archdiocese is an episode in the series of Catholic sex abuse cases in the United States. It took place in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford in the US state of Connecticut. As of 2019, there were a known 146 sexual abuse claims against 32 priests.
The Society of Jesus has had different episodes of Catholic sex abuse cases in various jurisdictions.
A grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania lasted from 2016 to 2018, and investigated the history of clerical sexual abuse in six Pennsylvania dioceses.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexander, Ryan, and Michael L. Birzer. "Changing Trajectory: An Integrated Theoretical View of the Roman Catholic Priest Sex Abuse Scandal." Deviant Behavior, vol. 37, no. 9, 2016, pp. 977–988.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Keenan, Marie. Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church: Gender, Power, and Organizational Culture. Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
↑ Besides dioceses, religious orders in the Catholic Church around the world have been tainted with sex abuse allegations. About eight priests of the Maryknoll Society, all now deceased, were part of the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. Though Maryknoll is a foreign mission order, priests and brothers are assigned, at times, to dioceses around the country. From the time Hawaii was a U.S. territory, Maryknoll priests have served that area. According to the 2015 Maryknoll annual report, the organization charged a significant amount ($19+ million) to address claims in Hawaii. Currently, at its headquarters in New York, several priests are under watch as they have been accused of inappropriate engagement with youth or vulnerable adults either while serving overseas or in the U.S.
↑ Ladd-Wilson, Lisa (February 1996). "The Accusers of Father Timmons". cover story. North Coast Journal. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
1 2 Terry, Karen; etal. (2004). "John Jay Report". John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
1 2 Mary Gail Frawley-O'Dea, Perversion of Power: Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church (2007), p. 4, ISBN978-0-82651-547-6
↑ Esomba, Steve. “The Book of Life, Knowledge and Confidence.” The Book of Life, Knowledge and Confidence, Dr. Phil. Esomba (Standard Copyright License), 2012, pp. 179–179.
↑ Jenkins, Philip, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 133–57
1 2 Wirenius, John F. “‘COMMAND AND COERCION’: CLERICAL IMMUNITY, SCANDAL, AND THE SEX ABUSE CRISIS IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.” Journal of Law and Religion, vol. 27, no. 2, 2011, pp. 423–494. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23645138.
↑ Walsh, John Paul II: A Light for the World (2003), p. 62
↑ When Pope Benedict XVI was introduced on TV in 2005 as the successor to Pope John Paul II, the news said his policies were no different from those of John Paul II, which means he possessed the same policies about the issue as that stated above about the issue in the days of John Paul II.
↑ GRAND JURY REPORT(PDF) (Report). SUFFOLK COUNTY SUPREME COURT. January 17, 2003. CPL 190.85(1)(C). Archived from the original(PDF) on February 8, 2017.
Ranan, David, Double Cross: The Code of the Catholic Church (Theo Press Ltd., 2007) ISBN978-0-9554133-0-8.
Reilly, Marie T., Catholic Dioceses in Bankruptcy (Penn State Law Research Paper No. 10-2018) (Since 2004, eighteen Catholic organizations have filed for relief in bankruptcy. Fifteen debtors emerged from bankruptcy after settling with sexual abuse claimants and insurers.)
Femenia, Nora, "Catholic Apology For Clergy Sexual Abuse In The US: A MODEL OF THE NECESSARY APOLOGY FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH"
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