Central chimpanzee

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Central chimpanzee [1]
Unnamed - Chimpanzee - Central African Republic.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
Genus: Pan
Species:
P. troglodytes
Subspecies:
P. t. troglodytes
Trinomial name
Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Blumenbach, 1775
Pan troglodytes troglodytes area.png

The central chimpanzee or the tschego (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) is a subspecies of chimpanzee. It can be found in Central Africa, mostly in Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Contents

Central chimpanzees are considered highly intelligent apes. They are also highly social living in large groups and follow a male dominant hierarchy. The activity budgets of this chimpanzee subspecies changes depending on if they were in the wild or sanctuaries. They have been observed using tools, this could be to open nuts or using twigs to gain access to ants and termites.

Central chimpanzees have a key role in the ecology of rainforests; they play an important role as seed dispersers. Even though central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas overlap the environment in which they live in they do not compete for food as their diets are different.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), they classify the central chimpanzee as an endangered subspecies. Increasing human presence through deforestation and viruses pose great threats to them.

Diseases in central chimpanzees pose risk to the population of them this include heart issues but also different types of viruses. Central chimpanzees are strong vector carrying. These viruses spread inter species to other species and sometimes to humans. These viruses include the Ebola virus. However, there are also human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) at the origin which have links to central chimpanzees.

Etymology

Pan is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. Troglodytes is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (Handbook of Natural History), published in 1779.

Habitat

The central chimpanzee mainly lives in Gabon, Cameroon, and Republic of the Congo, but also in the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, southeast Nigeria, and possibly the coastal extension of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its range extends north to the Sanaga River in Cameroon, east to the Ubangi River that defines the border between the two Congos, and south to the Congo River, which defines a large part of the same border. [2]

Central chimpanzees are found predominantly in tropical moist forest and wet savanna woodlands, as well as the forest-savanna mosaics where these two biomes meet, from sea level to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). [3] They tend to have larger ranges in the forest-savanna mosaics. [2] The average range is 12.5 km2 (4.8 sq mi), but can vary from 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) to 400 km2 (150 sq mi). [2]

Characteristics

The central chimpanzee averages 59.7 kilograms (132 lb) in males and 45.8 kilograms (101 lb) in females. [4] Standing they measure on average 96 cm (38 in) for males and 80 cm (31 in) for females. Central chimpanzees usually have a lifetime in captivity of 30 to 40 years, but some have been seen to live over 50 years. In the wild, the average lifetime decreases to 15 to 25 years. A physical characteristic that distinguishes the central chimpanzee from other subspecies is that it has less hair covering its face. This is most prevalent in female central chimpanzees. The arms are also longer than those of the other subspecies, and they also have longer fingers and short thumbs. All these characteristics help the central chimpanzee be better adapted at climbing trees. [5]

Behaviour

Social structure

Central chimpanzees in a group Group of Chimpanzee.jpg
Central chimpanzees in a group

Central chimpanzees live in social groups of around 66 individuals, on average this tends to be more than the group size of western chimpanzee counterparts. It was found that chimpanzees split activity budget into four main categories. [5] In chimpanzees there exists male dominance within these social groups. Often the strongest and most aggressive males will become the alphas of the group. This can be thought of like leaders of the group. This social hierarchy is well explained in a study done in 2018 by Jane Goodall institute. But in these groups of chimpanzees females also have leading roles as alpha female groups. Although it is not probable that an alpha female will outrank an alpha male. [6]

It was found that chimpanzees split activity budget into four main categories. The search for food, socialising, moving and resting. It was found that in the wild they spent 50% of their time in search of food. The rest of the time was then spent equally socialising, moving and resting. [5]

Studies which were done all over the African continent showed the same trend for all chimpanzee subspecies. The social groups will break up into smaller groups called parties which mostly consist of males. They will control a certain area, this could lead to inter species fights and killings. This was found to be one of the leading causes of death of chimpanzees in the Gombe stream research center. [7]

Ecology

Fruits found in rainforest Fruits (seeds) of Chikadoma plant from the rainforest of Southern Nigeria.jpg
Fruits found in rainforest

Central chimpanzees have a key role in the ecology and environmental role. In the forest central chimpanzees are seed dispersers. As since the majority of their diet consist of fruits, they are not able to digest the seeds, so when they defecate these seeds are dispersed on the forest floor. The central chimpanzees have been found to provide treatments to the seeds in the gut that aid the germination of seeds. These factors combined make them very effective seed dispersers and a circuital element to the ecological rainforest environment. [8]

Diet

Central chimpanzees are opportunistic frugivores. Compared to western lowland gorillas and Bornean orangutans who are generalized folivores and frugivores, central chimpanzees are specialised frugivores. Central chimpanzees diet consists mainly of fruits in their diets. During months were the fruit availability is low, central chimpanzees are able to keep a high fruit intake. The central chimpanzees tend to stay in the vegetation to get their food source. In a study, it mentions that central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas high fruit consumption overlap in many parts of Central Africa. But in most cases, central chimpanzees consumed more fruits in their diets (60%), where western lowland gorillas also consumed more leaves. This is due to their digestive specificities. So they do not seem to have a direct competition for food between central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas. [9] It was also seen that central chimpanzees in the Montane forest of Kahuzi swallowed two different types of leaves of Commelinaceae for medical purposes. This was seen in 2.1% of the fecal matter of the central chimpanzees. It was proposed that this was done to control intestinal parasites. [10] They are known to be occasional predators, which is the red colobus monkey. Although this is a rare occurrence this does occur in Central Africa. The population being in decline the occurrence of Central Africa is diminishing. [11]

Conservation

Image of deforestation in a rainforest Deforestation of Rainforest.jpg
Image of deforestation in a rainforest

The 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species classifies the central chimpanzee as endangered. [2] In 1988 they were considered "vulnerable", but have been considered "endangered" since at least 1996. [2] The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates there are as many as 115,000 individuals alive, [1] but that the number is more likely between 47,000 and 78,000 [3] The central chimpanzee only has large, robust populations where large amounts of forest are left undisturbed; smaller, isolated populations also remain. According to the IUCN, decline in the central chimpanzee population is expected to continue for another 30 to 40 years. [2]

Major threats to central chimpanzee populations include Ebola virus disease, poaching for bushmeat, and habitat destruction. [1] [2] [3] The IUCN attributes this to increasing human presence (agriculture, de-forestation, development) and political instability. [2]

Due to the close genetic relationship to gorillas, orangutans and humans, central chimpanzees are vulnerable to viruses that afflict humans, such as Ebola, the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, yellow fever, HIV and may contract other parasitological diseases such as schistosomiasis, filariasis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis. [3]

Disease

Spontaneous heart disease

One of the major causes of central chimpanzee deaths is caused by heart disease. This sudden cardiac death is caused by fatal arrhythmia. [12] This is when the heart has an unorganised, erratic firing of the impulse which impact the ventricles. [13] But in central chimpanzees the post mortem analysis of this cause of death is complex to observe. The causes related to these spontaneous heart failures were observed in this study. They saw different reasons which lead to this disease the most prevalent ones were renal failure and trauma. [12]

Ebola virus

Picture showing the Ebola Virus Ebola virus virion.jpg
Picture showing the Ebola Virus

Since the 1990s there have been multiple outbreaks of Ebola in great apes especially central chimpanzees all over the African continent, this has had a great effect on the population numbers. It had strong impacts on the central chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas. This virus spread to central chimpanzees but spread to western chimpanzee species. Ebola also spread to western lowland gorillas and even to humans. In 1994 an outbreak of Ebola was recorded in Nature. During the time of a couple weeks 25% of the central chimpanzee population disappeared in this rainforest, this amounted to 43 wild central chimpanzees that died. They were found in the Tai National Park. [14]

The spread of Ebola is commonly inter species especially between western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees. Since the 1990s it is estimated that about one third of the population of western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees have died. [15]

In another study done about the 1996 outbreak that happened in North Eastern Gabbon, showed that the population of central chimpanzees had a high risk of death if exposed to this virus. Out of the 37 central chimpanzees that were contaminated 27 were found dead. [16] This threat from Ebola pandemics combined with conservation and habitat destruction pose a large issue to the central chimpanzee population.

In 2004 an outbreak of Ebola of appeared in Central Africa. It had an enormous impact on the western lowland gorilla and therefore also had an impact on the central chimpanzee population. A study showed that the western lowland gorilla population in the area went from 380 individuals to 40. It is also noted in the study that the Ebola outbreak has caused a large decrease of the central chimpanzee population as well. This virus has drastic impact on the population of central chimpanzees. [17]

Vaccine

In 2011 an experiment began which would try to vaccinate the central chimpanzees, this experiment was performed on six central chimpanzees. Their experiment was to vaccinate central chimpanzees with a vaccine developed for humans. Their goal was to try to reduce the spread of Ebola within central chimpanzees. Through this experiment the central chimpanzees developed an immune response that was thought to have developed antibodies. This study was not conclusive. In 2015, the central chimpanzees were place on the endangered list so further experiments had to halted. [18]

HIV

Two types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa. [19] Both types originated in West and Central Africa. HIV-1 has evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) found in the central chimpanzee. [20] [21] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the sooty mangabey, monkeys in Guinea-Bissau. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chimpanzee</span> Great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa

The chimpanzee, also simply known as the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the bonobo was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee. The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus Pan. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is thus humans' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gorilla</span> Genus of large African apes

Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimpanzees and bonobos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homininae</span> Subfamily of mammals

Homininae, also called "African hominids" or "African apes", is a subfamily of Hominidae. It includes two tribes, with their extant as well as extinct species: 1) the tribe Hominini ―and 2) the tribe Gorillini (gorillas). Alternatively, the genus Pan is sometimes considered to belong to its own third tribe, Panini. Homininae comprises all hominids that arose after orangutans split from the line of great apes. The Homininae cladogram has three main branches, which lead to gorillas and to humans and chimpanzees. There are two living species of Panina and two living species of gorillas, but only one extant human species. Traces of extinct Homo species, including Homo floresiensis have been found with dates as recent as 40,000 years ago. Organisms in this subfamily are described as hominine or hominines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonobo</span> Species of great ape

The bonobo, also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan. While bonobos are, today, recognized as a distinct species in their own right, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of Pan troglodytes, due to the physical similarities between the two species. Taxonomically, members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina—composed entirely by the genus Pan—are collectively termed panins.

<i>Pan</i> (genus) Genus of African great apes

The genus Pan consists of two extant species: the chimpanzee and the bonobo. Taxonomically, these two ape species are collectively termed panins. The two species were formerly collectively called "chimpanzees" or "chimps"; if bonobos were recognized as a separate group at all, they were referred to as "pygmy" or "gracile chimpanzees". Together with humans, gorillas, and orangutans they are part of the family Hominidae. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, chimpanzees and bonobos are currently both found in the Congo jungle, while only the chimpanzee is also found further north in West Africa. Both species are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and in 2017 the Convention on Migratory Species selected the chimpanzee for special protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ape</span> Branch of primates

Apes are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, which together with its sister group Cercopithecidae form the catarrhine clade, cladistically making them monkeys. Apes do not have tails due to a mutation of the TBXT gene. In traditional and non-scientific use, the term ape can include tailless primates taxonomically considered Cercopithecidae, and is thus not equivalent to the scientific taxon Hominoidea. There are two extant branches of the superfamily Hominoidea: the gibbons, or lesser apes; and the hominids, or great apes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bushmeat</span> Meat hunted in tropical forests

Bushmeat is meat from wildlife species that are hunted for human consumption. Bushmeat represents a primary source of animal protein and a cash-earning commodity in poor and rural communities of humid tropical forest regions of the world.

<i>Simian immunodeficiency virus</i> Species of retrovirus

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates. Based on analysis of strains found in four species of monkeys from Bioko Island, which was isolated from the mainland by rising sea levels about 11,000 years ago, it has been concluded that SIV has been present in monkeys and apes for at least 32,000 years, and probably much longer.

The oral polio vaccine (OPV) AIDS hypothesis is a now-discredited hypothesis that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures, accidentally contaminated with simian immunodeficiency virus and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.

The Bili apes, or Bondo mystery apes, were names given in 2003 in sensational reports in the popular media to a purportedly new species of highly aggressive, giant ape supposedly inhabiting the wetlands and savannah around of the village of Bili in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "The apes nest on the ground like gorillas, but they have a diet and features characteristic of chimpanzees", according to a 2003 National Geographic article.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western lowland gorilla</span> Subspecies of ape

The western lowland gorilla is one of two Critically Endangered subspecies of the western gorilla that lives in montane, primary and secondary forest and lowland swampland in central Africa in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is the nominate subspecies of the western gorilla, and the smallest of the four gorilla subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of HIV/AIDS</span> Epidemiological history

AIDS is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which originated in non-human primates in Central and West Africa. While various sub-groups of the virus acquired human infectivity at different times, the present pandemic had its origins in the emergence of one specific strain – HIV-1 subgroup M – in Léopoldville in the Belgian Congo in the 1920s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western gorilla</span> Species of ape

The western gorilla is a great ape found in Africa, one of two species of the hominid genus Gorilla. Large and robust with males weighing around 168 kilograms (370 lb), the species is found in a region of midwest Africa, geographically isolated from the eastern gorilla. The hair of the western species is significantly lighter in color.

Odzala-Kokoua National Park is a national park in the Republic of the Congo. The park was first protected in 1935, declared a biosphere reserve in 1977, and granted official designation by presidential decree in 2001. Odzala-Kokoua has approximately 100 mammals species, and one of the continent's most diverse primate populations. The nonprofit conservation organization African Parks began managing the park in collaboration with the Ministry of Forest Economy, Sustainable Development and Environment of the Republic of the Congo in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtypes of HIV</span> Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus

The subtypes of HIV include two main subtypes, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different epidemiological patterns and clinical characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hominidae</span> Family of primates

The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo ; Gorilla ; Pan ; and Homo, of which only modern humans remain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western chimpanzee</span> Subspecies of chimpanzee

The western chimpanzee or West African chimpanzee is a Critically Endangered subspecies of the common chimpanzee. It inhabits western Africa, specifically Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, but has been extirpated in three countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, and Togo.

Magdalena (Magda) Bermejo is a Spanish primatologist and world authority on the western lowland gorilla. Since 1991 she has lived for long periods with her husband, German Illera, in the rainforests of the Republic of Congo, conducting research and becoming increasingly involved in gorilla conservation. She estimated that 5,000 gorillas died from Ebola in Gabon and the Republic of Congo.

Beatrice H. Hahn is an American virologist and biomedical researcher best known for work which established that HIV, the virus causing AIDS, began as a virus passed from apes to humans. She is a professor of Medicine and Microbiology in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In November 2002, Discover magazine listed Hahn as one of the 50 most important women scientists.

Fibrosing cardiomyopathy is a disease commonly caused by a heart failure in great apes, most specially the males. When fibrosing cardiomyopathy attacks a healthy heart, it comes with a bacterium or a virus that makes the muscles of the heart turn into fibrous bands which makes them unable to pump blood in the blood streams. When a gorilla is stressed, or the food it eats, then catecholamine which is a harmful substance is released in the heart muscle that make the C-reactive protein that is found in blood plasma produced by the liver to swell, causing rheumatoid arthritis.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tutin, C.E.G.; Baillie, J.E.M.; Dupain, J.; Gatti, S.; Maisels, F.; Stokes, E.J.; Morgan, D.B. & Walsh, P.D. (2008). "Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
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  7. ↑ Pusey, Anne E.; Pintea, Lilian; Wilson, Michael L.; Kamenya, Shadrack; Goodall, Jane (2007-06-22). "The Contribution of Long-Term Research at Gombe National Park to Chimpanzee Conservation". Conservation Biology. 21 (3): 623–634. Bibcode:2007ConBi..21..623P. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00704.x. ISSN   0888-8892. PMID   17531041. S2CID   1200414.
  8. ↑ Aguado, William D.; Rogers, Haldre S.; Pruetz, Jill D. (2022-05-11). "Chimpanzees as ecosystem service providers: Seed dispersal of an economically important plant resource". Biotropica. 54 (3): 656–669. Bibcode:2022Biotr..54..656A. doi: 10.1111/btp.13080 . ISSN   0006-3606. S2CID   135089537.
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  11. ↑ Teelen, Simone (2008-01-01). "Influence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda". Primates. 49 (1): 41–49. doi:10.1007/s10329-007-0062-1. ISSN   1610-7365. PMID   17906844. S2CID   19914188.
  12. 1 2 Lammey, Michael L; Baskin, Gary B; Gigliotti, Andrew P; Lee, D Rick; Ely, John J; Sleeper, Meg M (2008-08-25). "Interstitial Myocardial Fibrosis in a Captive Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Population". Comparative Medicine. 58 (4): 389–394. ISSN   1532-0820. PMC   2706041 . PMID   18724782.
  13. ↑ "Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  14. ↑ Formenty, Pierre; Boesch, Christophe; Wyers, Monique; Steiner, Claudia; Donati, Franca; Dind, Frédéric; Walker, Francine; Le Guenno, Bernard (1999-02-01). "Ebola Virus Outbreak among Wild Chimpanzees Living in a Rain Forest of Cote d'Ivoire". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 (s1): S120–S126. doi: 10.1086/514296 . ISSN   0022-1899. PMID   9988175. S2CID   18658117.
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  21. ↑ Gao, F.; Bailes, E.; Robertson, D. L.; et al. (1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature. 397 (6718): 436–41. Bibcode:1999Natur.397..436G. doi: 10.1038/17130 . PMID   9989410. S2CID   4432185.
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