Company of Heroes (video game)

Last updated • 8 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Company of Heroes
Companyofheroes pcboxboxart 160w.jpg
Developer(s) Relic Entertainment [a]
Publisher(s) THQ
Producer(s) John Johnson
Designer(s) Rob Cunningham
Josh Mosqueira
Quinn Duffy
Erin Daly
Brian Wood
Programmer(s) Drew Dunlop
Artist(s) Angie Radwan-Pytlewski
Writer(s) Duane Pye
Paris Qualles
Adrain Vershinin
Series Company of Heroes
Engine Essence Engine
Platform(s)
Release
September 11, 2006
  • Windows
    • NA: September 11, 2006 [1]
    • AU: September 28, 2006 [2]
    • EU: September 29, 2006
    Mac OS X
    • WW: March 1, 2012 [3]
    iPadOS
    • WW: February 13, 2020
    Android, iOS
    • WW: September 9, 2020
    Nintendo Switch
    • WW: October 12, 2023
Genre(s) Real-time strategy
Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer

Company of Heroes is a 2006 real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ for Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. It is the first installment of the Company of Heroes series, and was the first title to make use of the Games for Windows label.

Contents

Company of Heroes is set during the Second World War and contains two playable factions. Players aim to capture strategic resource sectors located around the map, which they use to build base structures, produce new units, and defeat their enemies. In the single-player campaign the player commands two U.S. military units during the Battle of Normandy (Operation Overlord) and the liberation of France (Operation Cobra). Depending on the mission, the player controls either Able Company of the 29th Infantry Division's 116th Infantry, or Fox Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th PIR.

Company of Heroes received widespread acclaim, winning multiple awards for the best strategy game of the year, and being considered one of the best video games ever made. Two expansions were released: Opposing Fronts in 2007 and Tales of Valor in 2009. A free-to-play massively multiplayer online version of the game, Company of Heroes Online, was briefly released as open beta in South Korea in April 2010, [4] [5] before being cancelled in March 2011. [6]

An iPad version, developed and published by Feral Interactive, was released in February 2020. [7] A version for Android and iOS mobile devices was released in September 2020. [8] A Nintendo Switch version was released in October 12, 2023. [9]

The success of the game led to a sequel, Company of Heroes 2 , which was released in 2013. As of January 2013, the Company of Heroes series has sold more than 4 million copies. [10] A film adaptation, also titled Company of Heroes , was released in 2013. The latest installment in the series, Company of Heroes 3 , released in February 2023.

Gameplay

Gameplay screenshot Company Of Heroes MWSnap013.jpg
Gameplay screenshot

Multiplayer

Company of Heroes allows multiplayer matches of 1-8 players via LAN or the Internet. Company of Heroes allows players to fight as both the Allied and Axis forces in multiplayer matches.[ citation needed ]

For Company of Heroes, developer Relic Entertainment used a new online matchmaking system called Relic Online. Previous Relic games had used GameSpy Arcade or World Opponent Network services. This system includes many features that the previous systems did not have, including a built in automatch and ranking system.[ citation needed ]

Game modes

Victory Point Control

These games focus on controlling several victory points around the middle of the map. These victory points can be captured similarly to strategic points. When one side has more victory points under their control than another, the other side's "points" start to decrease. When one side's counter runs out of points, they lose. Alternatively, the player can simply destroy all enemy structures to win the game. Before the start of the game, the host can choose between 250, 500, or 1000 points. The point function in Company of Heroes works much like the ticket feature in the Battlefield series.

Annihilation

Annihilation games lack the victory points of the VPC game mode. To win, the player needs to destroy all enemy buildings excluding observation posts on points.

Plot

On June 6, 1944, the US Army's Able Company, under the command of Captain MacKay and Sergeant Conti, storms Dog White sector on Omaha Beach in Normandy. Preceding them is Fox Company, a 101st Airborne unit that drops into Vierville-sur-Mer, secures the roads to Omaha Beach and assaults Carentan. Able relieves Fox as they repel the German counter-attack on Carentan.

The US Army begins its push towards the port city of Cherbourg. In Montebourg, Able Company defends the Red Ball Express convoys from the elite Panzer Lehr Division commanded by Tiger tank ace Hauptmann Shultz. Supported by USS Texas and other warships offshore, the company then takes the main harbor of Cherbourg in vicious street fighting. Afterwards, Able Company provides armored support to Fox Company as the paratroopers infiltrate and destroy the V2 launch facility at Sottevast.

The focus shifts towards Operation Cobra and the breakout to Saint-Lô. Able Company captures a bridgehead across the river Vire at Saint-Fromond before fighting through the bocage to take Hill 192 outside Saint-Lô. The German garrison in Saint-Lô is encircled and defeated, but the Panzer Lehr escapes. While the US Army Air Forces carpet bomb much of the Panzer Lehr, Able Company's M10 tank destroyers mop up its remaining Panther tanks at Hébécrevon. Shultz evades the American attack, killing Captain MacKay with a parting shot from his Tiger tank.

Able Company is taken off the frontline to garrison Hill 317 outside Mortain, with Conti given command and a field promotion to lieutenant. However, a German armored counter-attack strikes at Mortain; Able defends the hill until relieved and retakes Mortain. The Germans begin to withdraw from Normandy, and Able attacks one escape route at Autry, destroying Shultz and his remaining Tiger tanks with a Pershing tank. By August 19, the German 7th Army is almost encircled in the Falaise pocket. With support from the Air Force, Able Company links with Canadian and Polish forces at Chambois and crushes the German escape, ending the Normandy campaign. A postscript notes that Able Company sustained an 80 percent casualty rate by the end of the war, although Conti survived.

Development

An M10 Wolverine and American troops in the Essence Engine American Troops+M10 "Tank Destroyer".jpg
An M10 Wolverine and American troops in the Essence Engine

Company of Heroes is Relic's first title to use its Essence Engine, which allows various graphical effects, including high dynamic range lighting, dynamic lighting and shadows, advanced shader effects, and normal mapping. The game was in development for more than 3 years. [11] At its peak, more than 100 people worked on the game. [11]

Company of Heroes also uses the Havok physics engine, giving it a more realistic physics system than previous RTS games. Parts of buildings can be destroyed by grenades, satchels, or mortars, and tanks can drive through sections of walls or other barriers. Smoke created from explosions behaves realistically as possible, including its behavior in wind. Debris is also influenced by explosions; a blast can send barrels flying and shower troops in dirt, while leaving behind a large crater. When infantry are bombarded by artillery, body parts sometimes detach and are dispersed over, and some units are thrown about in the immediate area. Bridges and buildings can be destroyed by engineers using demolitions.

Relic released the Company of Heroes patch v1.70 in May 2007, which included a new DirectX 10 rendering mode with better terrain, more world objects, and improved shadows and lighting. This patch made Company of Heroes the first commercial video game to support Direct3D 10.

Expansions

Opposing Fronts

Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts is a standalone expansion pack. It contains two factions; the British Second Army and the Panzer Lehr Division (German Panzer Elite). Owners of Opposing Fronts are able to play against owners of Company of Heroes and vice versa, although only using the armies from the game they own. Owners of both games are able to play all four armies in multiplayer. Opposing Fronts [12] [13] was released on September 24, 2007. [14] It was later re-released along with Company of Heroes as Company of Heroes Gold and later as part of the Company of Heroes Anthology (together with Tales of Valor).

Tales of Valor

Company of Heroes: Tales of Valor is a standalone expansion pack. It was released on April 8, 2009. [15] [16]

Reception

Company of Heroes received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), [17] indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. [18]

Reviews

Upon its release the game received wide critical acclaim. On the review aggregator GameRankings, the game had an average score of 94% based on 57 reviews –making it the fourteenth highest rated PC game of 2006. [19] On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 93 out of 100 based on 55 critic reviews –considered "universal acclaim" by the site. [20]

In June 2011 the game was ranked #51 on IGNs Top 100 Modern Games. [31] Edge ranked the game #30 on its list of "The 100 Best Games To Play Today", stating: "From its lofty perch above an RTS battlefield, Relic gets to the heart of WWII, turning the genre's plusses and minuses into salvation and sacrifice. If only the same could be said of countless first person shooters". [32]

Awards

The editors of Computer Games Magazine named Company of Heroes the overall best computer game of 2006, and presented it with their special awards for "Best Strategy Game", "Best Sound Effects", "Best Multiplayer" and "Best Voice Acting". They summarized it as "an ideal real-time strategy game", and as "a perfect storm of visuals, sound, and gameplay". [42] During the 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Company of Heroes with "Strategy Game of the Year", [43] along with receiving nominations for "Computer Game of the Year", and outstanding achievement in "Game Design", "Gameplay Engineering", "Sound Design", and "Visual Engineering". [44]

Notes

  1. ↑ Feral Interactive developed and published the mobile and Switch versions of the game; Aspyr developed the Mac OS X port.

Related Research Articles

<i>Halo: Combat Evolved</i> 2001 video game

Halo: Combat Evolved is a 2001 first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox, for which it was released on November 15, 2001. The game was ported to Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X in 2003. It was later released as a downloadable Xbox Original for the Xbox 360. Halo is set in the 26th century, with the player assuming the role of Master Chief, a cybernetically enhanced supersoldier. Master Chief is accompanied by Cortana, an artificial intelligence. Players battle aliens as they attempt to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo, a ring-shaped artificial world.

<i>Battlefield 1942</i> 2002 video game

Battlefield 1942 is a 2002 first-person shooter video game developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The game can be played in single-player mode against the video game AI or in multiplayer mode against players on the Internet or in a local area network. It is a popular platform for mod developers, with many released modifications that alter the gameplay and theme.

<i>Shattered Galaxy</i> 2001 video game

Shattered Galaxy is a massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game (MMORTS) that was released in 2000 by KRU Interactive., now known as Nexon Inc, after an extensive open beta period. In the US, it was published by Tri Synergy. It combines the attributes of a massive multiplayer online role-playing game and a real-time strategy game. Having won the Seumas McNally Grand Prize at the 2001 Independent Games Festival and hosted through the Game Developers Conference, the game has been commercially unsuccessful due in large part to its dated graphics engine. The game was published under the name Tactical Commanders in South Korea, published by Nexon until December 31, 2005. This game has also been serviced in Japan, Taiwan, and Germany.

Relic Entertainment Inc. is a Canadian video game developer based in Vancouver, founded in 1997. The studio specializes in real-time strategy games and is known for series such as Homeworld, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War and Company of Heroes. Acquired by THQ in 2004, the company was sold to Sega on January 22, 2013, as part of THQ's bankruptcy and operated under its European division. By May 2024, Relic had secured a partnership with an external investment group, allowing it to split from Sega and operate independently.

<i>Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War</i> 2004 video game

Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and based on Games Workshop's tabletop wargame Warhammer 40,000. It was released by THQ on September 20, 2004 in North America and on September 24 in Europe. Three expansion packs have been released: Winter Assault in 2005, Dark Crusade in 2006, and Soulstorm in 2008. Its first sequel, Dawn of War II was released in February 2009. Another sequel, Dawn of War III, was released in April 2017.

<i>The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth</i> 2004 video game

The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth is a 2004 real-time strategy video game developed by EA Los Angeles for Microsoft Windows. The first part of the Middle-earth strategy game, It is based on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, in turn based on J. R. R. Tolkien's original novel. The game uses short video clips from the movies and a number of the voice actors, including the hobbits and wizards. It uses the SAGE engine. The sequel, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, was released on March 2, 2006.

<i>Civilization IV</i> 2005 video game

Civilization IV is a 2005 4X turn-based strategy video game developed by Firaxis Games and published by 2K. It is the fourth installment of the Civilization series and was designed by Soren Johnson. It was released in North America, Europe, and Australia, between October 25 and November 4, 2005, and followed by Civilization V.

The Creative Assembly Limited is a British video game developer based in Horsham, founded in 1987 by Tim Ansell. In its early years, the company worked on porting games to MS-DOS from Amiga and ZX Spectrum platforms, later working with Electronic Arts to produce a variety of games under the EA Sports brand. In 1999, the company had sufficient resources to attempt a new and original project, proceeding to develop the strategy computer game Shogun: Total War which was a critical and commercial hit, and is regarded as a benchmark strategy game. Subsequent titles in the Total War series was built following the success of Shogun: Total War, increasing the company's critical and commercial success.

<i>Age of Mythology</i> Spinoff video game of Age of Empires

Age of Mythology is a real-time strategy video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. It was released on October 31, 2002 in North America and on November 14, 2002 in Europe.

Age of Empires is a series of historical real-time strategy video games, originally developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Xbox Game Studios. The first game was Age of Empires, released in 1997. Nine total games within the series have been released so far as of October 28, 2021.

<i>Homeworld</i> 1999 real-time strategy computer game

Homeworld is a real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by Sierra Studios on September 28, 1999, for Windows. Set in space, the science fiction game follows the Kushan exiles of the planet Kharak after their home planet is destroyed by the Taiidan Empire in retaliation for developing hyperspace jump technology. The survivors journey with their spacecraft-constructing mothership to reclaim their ancient homeworld of Hiigara from the Taiidan, encountering a variety of pirates, mercenaries, traders, and rebels along the way. In each of the game's levels, the player gathers resources, builds a fleet, and uses it to destroy enemy ships and accomplish mission objectives. The player's fleet carries over between levels and can travel in a fully three-dimensional space within each level rather than being limited to a two-dimensional plane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stieg Hedlund</span> American video game designer

Stieg Hedlund is a computer and video game designer, artist, and writer who has worked on more than thirty games in the video game industry. He is best known for his work in action RPGs, and has also worked on games on real-time strategy, tactical shooter, beat-'em-up and action-adventure games.

<i>Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns</i> 2001 video game

Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns is a real-time strategy video game developed by TimeGate Studios. It was published for Microsoft Windows by Strategy First in North America and Ubi Soft in Europe, and ported to Linux by Loki Software, both in 2001. With a high fantasy setting, the game follows immortal beings named Kohan. It features a lengthy single-player campaign and skirmish maps playable in multiplayer or against the AI. The gameplay focuses on controlling companies instead of individual soldiers, a mechanic praised by critics for eliminating micromanagement. A sequel, Kohan II: Kings of War, was released in 2004.

<i>Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts</i> 2007 video game

Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts is the stand alone expansion pack to Company of Heroes, a real-time strategy game for computers running the Windows operating system. Opposing Fronts was developed by Canadian-based RTS developer Relic Entertainment, and published by THQ in September 2007. Another standalone expansion to the Company of Heroes series, Tales of Valor, was released in April 2009. The expansion was made available for Android and iPadOS on April 13, 2021.

<i>Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II</i> 2009 video game

Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II is a real-time strategy-tactical role-playing video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by THQ for Microsoft Windows based on the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe. It is the sequel to the Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War video game series. Dawn of War II was released in North America on February 19, 2009 and in Europe on February 20, 2009. A sequel, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War III, was released in April 2017.

<i>Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness</i> 1995 video game

Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness is a fantasy real-time strategy computer game developed by Blizzard Entertainment and released for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows in 1995 and Mac OS in 1996 by Blizzard's parent, Davidson & Associates. A sequel to Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, the game was met with positive reviews and won most of the major PC gaming awards in 1996. In 1996, Blizzard released an expansion pack, Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal, for DOS and Mac OS, and a compilation, Warcraft II: The Dark Saga, for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The Battle.net edition, released in 1999, included Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal, provided Blizzard's online gaming service, and replaced the MS-DOS version with a Windows one.

<i>Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Retribution</i> 2011 video game

Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Retribution is the stand-alone second expansion to Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II, part of the Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War series of real-time strategy video games. Set in Games Workshop's Warhammer 40,000 fictional universe, the single player campaign is playable with multiple races.

<i>Company of Heroes 2</i> Real-time strategy video game

Company of Heroes 2 is a real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and published by Sega for Windows, Linux, and OS X. It is the sequel to the 2006 game Company of Heroes. As with the original Company of Heroes, the game is set in World War II but with the focus on the Eastern Front, with players primarily controlling the side of the Soviet Red Army during various stages of the Eastern Front, from Operation Barbarossa to the Battle of Berlin. Company of Heroes 2 runs on Relic Entertainment's proprietary Essence 3.0 game engine.

Company of Heroes is a real-time strategy video game series developed by Relic Entertainment. The series is set during World War II.

References

  1. ↑ "Game of the Month: September 2006". IGN . September 30, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Company of Heroes (PC Games)". Gameplanet . Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved July 4, 2024. Release date: 28th September, 2006
  3. ↑ Kruse, Cord (February 23, 2012). "Company Of Heroes: Campaign Edition Coming March 1". Inside Mac Games . Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  4. ↑ "THQ Partners with Windysoft to Bring Company of Heroes Online to South Korea". Relic Online. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
  5. ↑ "[안내] OBT 오픈 시간 안내". Windyzone. April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ "Company of Heroes Online blog". Relic. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  7. ↑ "PC RTS Classic 'Company of Heroes' Is Finally Available on iPad Worldwide". Touch Arcade. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  8. ↑ Wibowo, Arya (September 11, 2021). "Company of Heroes releases on iPhone and Android". Gamereactor. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  9. ↑ Norman, Jim (October 12, 2023). "Hands On: Company Of Heroes Collection Deploys The RTS Classic On Switch, Despite Complex Controls". NintendoLife. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Notice of SEGA's Acquisition of Relic Entertainment and Some IPs Owned by THQ Inc". Sega. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  11. 1 2 Davidson, Neil (February 7, 2007). "Relic stands to win big at video-game awards". Vancouver Sun . p. 25. Retrieved March 15, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ Adams, Dan (April 5, 2007). "Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  13. ↑ Surette, Tim (April 5, 2007). "Company of Heroes takes on Opposing Fronts". GameSpot. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Shipping Out September 24–28: Halo 3, Opposing Fronts". GameSpot. September 24, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  15. ↑ "THQ Announces Company of Heroes: Tales of Valor for Windows PC". Business Wire. November 3, 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  16. ↑ Faylor, Chris (November 3, 2008). "Company of Heroes: Tales of Valor Announced". ShackNews. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  17. ↑ "ELSPA Sales Awards: Silver". Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association . Archived from the original on February 21, 2009.
  18. ↑ Caoili, Eric (November 26, 2008). "ELSPA: Wii Fit, Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK". Gamasutra . Archived from the original on September 18, 2017.
  19. 1 2 "Company of Heroes for PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  20. 1 2 "Company of Heroes for PC Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Company of Heroes for iPhone/iPad Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  22. ↑ Peckham, Matt (September 19, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - 1UP". 1UP. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  23. ↑ Gillen, Kieron (September 25, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - Eurogamer". Eurogamer. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  24. ↑ Kasavin, Greg (September 11, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - GameSpot". GameSpot. p. 2. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  25. ↑ Raush, Allen (September 14, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - GameSpy". GameSpy. p. 3. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  26. ↑ Stapleton, Dan (September 20, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - GamesRadar". GamesRadar. p. 3. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  27. ↑ Adams, Dan (September 11, 2006). "Company of Heroes Review - IGN". IGN. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  28. ↑ Madnani, Mikhail (February 24, 2020). "'Company of Heroes' for iPad Review – Excellent Portable Real Time Strategy". TouchArcade . Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Company of Heroes - Game of the Year (2006)". IGN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  30. ↑ "Company of Heroes - Game of the Year (2006)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  31. ↑ "Company of Heroes ranking on IGN Top 100 Modern Games". IGN . Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  32. ↑ Edge Staff (March 9, 2009). "The 100 Best Games To Play Today". Edge Online. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  33. ↑ "The 13th Annual PC Gamer Awards Reveals The Best Of The Best For 2006" (Press release). South San Francisco, California: Future US. February 2, 2007. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007.
  34. ↑ "Best PC Game 2006". Gamespot. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  35. ↑ "Best Strategy Game 2006". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
  36. ↑ "PC Game of 2006". IGN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Best PC Strategy Game". IGN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007.
  38. ↑ "Best Use of Sound on PC". IGN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007.
  39. ↑ "Best Online PC Game". IGN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007.
  40. ↑ "2005 Winners". GameSpot.
  41. ↑ "Mod Hall of Fame" . Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  42. ↑ Staff (March 2007). "The Best (and Worst) of 2006; The 16th Annual Computer Games Awards". Computer Games Magazine (195): 46–51.
  43. ↑ "2007 Awards Category Strategy Game of the Year". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  44. ↑ "D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details Company of Heroes". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . Retrieved October 27, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.