Concholepas concholepas

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Concholepas concholepas
Concholepas concholepas.jpg
Two live individuals of Concholepas concholepas; the one on the left has been turned over to show the underside of the large muscular foot
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Family: Muricidae
Genus: Concholepas
Species:
C. concholepas
Binomial name
Concholepas concholepas
(Bruguière, 1789)
Subspecies
Distribucion loco1.JPG
Range of C. concholepas
Synonyms [1]
  • Buccinum concholepasBruguière, 1789 (basionym)
  • Concholepas decipiensMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas densestriatusMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas granosusMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas imbricatusValenciennes, 1832
  • Concholepas laevigatusValenciennes, 1832
  • Concholepas minorMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas oblongusReeve, 1863
  • Concholepas patagonicusMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas peruvianaLamarck, 1801
  • Concholepas rhombicusMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas similisMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas splendensMabille, 1886
  • Concholepas verucundusMabille, 1886
  • Murex locusMolina, 1792
  • Patella lepasGmelin, 1791
  • Purpura locad'Orbigny, 1846
  • Purpura pileopsisBlainville, 1832
The shell of Concholepas concholepas is used as an ashtray in Chile. Concholepas concholepas - concha.JPG
The shell of Concholepas concholepas is used as an ashtray in Chile.

Concholepas concholepas, the Chilean abalone or Peruvian tolina, is a species of large edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk. Despite the superficial resemblance, C. concholepas is not a true abalone (a species in the family Haliotidae), but a member of the family Muricidae, also known as murex snails or rock snails. This species is native to the coasts of Chile and Peru, where it is called loco (a Chilean Spanish loanword from Mapudungun [2] ), pata de burro, tolina, or chanque (Peruvian Spanish).

Contents

Due to overfishing, the harvesting of this species in Chile has been limited by law since 1989.

Shell description

Concholepas concholepas has a thick, slightly oval, and white-brown to purple-grey shell. Its very few whorls makes it resemble a Phrygian cap in shape. The outer surface of the shell shows strong lamellose ribs of which are both radial and circular-concentric.

The shell is shaped almost like that of an abalone, with a very large aperture compared to other muricids. A loco cannot hide completely inside the shell if it is turned upside down, so has no need of its operculum; instead, it relies on its strong foot to remain in place. The shell is made of calcite with an inner layer of aragonite. [3]

The shells of this species are used as ashtrays in Chile.

Ecology

Habitat and distribution

Concholepas concholepas is a benthic predator that lives on rocks in temperate waters from sea level to depths of 40 m. [4] Its diet consists of mytilids (such as Semimytilus algosus and Perumytilus purpuratus ) and barnacles (such as Chthamalus scabrosus ). [5]

Its geographic distribution ranges from Lobos de Afuera in Peru, to Cape Horn in Chile, including the Juan Fernández Islands. [6]

Lifecycle

Concholepas concholepas is dioecious, which means the populations are divided between male and females, though with no external evidence of sexual dimorphism. The fertilisation in this species occurs internally. [7] In central Chile, females lay egg capsules on low intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky surfaces during southern autumn months. After around one month of development inside the capsules, small planktotrophic veliger larvae (260 µm) are released. The larvae spend the following three months in the water column and once they become competent, they dwell at the sea surface until they settle on rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats down to 30 m. [4] The normal size at which the snail reaches sexual maturity is between 5.4 and 6.7 cm; it takes about four years to reach this size. [8]

Human uses

Concholepas concholepas is used in Chilean cuisine and is commercially marketed worldwide as a delicacy — misleadingly under the name "Chilean abalone". (True abalones are herbivores, whereas Concholepas concholepas is a muricid, a carnivore). Its economic value and ecological importance as top predator have made it the most studied marine invertebrate species in Chile. [9]

Commercial fishery

On the Chilean coast, C. concholepas is one of the most important edible mollusc species and is a major product of the aquacultural industry. [10] In 1975, about 5,000 tons were extracted annually. In 1980, the extraction peaked, with a catch of 25,000 tons. [11] Since 1989, extraction is illegal in Chile, but from 1992 onwards, some exceptions have been made for accredited commercial divers. The minimum size allowed for extraction is 10 cm. Currently, the only legal way for artisan fishermen or other people to catch locos is to have a Marine Area of Benthonic Resources Extraction permit. Even in these areas, though, extraction is prohibited from December to July from Valparaíso Region northward and from January or February to July south of it. Populations have shrunk and a recent study shows extraction is making an artificial selection to eliminate faster-growing individuals. [6] [12] The same study also showed the populations in Chile are relatively homogeneous with low genetic variability. Due to overextraction, scientists have studied the possibility of commercial cultivation since 1986.

Cuisine

In Chilean cuisine, the meat of the foot of these snails is cooked and eaten with mayonnaise or as a chupe de locos soup in an earthenware bowl. The chupe de locos typically contains about six snails' feet, 100 grams of a fatty cheese, such as Chanco cheese, two eggs, four spoons of grated bread, salt, and paprika. [13]

Possible medical use

The hemocyanin found in the blood of C. concholepas has immunotherapeutic effects against bladder and prostate cancer. In 2006 research, mice were primed with C. concholepas before implantation of bladder tumor (MBT-2) cells. Mice treated with C. concholepas showed a significant antitumor effect. The effects included prolonged survival, decreased tumor growth and incidence and lack of toxic effects. [14]

Other possible scientific uses

Concholepas concholepas shells are a potential proxy-bearer for climate change studies. There are many fossil shell accumulations in Pleistocene coastal terraces. Climate indicators are, by far, less abundant for ancient cold seas; therefore, investigating the ability of C. concholepas will provide valuable signals for long-term evolution of the sea surface temperatures in cold seas, and might be important in reconstructing the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) history. [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muricidae</span> Family of molluscs

Muricidae is a large and varied taxonomic family of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, commonly known as murex snails or rock snails. With over 1,700 living species, the Muricidae represent almost 10% of the Neogastropoda. Additionally, 1,200 fossil species have been recognized. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, although experts disagree about the subfamily divisions and the definitions of the genera. Many muricids have unusual shells which are considered attractive by shell collectors and by interior designers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olive snail</span> Family of molluscs

Olive snails, also known as olive shells and olives, scientific name Olividae, are a taxonomic family of medium to large predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells.

<i>Concholepas</i> Genus of gastropods

Concholepas is a genus of medium-sized to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Muricidae, the rock shells.

<i>Chicoreus brevifrons</i> Species of gastropod

Chicoreus brevifrons, common name the West Indian murex, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails.

<i>Chicoreus florifer</i> Species of gastropod

Chicoreus (Triplex) florifer, common name : the flowery lace murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Vasula deltoidea</i> Species of gastropod

Vasula deltoidea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Nucella emarginata</i> Species of gastropod

Nucella emarginata, common name the emarginate dogwinkle, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Siratus lamyi</i> Species of gastropod

Siratus lamyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Stramonita rustica</i> Species of gastropod

Stramonita rustica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Trachypollia didyma</i> Species of gastropod

Trachypollia didyma is a species of small big predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Vaughtia gruveli</i> Species of gastropod

Vaughtia gruveli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Vaughtia scrobiculata</i> Species of gastropod

Vaughtia scrobiculata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Vitularia salebrosa</i> Species of gastropod

Vitularia salebrosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Nassa</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Nassa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Rapaninae of the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Mancinella echinulata</i> Species of gastropod

Mancinella echinulata, common names Lamarck's spiny rock shell, Lamarck's spiny rock snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Vasula speciosa</i> Species of gastropod

Vasula speciosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Scabrotrophon inspiratus</i> Species of gastropod

Scabrotrophon inspiratus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Scabrotrophon maestratii</i> Species of gastropod

Scabrotrophon maestratii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

<i>Scabrotrophon maranii</i> Species of gastropod

Scabrotrophon maranii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

References

  1. ↑ Houart, R. (2009). "World Register of Marine Species". Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789). Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  2. ↑ (in Spanish) Etimología de LOCO. Etimologías de Chile
  3. ↑ Guzmán, N.; et al. (2009). "Diagenetic changes in Concholepas concholepas shells (Gastropoda, Muricidae) in the hyper-arid conditions of Northern Chile – implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions" (PDF). Biogeosciences. 6 (2): 197–207. Bibcode:2009BGeo....6..197G. doi: 10.5194/bg-6-197-2009 .
  4. 1 2 Poulin, E.; et al. (2002). "Avoiding offshore transport of competent larvae during upwelling events: The case of the gastropod Concholepas concholepas in Central Chile". Limnology and Oceanography. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. 47 (4): 1248–1255. Bibcode:2002LimOc..47.1248P. doi: 10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1248 . ISSN   0024-3590.
  5. ↑ Dye, A. H. (1991). "Feed preferences of Nucella crassilabrum and juvenile Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from a rocky shore in Southern Chile". Journal of Molluscan Studies. Oxford Press. 57 (3): 301–307. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.3.301. ISSN   1464-3766.
  6. 1 2 (in Spanish) [ permanent dead link ] Catastro genético de locos y erizos del litoral chileno. Ministerio de Agricultura, Gobierno de Chile
  7. ↑ Ramorino, L. M. (1975). "Ciclo reproductivo de Concholepas concholepas en la zona de Valparaíso" (PDF). Revista de Biología Marina (in Spanish). 15 (2): 149–177.
  8. ↑ Zagal, R.; Hermosilla, C. (2001). Guía de Invertebrados Marinos del Litoral Valdiviano (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Quebecor World Chile S. A. p. 219. ISBN   978-956-288-974-2.
  9. ↑ Castilla 1988
  10. 1 2 Guzman, N.; et al. (2007). "Subdaily Growth Patterns and Organo-Mineral Nanostructure of the Growth Layers in the Calcitic Prisms of the Shell of Concholepas concholepas Bruguière, 1789 (Gastropoda, Muricidae)". Microscopy and Microanalysis. Cambridge University Press. 15 (3): 397–403. Bibcode:2007MiMic..13..397G. doi:10.1017/s1431927607070705. PMID   17900392. S2CID   45870521.
  11. ↑ (in Spanish) Las áreas de manejo en la Ley de Pesca y Acuicultura: Primeras experiencias Evaluación de la utilidad de desta herramienta para el recurso Loco
  12. ↑ "Cultivo del recurso loco (Concholepas concholepas) como alternativa de abastecimento de materia prima para la industria procesadora de recursos hidrobiologicos". Octavio Concurso Nacional de Proyectos de I+D FONDEF. Fondef. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Chupe de Locos". Recetas Patagónicas. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  14. ↑ Atala, Anthony (2006). "This Month in Investigative Urology". The Journal of Urology. 176 (6): 2335–2336. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.002. ISSN   0022-5347.

Sources

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