Continental Airlines Flight 1713

Last updated

Continental Airlines Flight 1713
N626TX Douglas DC-9-14 at Denver Stapleton, 1985.jpg
N626TX, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in 1985.
Accident
DateNovember 15, 1987
SummaryCrashed following loss of control on takeoff [1]
Site Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Aircraft
Aircraft type Douglas DC-9-14
Operator Continental Airlines
IATA flight No.CO1713
ICAO flight No.COA1713
Call signCONTINENTAL 1713
Registration N626TX
Flight origin Denver–Stapleton Int'l Airport
Destination Boise Airport
Occupants82
Passengers77
Crew5
Fatalities28
Injuries53
Survivors54

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was a commercial airline flight that crashed while taking off in a snowstorm from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, on November 15, 1987. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] The Douglas DC-9 airliner, operated by Continental Airlines, was making a scheduled flight to Boise, Idaho. Twenty-five passengers and three crew members died in the crash. [1] : 20 

Contents

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation of the accident determined that the most probable cause of the accident was a combination of things: the failure on the part of the pilot in command to have the aircraft deiced a second time before takeoff, over-rotation on takeoff by the first officer, and flight crew inexperience.

Background information

Aircraft

The aircraft involved while still in service with Air Canada as CF-TLF CF-TLF DC-9-14 Air Canada YYC 01JUN67 (5589392279).jpg
The aircraft involved while still in service with Air Canada as CF-TLF

Flight 1713 was operated using a 21-year old Douglas DC-9-14, a twin-engined, narrow-body jet airliner with the registration number N626TX. [1] : 7  The aircraft was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7B engines. [1] : 7  It was originally delivered to Air Canada in May 1966 and sold to Texas International Airlines in 1968, where it served the majority of its service until Texas International was acquired by Continental in 1982. [7] [1] : 7  In 21 years of service, it had accumulated over 52,400 flight hours and over 61,800 cycles. [1] : 7 

Crew

The captain was 43-year-old Frank Benjamin Zvonek Jr., who had been with Continental Airlines since 1969. He had 12,125 hours of flight experience, but only 166 hours on the DC-9, [1] : 48  or "in type." He had been upgraded to captain less than three weeks earlier. [8] The first officer was 26-year-old Lee Edward Bruecher, hired by Continental four months earlier; he had previously flown for Rio Airways [8] and passed his initial proficiency check in the DC-9 in mid-September. He had 3,186 flight hours, but only 36 hours on the DC-9, which was the extent of his turbojet experience and he had not flown at all for the past 24 days. [1] : 48  The cabin crew consisted of three flight attendants. [9]

Weather

At the time of the accident on Sunday afternoon, the National Weather Service was reporting moderate wet snow at Stapleton International Airport. [1] : 8  The heaviest snowfall rate occurred between 13:10 and 14:20 MST, with the peak snowfall rate occurring around 13:50. [1] : 8 

Accident

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was scheduled to depart Denver at 12:25, but many flights out of Denver that day were delayed by the inclement weather. [10] At 13:03, Flight 1713 taxied from its gate to the deicing pad; unfortunately, air traffic controllers were not aware that Flight 1713 had departed the gate because the flight crew had done so without first requesting taxi clearance. [1] : 3  Deicing was completed at 13:46. [1] : 1–2 

At 13:51, Flight 1713 contacted the clearance delivery controller for permission to "taxi from the ice pad." The clearance delivery controller, believing that Flight 1713 was still at the gate and requesting to proceed to deicing, instructed the flight to contact Ground Control, who then cleared Flight 1713 to taxi to the deicing pad. [1] : 2  Having already completed deicing, Flight 1713's crew seem to have interpreted this new clearance to mean they could now taxi from the pad and proceed to the runway. [1] : 2 

At 14:05, Flight 1713 was lined up on the number-one position at the north end of Runway 35L and the crew was ready for take off. [1] : 3  Not kept properly informed of Flight 1713’s position, the air traffic controllers tried repeatedly to have different planes take off, leaving Flight 1713 standing in the falling snow for several minutes and opening the airliner to the risk of "wing contamination" by ice. Flight 1713 then notified air traffic controllers that they were holding at the start of the runway and awaiting takeoff instructions. [1] : 3 

Flight 1713 wreckage Continental 1713 wreckage.png
Flight 1713 wreckage

Flight 1713 was cleared for takeoff at 14:14. [1] : 3  As the DC-9 was taking off, the pilot in control over-rotated; the aircraft descended and the left wing struck the ground, causing the wing to separate. A fuel-fed flash fire ignited in the left wing shortly after it struck the ground, causing a "fireball" inside the cabin. [1] : 3  The left side of the fuselage and cockpit struck the ground next and the plane continued rolling until inverted. As the DC-9 skidded, the left side was tilted over and the tail was inverted; this action caused the center section of the fuselage to compress and crush many of the passengers on board. [1] : 20  [11]

A total of 25 passengers and three crew members died due to the crash; the final two fatalities succumbed while hospitalized. The captain, the first officer, one flight attendant and 11 of the passengers died from blunt trauma. [1] : 20  In addition, five passengers died of head injuries secondary to blunt trauma and 9 passengers died of asphyxia. [1] : 20  The remaining 52 passengers and two flight attendants survived. [1] : 20  Of the surviving passengers, 25 received minor injuries and 27 received serious injuries. [1] : 4  Fitzsimons Army Medical Center sent its personnel to assist in the triage of passengers and 10 hospitals treated the survivors. [12]

Investigation

The seating chart of Continental Airlines Flight 1713, based on the official NTSB report: The chart illustrates locations of passengers, lack of injuries, severities of injuries and causes of deaths, all where applicable. Cal1713injurymap.png
The seating chart of Continental Airlines Flight 1713, based on the official NTSB report:
The chart illustrates locations of passengers, lack of injuries, severities of injuries and causes of deaths, all where applicable.

The NTSB investigated the accident. [13] [14]

In July 1988, Continental Airlines filed a report with the NTSB positing the causes of the crash as wake turbulence, poor snow plowing on the runway and errors by air traffic controllers. [15] However, the NTSB investigated the wake-turbulence theory and concluded that wake turbulence from the preceding flight would not have affected Flight 1713. [1] : 44 

During the investigation, the crew's low levels of experience on the DC-9 were brought up as possible causes. [16] [17] [18] Investigators also discovered that before he began working for Continental, Bruecher had been dismissed from another airline after failing on three occasions to pass a flight examination. [19] [20] Investigators likewise determined that First Officer Bruecher was at the controls at the time of the accident. [20]

Investigators determined that 27 minutes elapsed between the conclusion of deicing and Flight 1713's attempt to take off, seven minutes longer than should have been allowed to elapse before takeoff. The NTSB concluded that a build-up of ice on the wings of Flight 1713 had contaminated the surfaces of both of the wings prior to departure, based on reports from surviving passengers that they had seen "patches" of ice on the wings after deicing was complete. [1] : 33  Investigators also concluded that enough wet snow landed on Flight 1713 after deicing was complete to melt and dilute the deicing fluid, which allowed ice to reform on the wings. [1] : 33  According to the aircraft's manufacturer, even a modest amount of ice contamination on the upper wing could impair the lifting performance of the wings and lead to loss of roll and pitch control. [1] : 33–34  Based on this, the NTSB concluded that a small amount of ice on the wings had caused Flight 1713 to have significant controllability problems. [1] : 35 

The NTSB also determined that First Officer Bruecher's poor performance during takeoff had likely contributed to his loss of control of the airplane. [1] : 36  The first officer rotated the airplane at more than 6°/sec or twice the recommended rate. [1] : 36  Combined with the effects of ice on the wing, the high climb rate caused the plane's left wing to stall and the plane to begin rolling over. [1] : 36  Flight 1713 was Bruecher's first flight after a 24-day absence from flight duties and the NTSB concluded that this prolonged absence had eroded the newly hired first officer's retention of his recent training, which contributed to his poor takeoff performance. [1] : 37 

On September 27, 1988, the NTSB published a final report on its investigation into the crash, attributing the accident to the captain's failure to have the plane deiced a second time, the first officer's poor takeoff performance, confusion between the pilots and air traffic controllers, which contributed to delays, compounded by a cockpit crew where both pilots were relatively inexperienced on the aircraft type. [1] : ii  Specifically, the NTSB concluded:

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the captain's failure to have the airplane deiced a second time after a delay before takeoff that led to upper wing surface contamination and a loss of control during rapid takeoff rotation by the first officer. Contributing to the accident were the absence of regulatory or management controls governing operations by newly qualified flight crew members and the confusion that existed between the flight crew members and air traffic controllers that led to the delay in departure. [1] : 44 

Aftermath

After the crash, Continental Airlines reiterated its procedures for handling deicing and developed a computerized assignment program that would prevent "green-on-green" crewing or keep pilots with fewer than 100 hours flying time in type from being assigned to the same flight. [16]

Nine months after the crash of Flight 1713, Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 crashed in Dallas. When the NTSB released its report on Flight 1713, it specifically mentioned the fact that "almost 3 minutes of non-pertinent social conversation" had occurred before takeoff. [1] : 39  When the NTSB later issued its report on Delta 1141, it found that the Delta crew had also engaged in non-pertinent conversation, including a discussion of the cockpit voice recorder from the crash of Continental 1713; [21] [ full citation needed ] First Officer Casey Kirkland joked with flight attendant Dixie Dunn (the latter a fatality) that they too should discuss their crew's love lives so "then the media would have some kind of juicy tidbit" from their CVR in event of a similar disaster. [22]

Stapleton was replaced by Denver International Airport in 1995. It has since been decommissioned and the property was redeveloped as a retail and residential neighborhood. Continental merged with UAL Corporation (the parent company of United Airlines) via a stock swap in 2010, and the integration was completed in 2012.

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was mentioned in the 1988 film Rain Man . [23]

The crash was the subject of episode 10, season 18 of Mayday, titled "Dead of Winter". [24]

In February 1990, Reader's Digest detailed the flight crew and some of the passengers in its article "Miracle In The Blizzard".

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 191</span> 1979 DC-10 crash in Chicago, US

American Airlines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. On the afternoon of May 25, 1979, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating this flight was taking off from runway 32R at O'Hare International when its left engine detached from the wing, causing a loss of control. The aircraft crashed about 4,600 feet (1,400 m) from the end of runway 32R. All 271 occupants on board were killed on impact, along with two people on the ground. With a total of 273 fatalities, the disaster is the deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delta Air Lines Flight 1141</span> 1988 aviation accident at DFW airport

Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight between Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, and Salt Lake City International Airport, Utah. On August 31, 1988, the flight, using a Boeing 727-200 series aircraft, crashed during takeoff at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, resulting in 14 deaths and 76 injuries among the 108 on board.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Florida Flight 90</span> 1982 airliner crash near Washington, D.C.

Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. On January 13, 1982, the Boeing 737-200 registered as N62AF crashed into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River just after take off from Washington National Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Airlines Flight 255</span> 1987 plane crash of an MD-82 in Detroit, Michigan

On August 16, 1987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Northwest Airlines Flight 255, crashed shortly after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, about 8:46 pm EDT, resulting in the deaths of all six crew members and 148 of the 149 passengers, along with two people on the ground. The sole survivor was a 4-year-old girl who sustained serious injuries. It was the second-deadliest aviation accident at the time in the United States. It is also the deadliest aviation accident to have a sole survivor, the deadliest aircraft accident in the history of the state of Michigan, and the worst crash in the history of Northwest Airlines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Los Angeles runway collision</span> Two-airplane fatal accident

On the evening of Friday, February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). As Flight 1493 was on final approach, the local controller was distracted, though air traffic was not heavy at LAX, by a series of abnormalities, including a misplaced flight progress strip and an aircraft that had inadvertently switched off the tower frequency. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USAir Flight 405</span> 1992 plane crash in New York City

USAir Flight 405 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight between LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York City, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio. On March 22, 1992, a USAir Fokker F28, registration N485US, flying the route, crashed in poor weather in a partially inverted position in Flushing Bay, shortly after liftoff from LaGuardia. The undercarriage lifted off from the runway, but the airplane failed to gain lift, flying only several meters above the ground. The aircraft then veered off the runway and hit several obstructions before coming to rest in Flushing Bay, just beyond the end of the runway. Of the 51 people on board, 27 were killed, including the captain and a member of the cabin crew.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USAir Flight 1016</span> 1994 aviation accident

USAir Flight 1016 was a regularly scheduled flight in the southeastern United States, between Columbia, South Carolina, and Charlotte, North Carolina. On July 2, 1994, the flight encountered heavy thunderstorms and microburst-induced windshear while attempting to land, and crashed into heavy trees and a private residence near the airport. The crash and ensuing fire caused 37 fatalities and seriously injured 20 others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Midwest Flight 5481</span> 2003 aviation accident in North Carolina, United States

Air Midwest Flight 5481 was a Beechcraft 1900D on a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, to Greenville–Spartanburg International Airport in Greer, South Carolina. On the morning of January 8, 2003, the Beechcraft stalled while departing Charlotte Douglas International Airport and crashed into an aircraft hangar, killing all 21 passengers and crew aboard and injuring one person on the ground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Ontario Flight 1363</span> 1989 plane crash in Ontario, Canada

Air Ontario Flight 1363 was a scheduled Air Ontario passenger flight which crashed near Dryden, Ontario, Canada, on 10 March 1989 shortly after takeoff from Dryden Regional Airport. The aircraft was a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship twin jet. It crashed after only 49 seconds because it was not able to attain sufficient altitude to clear the trees beyond the end of the runway, due to a buildup of ice and snow on the wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Eagle Flight 4184</span> 1994 plane crash in Indiana, US

American Eagle Flight 4184, officially operating as Simmons Airlines Flight 4184, was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Chicago, Illinois, United States. On October 31, 1994, the ATR 72 performing this route flew into severe icing conditions, lost control and crashed into a field, killing all 68 people on board in the high-speed impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TWA Flight 159</span> 1967 aviation accident

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 159 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from New York City to Los Angeles, California, with a stopover in Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Kentucky, that crashed after an aborted takeoff from Cincinnati on November 6, 1967. The Boeing 707 attempted to abort takeoff when the copilot became concerned that the aircraft had collided with a disabled DC-9 on the runway. The aircraft overran the runway, struck an embankment and caught fire. One passenger died as a result of the accident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Airlines Flight 2605</span> 1979 aviation accident

Western Airlines Flight 2605, nicknamed the "Night Owl", was an international scheduled passenger flight from Los Angeles, California, to Mexico City, Mexico. On October 31, 1979, at 5:42 a.m. CST (UTC−06:00), the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 used on the flight crashed at Mexico City International Airport in fog after landing on a runway that was closed for maintenance. Of the 88 occupants on board, 72 were killed, in addition to a maintenance worker who died when the plane struck his vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental Airlines Flight 1404</span> 2008 non-fatal aviation accident in Denver, Colorado

Continental Airlines Flight 1404 was a Continental Airlines domestic flight from Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado, to George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas. On the evening of December 20, 2008, the flight crashed while taking off from Denver, resulting in two critical injuries, 36 noncritical injuries, and a hull loss of the Boeing 737-524 aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colgan Air Flight 3407</span> 2009 aviation accident in the U.S.

Colgan Air Flight 3407 was a scheduled passenger flight from Newark, New Jersey, US to Buffalo, New York, US on February 12, 2009. Colgan Air staffed and maintained the aircraft used on the flight that was scheduled, marketed, and sold by Continental Airlines under its Continental Connection brand. The aircraft, a Bombardier Q400, entered an aerodynamic stall from which it did not recover and crashed into a house at 6038 Long Street in Clarence Center, New York at 10:17 pm EST, killing all 49 passengers and crew on board, as well as one person inside the house.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision</span> Collision of two Northwest Airlines jetliners at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport

On December 3, 1990, two Northwest Airlines jetliners collided at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. Flight 1482, a scheduled Douglas DC-9-14 operating from Detroit to Pittsburgh International Airport, taxied by mistake onto an active runway in dense fog and was hit by a departing Boeing 727 operating as Flight 299 to Memphis International Airport. One member of the crew and seven passengers of the DC-9 were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Express Flight 2415</span> 1989 aviation accident

United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31. Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286</span> 1988 aviation accident

Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Denver, Colorado, United States, to Durango, Colorado, United States, operated for Continental Express by Trans-Colorado Airlines. On January 19, 1988, Flight 2286 crashed onto terrain near Bayfield, Colorado, while on approach to Durango-La Plata County Airport. Out of the 17 people on board, 9 were killed, including both crew members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ryan International Airlines Flight 590</span> 1991 aviation accident

Ryan International Airlines Flight 590 was a cargo flight carrying mail for the United States Postal Service from Greater Buffalo International Airport (BUF) in Buffalo, New York, to Indianapolis International Airport (IND) in Indiana, with a stopover at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE) in Cleveland, Ohio. On February 17, 1991, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC operating the flight crashed on takeoff from Cleveland during icing conditions. Both pilots, the aircraft's only occupants, were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the causes of the crash were the flight crew failing to deice their aircraft, and the inexperience of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), McDonnell Douglas, and Ryan International Airlines with icing condition on DC-9-10 aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocky Mountain Airways Flight 217</span> 1978 aviation accident

Rocky Mountain Airways Flight 217, referred to in the media as the "Miracle on Buffalo Pass", was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Steamboat Springs, Colorado to Denver that crashed on Buffalo Pass. The aircraft, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 300, impacted terrain on a gentle slope and was partially buried in snow. All of the 22 passengers and crew survived the impact, but a female passenger died before rescue could arrive, and the captain died of his injuries 3 days after the accident. The investigation determined that the accident was caused by the formation of ice on the wings combined with downdrafts associated with a mountain wave led to the aircraft's loss of control and impact with terrain.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 "Continental Airlines, Inc., Flight 1713, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, N626TX, Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado, November 15, 1987" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. September 27, 1988. NTSB/AAR-88/09. Retrieved September 1, 2016. - Copy at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (note the ERAU copy does not include the errata sheet, and may be older than the one on the NTSB website).
  2. ↑ "26 killed in crash of jetliner". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). November 16, 1987. p. 1.
  3. ↑ "Doomed jet veered, tilted". Spokane Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. November 16, 1987. p. A1.
  4. ↑ "Jetliner flips on runway; 26 killed". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. November 16, 1987. p. 1A.
  5. ↑ Mason, K.C. (November 16, 1987). "Clues sought in disaster". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. p. A1.
  6. ↑ Jones, Tamara; Malnic, Eric (November 17, 1987). "Survivors recount horror; probe begins". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Los Angeles Times). p. 1A.
  7. ↑ "Registration Details for N626TX (Continental Air Lines) DC-9-14 - PlaneLogger".
  8. 1 2 "Continental pilot, co-pilot were inexperienced". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Washington Post). November 18, 1987. p. 7A.
  9. ↑ "Denver plane crash kills 26". Chicago Tribune. November 16, 1987. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  10. ↑ Knudson, Thomas J. (November 16, 1987). "Plane Crashes in Snow at Denver; 26 of the 82 Aboard Are Killed". New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Rear Passengers Survived Air Crash". New York Times. Associated Press. November 27, 1987. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Survivors list". Spokane Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. November 16, 1987. p. A4.
  13. ↑ "Inquiry Into Denver Jet Crash Looks at Possible Ice Buildup". New York Times. Associated Press. March 9, 1988. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  14. ↑ "Rescue Coordinator Testifies In Continental Crash Hearing". New York Times. Associated Press. March 10, 1988. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Airline Says Several Errors Caused Crash Fatal to 28". New York Times. Associated Press. August 18, 1988. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  16. 1 2 "U.S. Panel Lays Denver Air Crash To Failure to De-ice Second Time". New York Times. Associated Press. September 28, 1988. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  17. ↑ "Jet in Denver 'waited too long'". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. September 28, 1988. p. A3.
  18. ↑ "Town still dealing with air crash". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. September 28, 1988. p. B1.
  19. ↑ Ott, James (October 3, 1988). "NTSB Finds Inadequate Oversight Of New Pilots' Flight Operations". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  20. 1 2 "Pilot in Denver Air Crash Had Failed 3 Flight Exams". Los Angeles Times . September 27, 1988. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  21. ↑ Cockpit Voice Recording from Delta Air Lines Flight 1141
  22. ↑ "Crew joked before crash about providing 'tidbit'". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). Associated Press. August 2, 1989. p. 48.
  23. ↑ Quiroga, Rodrigo (2012). "Chapter 7". Borges and Memory: Encounters with the Human Brain. MIT Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN   9780262304955.
  24. ↑ Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) , retrieved January 20, 2024
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.