Corpus Christi Bay

Last updated

Corpus Christi Bay
AerialCorpusChristi.jpg
Corpus Christi Bay (right), Nueces Bay (top), and Oso Bay (bottom)
Relief map of Texas.png
Red pog.svg
Corpus Christi Bay
LocationSouth Texas Gulf Coast
Coordinates 27°46′20″N97°15′10″W / 27.77222°N 97.25278°W / 27.77222; -97.25278 Coordinates: 27°46′20″N97°15′10″W / 27.77222°N 97.25278°W / 27.77222; -97.25278
River sources Nueces River, Oso Creek
Ocean/sea sources Gulf of Mexico
Basin  countries United States
Surface area106,990 acres (43,300 ha) [1]
Settlements Corpus Christi, Portland, Ingleside, Ingleside on the Bay

Corpus Christi Bay is a scenic semi-tropical bay on the Texas coast found in San Patricio and Nueces counties, next to the major city of Corpus Christi. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by Mustang Island, and is fed by the Nueces River and Oso Creek from its western and southern extensions, Nueces Bay and Oso Bay. The bay is located approximately 136 miles (219 km) south of San Antonio, and 179 miles (288 km) southwest of Houston.

Contents

Corpus Christi Bay has a rich history of human settlement along its shores that dates back millennia and is responsible for the growth of Corpus Christi, and the smaller ports of Ingleside and Portland. It is one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas and supports a diverse collection of wildlife, attracting many tourists. The bay's abundance of petroleum and natural gas has attracted industry, and its strategic location on the Texas coast is ideal for military establishment.

History

The shores of Corpus Christi (or Body of Christ) Bay are thought to have been inhabited by the Karankawa Indians before the European discovery. [2] Archeological evidence suggests that pre-Karankawa peoples used the area near Oso Bay as a burial ground between 500 BC and 500 AD. [3] It is believed to have first been spotted by Europeans on Corpus Christi Day which fell on June 23, 1519, when Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda navigated its waters. Joaquín de Orobio y Basterra came across the bay in 1746, when given orders to settle the area between Tampico, Mexico, and the mouth of the San Antonio River at San Antonio Bay. He named the bay after St. Michael the Archangel, but the name did not stick and was referred to as "Corpus Christi Bay" in a 1766 report by Diego Ortiz Parrilla. Explorer Blas María de la Garza Falcón is believed to have been the first man to purchase land on the bay in 1746. [4] Shortly thereafter the short-lived settlement of Villa de Vedoya was founded on the mouth of the Nueces River. [2]

The first trading post on Corpus Christi Bay was established by Henry Kinney in 1838 in present-day Corpus Christi. [4] By the 1840s, the area developed into a settlement named after the bay, and a deepwater port was established in the 1870s. [2] A bayfront that included a 32-foot overlooking statue of Jesus Christ was designed by Mount Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum in 1928, but was turned down by the city in 1930. [5] Later efforts to build a statue on the shore were also rejected. [5] The bayside port would later grow into a major city, and had a population of 277,454 people during the 2000 U.S. census. [2] In addition to Corpus Christi, Kinney also found Nuecestown (known to settlers as The Motts) in 1852, near the confluence of the Nueces River and Nueces Bay. The town was attacked by Mexican robbers in 1875, and underwent a steep decline. It is now a ghost town located in the Corpus Christi city limits. [6] The city of Ingleside was founded on the northern shore of the bay in 1854, and grew slowly. It had a population of 9,388 in the 2000 census. [7] Likewise, the city of Portland located on the northeastern bluff between the Nueces and Corpus Christi Bays, did not grow as rapidly as Corpus Christi, following its 1891 founding. During the 2000 census, it had 14,827 residents. [8]

For transportation on the bay, steamboats were commonplace between Corpus Christi and Ingleside during the 1930s. [7] Native Americans used a route made up of a series of shallow oyster beds, dubbed Reef Road. The passage, which was about 18 to 24 inches in depth, could be navigated on foot or horseback during low tides to travel across the opening of Nueces Bay into Corpus Christi Bay. White settlers discovered the road in the 1860s, and it became a common way to pass from Portland to Corpus Christi via buggy, although its jagged course had to be marked with posts and horses would sometimes fall off the beds and drown. A wooden causeway connecting Portland and Corpus Christi was first constructed in 1915, but was repeatedly rebuilt and destroyed by several storms. A permanent concrete bridge was erected in the 1950s, and a double lane was added in 1988. [9] The approximately mile long structure is today known as the Nueces Bay Causeway. [10]

The bay has been strategically important for the military. General Zachary Taylor stationed his men on Rincon Point during the Mexican–American War, and a Union invasion was halted by Confederates on the same point in 1862, during the American Civil War. [11] The Port of Corpus Christi was used by the Confederates to bring in supplies during the war effort until the Union bombarded Corpus Christi and occupied the bay and port from 1863 to 1870. [2] In 1940, the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi was established on the bay, and by 1944 had transformed into a major base with one main air station and six additional stations. [12] Notably, during a March 1960 practice run from the base, future Senator John McCain lost track of his altitude and speed, and his single-seat, single-pistoned-engine AD-6 Skyraider crashed into Corpus Christi Bay and sank to the bottom. He squeezed out of the cockpit, swam ten feet to the surface, and was carried to safety by a rescue helicopter, therefore escaping without major injuries. [13]

Features

Corpus Christi Bay (blue), Oso Bay (orange), Nueces Bay (green) Corpus christi bay.jpg
Corpus Christi Bay (blue), Oso Bay (orange), Nueces Bay (green)
A spoils island shown from the shore of Corpus Christi Bay at Rincon Point Corpus Christi Bay.jpg
A spoils island shown from the shore of Corpus Christi Bay at Rincon Point

The shoreline of Corpus Christi Bay is included in the Texas Coastal Plain in South Texas. The surrounding land is semi-arid and is used for ranching and other agricultural purposes. [14] The bay itself is considered subtropical, and was described by Gutzon Borglum as "the most beautiful bay on the Texas coast." [5]

On average, the system is 3 meters (9.8 ft) deep, and covers approximately 497 square kilometers (192 sq mi). The two main extensions are Nueces Bay, which extends west to the mouth of the Nueces River, and Oso Bay, which extends south to the mouth of Oso Creek. [14] Together with its extensions, it forms one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas, and the fourth largest behind Galveston Bay, Laguna Madre and Matagorda Bay. [1] Every second, approximately 34 cubic meters (9,000 U.S. gal) of water flows into the bay. The exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Aransas Pass. As a result of the seawater exchange, the bay's salinity is 22 parts per thousand (ppt), [14] which is lower than the seawater average of 35 ppt. [15]

Following the shoreline beginning at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi on the bay's southeastern peninsula, the features of the bay can be best described. Moving northwest from the air station, Oso Bay must be crossed at its confluence with Corpus Christi Bay. On the other side of the meeting is Ward Island (actually a peninsula), where Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi is found. Further northwest, the shore begins to curve and off in the distance across the bay, the skyline of Corpus Christi is visible. Following the shore, the land dips inward and forms Emerald Cove, where a seawall has been constructed. Out in the bay, the Alta Vista Reef can be spotted from this location. Moving north along the shore, the seawall continues into the main city, until it reaches Industrial Canal, which has been dredged south of Nueces Bay and extends into the main bay to Port Aransas. Another seawall, which starts in Emerald Cove with gaps at places such as a spoils island that can be viewed in the bay and the canal, is slightly out in the water. This seawall ends when it reaches land at the southern portion of Corpus Christi Beach. North of the canal, Corpus Christi Beach is found along the shore to Rincon Point, where Corpus Christi Bay opens to Nueces Bay and must be crossed using the Nueces Bay Causeway to Indian Point near Portland, from where Indian Reef juts from offshore. [16] Past Portland, the shore curves to the southeast where the large La Quinta Island forms on the backdrop of industrial plants in Ingleside. The La Quinta Channel has been dredged between the island and the shore and meets the Jewell Fulton canal at the confluence of Kinney Bayou. Ingleside Cove is formed in this area between La Quinta Island and an island named Ingleside Point. The shore then curves to the southwest where Ingleside on the Bay is located on southern shore of the bay's northeastern peninsula. To the southeast, a series of islands form the boundary between Corpus Christi and Redfish Bays. [17]

Ecosystem

The Environmental Protection Agency has designated the Corpus Christi Bay system as an estuary of national significance. [14] More than 234 species of fish are found in the bay, [14] including the Gafftopsail catfish, Hardhead catfish, Atlantic croaker, Atlantic cutlassfish, Black drum, Red drum, Southern flounder, Crevalle jack, Ladyfish, Inshore lizardfish, Atlantic midshipman, Silver perch, Pinfish, Smooth puffer, Scaled sardine, Bighead searobin, Sand seatrout, Spotted seatrout, Sheepshead, Gray snapper, Common snook, and tripletail. [18]

In 2009, $1 million of federal stimulus money was delegated to the restoration of the marshland near the Nueces Bay Causeway to increase the population of birds and fish. The Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service collaborated to place soil and plant marsh near the causeway to allow a larger nursing location for fish and provide greater quantities of food for water birds. [19] Over 490 species of birds have been found in the area [14] including the brown pelican, black-billed whistling duck, reddish egret, white-faced ibis, pauraque, buff-bellied hummingbird, golden-fronted woodpecker, long-billed thrasher, olive sparrow, Neotropic cormorant, laughing gull, Franklin's gull, ring-billed gull, herring gull, gull-billed tern, common loon, brown-crested flycatcher, hooded oriole, peregrine falcon and piping plover. Bird populations are protected and can be viewed at the Hans and Pat Suter Wildlife Refuge on Oso Bay. [20]

Industry

Industry toward Ingleside Vertical Horizon.jpg
Industry toward Ingleside

Corpus Christi Bay is a natural harbor, and its port has contributed to the growth of the main port city of Corpus Christi. [4] Corpus Christi is the 5th largest port in the United States, [21] and the deepest on the Gulf of Mexico. [22] The channel to the Gulf was dredged through the bay to the jetties at Port Aransas. Freight exchanged at the port include seafood, industrial and agricultural goods and petroleum. [2] [4] Six oil refineries and 1,500 wells are located near the bay as well as a large supply of natural gas. In 1987 alone, $277 million of oil and gas were produced in the area. Metals, stone products, glass, chemicals, and gypsum products are also produced near the bay. [2] Ingleside originally focused its economy on agriculture, notably viticulture. Later, industrial plants including those established by the Brauer Corporation, Reynolds Metals (five miles away) and DuPont opened. La Quinta Channel was dredged by the Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s. [7]

Tourism to the bay is encouraged by the area's climate, [4] fishing and birding opportunities as well as sites in Corpus Christi including Corpus Christi beach, Texas State Aquarium, USS Lexington Museum, the bayfront marina, and the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History. [21] The bay was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Wind and Water Open, [23] as well as the Texas International Boat Show in 2008, 2009 [24] and 2010. [25]

Related Research Articles

San Patricio County, Texas U.S. county in Texas

San Patricio County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 64,804. Its county seat is Sinton. San Patricio County is part of the Corpus Christi metropolitan statistical area.

Nueces County, Texas Texas county

Nueces County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 340,223, making it the 14th-most populous county in the state. The county seat is Corpus Christi. The county was formed in 1846 from portions of San Patricio County and organized the following year. It is named for the Nueces River, which marks the county's northwestern boundary with San Patricio County before emptying into its mouth at Nueces Bay north of the port of Corpus Christi. Nueces County is part of the Corpus Christi metropolitan statistical area.

Corpus Christi, Texas City in Texas, United States

Corpus Christi is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat and largest city of Nueces County, it also extends into Aransas, Kleberg, and San Patricio Counties. It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio. Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties.

Sabine Lake Estuary on the Texas–Louisiana border

Sabine Lake is a bay on the Gulf coasts of Texas and Louisiana, located approximately 90 miles (140 km) east of Houston and 160 miles (260 km) west of Baton Rouge, adjoining the city of Port Arthur. The lake is formed by the confluence of the Neches and Sabine Rivers and connects to the Gulf of Mexico through Sabine Pass. It forms part of the Texas–Louisiana border, falling within Jefferson and Orange Counties in Texas and Cameron Parish, Louisiana.

Lavaca Bay Body of water in Calhoun County, Texas, United States

Lavaca Bay is a northwestern extension of the Matagorda Bay system found mostly in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. The ports of Port Lavaca and Point Comfort have been established on the bay, and are the main areas of human habitation. Linnville was located on the bay until its abandonment after the Great Raid of 1840, and the major port of Indianola was found near the confluence with the main Matagorda Bay, until the town's final destruction following the massive hurricane of 1886. Smaller communities include Olivia, Alamo Beach and Magnolia Beach. Lavaca Bay is approximately 82 miles (130 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, about 121 miles (190 km) southwest of Houston, and 145 miles (230 km) southeast of San Antonio.

Matagorda Bay Bay on the Texas coast, United States of America

Matagorda Bay is a large Gulf of Mexico bay on the Texas coast, lying in Calhoun and Matagorda counties and located approximately 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, 143 miles (230 km) east-southeast of San Antonio, 108 miles (174 km) south-southwest of Houston, and 167 miles (269 km) south-southeast of Austin. It is one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas and serves as the mouth of numerous streams, most notably the Lavaca and Colorado Rivers. The Texas seaport of Port Lavaca is located on the system's northwestern extension of Lavaca Bay. The city of Palacios is found on northeastern extension of Tres Palacios Bay, and Port O'Connor is located on the southwestern tip of the main bay's shore. The ghost town of Indianola, which was a major port before it was destroyed by two hurricanes in the late 19th century, is also found on the bay.

South Texas

South Texas is a region of the U.S. state of Texas that lies roughly south of—and including—San Antonio. The southern and western boundary is the Rio Grande, and to the east it is the Gulf of Mexico. The population of this region is about 4.96 million according to the 2017 census estimates. The southern portion of this region is often referred to as the Rio Grande Valley. The eastern portion along the Gulf of Mexico is also referred to as the Coastal Bend.

Aransas Bay Bay on the Gulf Coast in Texas, United States

Aransas Bay is a bay on the Texas Gulf Coast, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, and 173 miles (278 km) south of San Antonio. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by San José Island. Aransas Pass is the most direct navigable outlet into the Gulf of Mexico from the bay. The cities of Aransas Pass and Port Aransas are located at the southern end, and Rockport is found on the central western shore. The bay is oriented laterally northeast-southwest, and is extended by Redfish Bay to the southwest, Copano Bay to the west, Saint Charles Bay to the north, and Mesquite Bay to the northeast. Aransas Bay is part of the Mission-Aransas National Estuarine Research Reserve.

San Antonio Bay

San Antonio Bay is a bay on the Texas Gulf Coast situated between Matagorda and Aransas Bay. It consists mainly of the combined waters of the San Antonio and Guadalupe rivers, and is located at the mouth of the Guadalupe River, about 55 miles (89 km) northeast of Corpus Christi and 130 miles (209 km) southeast of San Antonio. It is protected from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda Island, leaving only relatively small and distant outlets to the Gulf for little mixing of bay and Gulf waters. The remoteness of the bay has prevented the establishment of major ports as seen on Aransas Bay and Corpus Christi Bay, to the south.

Texas State Highway 361

State Highway 361 is a state highway in San Patricio and Nueces counties that runs from Gregory in southern Texas, near Corpus Christi, east and south to Padre Island on the Gulf of Mexico coast.

Corpus Christi metropolitan area

The Corpus Christi metropolitan statistical area is a metropolitan area in South Texas that covers three counties—Aransas, Nueces, and San Patricio. As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 413,280.

The Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical Area is made up of six counties in South Texas. The statistical area consists of the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area the Kingsville Micropolitan Statistical Area, and the Alice Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the CSA had a population of 501,500.

Copano Bay

Copano Bay is a northwestern extension of Aransas Bay, west of Rockport, Texas in Refugio and Aransas counties. It is supplied with seawater from the Gulf of Mexico via Aransas Bay, and fed freshwater from the Aransas River, Mission River and Copano Creek. As an estuary, the bay is home to a diverse ecosystem consisting of various birds including the endangered whooping crane, and numerous finfish including the redfish as well as shellfish such as oysters. It is classified as a nursery for shrimp, which prohibits production from the bay. Copano Bay is also a historic location for human usage and settlement that dates back to the 18th century, beginning with the historic port of El Copano and the 19th century settlements of St. Mary's of Aransas and Copano. The present-day towns of Bayside, Copano Village and Holiday Beach were all founded in the 20th century. Oil and natural gas are pumped from below the bay's surface, and contribute to the livelihood of the local economies. Recently, areas around the bay were affected by Hurricane Harvey which crossed over the bay as a Category 3 hurricane.

Nueces Bay

Nueces Bay is a northwestern extension of Corpus Christi Bay in the San Patricio and Nueces Counties of Texas. The bay is fed by the Nueces River, forming a natural estuary, which renders it ecologically and economically vital to the surrounding area. It serves as a habitat for the propagation of fish and shellfish, which sustain diverse species of birds and other wildlife. The bay is threatened by pollution from the heavy industry on its southern shore, which prevents oyster farming. Petrochemical production and oil are important to the surrounding economies of the major settlements of Corpus Christi and Portland, found on the eastern shore and connected by the Nueces Bay Causeway at the bay's confluence with Corpus Christi Bay.

Espiritu Santo Bay is a northeastern extension of San Antonio Bay in Calhoun County, Texas. It is separated from Matagorda Bay by a line of barrier islands that run south from Port O'Connor to Matagorda Island.

Laguna Madre (United States)

The Laguna Madre is a long, shallow, hypersaline lagoon along the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico in Nueces, Kenedy, Kleberg, Willacy and Cameron Counties in Texas, United States. It is one of seven major estuaries along the Gulf Coast of Texas. The roughly 20-mile (32 km) long Saltillo Flats land bridge divides it into Upper and Lower lagoons joined by the Intracoastal Waterway, which has been dredged through the lagoon. Cumulatively, Laguna Madre is approximately 130 miles (209 km) long, the length of Padre Island in the US. The main extensions include Baffin Bay in Upper Laguna Madre, Red Fish Bay just below the Saltillo Flats, and South Bay near the Mexican border. As a natural ecological unit, the Laguna Madre of the United States is the northern half of the ecosystem as a whole, which extends into Tamaulipas, Mexico ca. 144 miles (233 km.) south of the US border, to the vicinity of the Rio Soto La Marina and the town of La Pesca, extending ca.275 miles (442.57 km.) through USA and Mexico all total.

The Port of Corpus Christi is the third-largest port in the United States in total tonnage. The Port of Corpus Christi is located on Corpus Christi Bay in the western Gulf of Mexico, with a straight 45-foot-deep (14 m) channel. The port is stationed near downtown Corpus Christi in Nueces County, Texas, but is not part of the city or the county. The Port of Corpus Christi operates without receiving any city, county, or state tax dollars.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.

Effects of the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane in Texas

The effects of the 1919 Florida Keys hurricane in Texas were the deadliest of any tropical cyclone in the Texas Coastal Bend, killing at least 284 people. The hurricane produced a widespread swath of devastation across the region, exacerbated by the large extent of its winds. The city of Corpus Christi bore the brunt of the hurricane's impacts, contributing to the largest portion of the damage toll in Texas; nearly all of the confirmed fatalities were residents of the city. The storm originated from the Leeward Islands early in September 1919 and took a generally west-northwestward course, devastating the Florida Keys en route to the Gulf of Mexico. On the afternoon of September 14, the center of the hurricane made landfall upon the Texas coast at Baffin Bay. The storm's winds were estimated at 115 mph (185 km/h) at landfall, making it a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. After slowly moving ashore, it weakened and straddled the Rio Grande before dissipating on September 16 over West Texas.

Estuaries of Texas Estuaries on the Gulf coast of Texas

The U.S. state of Texas has a series of estuaries along its coast on the Gulf of Mexico, most of them bounded by the Texas barrier islands. Estuaries are coastal bodies of water in which freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from the sea. Twenty-one drainage basins terminate along the Texas coastline, forming a chain of seven major and five minor estuaries: listed from southwest to northeast, these are the Rio Grande Estuary, Laguna Madre, the Nueces Estuary, the Mission–Aransas Estuary, the Guadalupe Estuary, the Colorado–Lavaca Estuary, East Matagorda Bay, the San Bernard River and Cedar Lakes Estuary, the Brazos River Estuary, Christmas Bay, the Trinity–San Jacinto Estuary, and the Sabine–Neches Estuary. Each estuary is named for its one or two chief contributing rivers, excepting Laguna Madre, East Matagorda Bay, and Christmas Bay, which have no major river sources. The estuaries are also sometimes referred to by the names of their respective primary or central water bodies, though each also includes smaller secondary bays, inlets, or other marginal water bodies.

References

  1. 1 2 "Nueces Estuary (Corpus Christi Bay)". Texas Water Development Board . Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Long, Christopher (May 30, 2010). "Corpus Christi, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  3. ↑ Hester, Thomas R. (May 30, 2010). "Oso Creek Site". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Leatherwood, Art (May 30, 2010). "Corpus Christi Bay". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 Dube, Stephanie (August 7, 1998). "Borglum's bayfront plans are recalled". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  6. ↑ Campbell, James N. (May 30, 2010). "Nuecestown, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 Guthrie, Keith (May 30, 2010). "Ingleside, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  8. ↑ Guthrie, Keith (May 30, 2010). "Portland, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  9. ↑ Guthrie, Keith (May 30, 2010). "Reef Road". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  10. ↑ Leatherwood, Art (May 30, 2010). "Nueces Bay". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  11. ↑ Long, Christopher (May 30, 2010). "Rincon Point". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  12. ↑ Leatherwood, Art (May 30, 2010). "Naval Air Station Corpus Christi". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  13. ↑ Vartabedian, Ralph; Serrano, Richard A. (2008-10-06). "Mishaps mark John McCain's record as naval aviator". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Corpus Christi Bay". GulfBase. Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi: Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  15. ↑ Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008). "Seawater Composition". Marine Science. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
  16. ↑ "Topographic Maps". Digital-Topo-Maps.com. Google. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  17. ↑ "Jewell Fulton Canal – Nueces County, TX". Trails.com. Google. 1999–2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  18. ↑ "Water Body Records for Corpus Christi Bay". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. May 4, 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  19. ↑ De La Rosa, Manuel (August 23, 2009). "Marsh Restoration Project Planned for Nueces Bay Causeway". KIII TV3 – News, Sports, Weather. Corpus Christi, Texas. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  20. ↑ Ritter, Jamie (February 1, 2007). Birding Corpus Christi and the Coastal Bend: More Than 75 Prime Birding Sites. Globe Pequot.
  21. 1 2 "History". Official web site for City of Corpus Christi, Texas. City of Corpus Christi, Texas. 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  22. ↑ "Port of Corpus Christi". World Port Source. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  23. ↑ "2008 Wind & Water Open makes Waves with Fans". KIII TV3 – News, Sports, Weather. Corpus Christi. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  24. ↑ "Texas International Boat Show". Official web site for City of Corpus Christi, Texas. City of Corpus Christi, Texas. 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  25. ↑ Baird, Mike (April 23, 2010). "Texas International Boat Show a family festival on the water". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.