Related Research Articles
Cusco–Collao or Qusqu–Qullaw (Quechua) is a collective term used for Quechua dialects that have aspirated and ejective plosives, apparently borrowed from Aymaran languages. They include Cusco Quechua, Puno Quechua, North Bolivian Quechua, and South Bolivian Quechua. Together with Ayacucho Quechua, which is mutually intelligible, they form the Southern Quechua language.
Southern Quechua, or simply Quechua, is the most widely spoken of the major regional groupings of mutually intelligible dialects within the Quechua language family, with about 6.9 million speakers. It is also the most widely spoken indigenous language in the Americas. The term Southern Quechua refers to the Quechuan varieties spoken in regions of the Andes south of a line roughly east–west between the cities of Huancayo and Huancavelica in central Peru. It includes the Quechua varieties spoken in the regions of Ayacucho, Cusco and Puno in Peru, in much of Bolivia and parts of north-west Argentina. The most widely spoken varieties are Cusco, Ayacucho, Puno (Collao), and South Bolivian.
Amarakaeri is an Amazonian language of the Harákmbut language family spoken in Peru along the Madre de Dios and Colorado Rivers. There is less than 1% literacy compared to 5 to 15% literacy in second language Spanish. There is one dialect called Kisambaeri. It is an official language and has a dictionary. Amarakaeri speakers include the Kochimberi, Küpondirideri, Wíntaperi, Wakitaneri, and Kareneri gold panning tribes. There is a common misconception is that Amarakaeri is an Arawakan language. Alternate names include Amarakaire, Amaracaire, and Mashco; the latter of which is considered a pejorative term.
Kashinawa, or Hantxa Kuin, is an indigenous American language of western South America which belongs to the Panoan language family. It is spoken by about 1,600 Kaxinawá in Peru, along the Curanja and the Purus Rivers, and in Brazil by 400 Kaxinawá in the state of Acre.
Chácobo-Pakawara is a Panoan language spoken by about 550 of 860 ethnic tribal Chácobo people of the Beni Department of northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia, and 17 of 50 Pakawara. Chácobo children are learning the language as a first language, but Pakawara is dormant. Karipuna may have been a variant; alternative names are Jaunavô (Jau-Navo) and Éloe.
Chayahuita is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by thousands of native Chayahuita people in the Amazon basin of north-central Peru. Spoken along the banks of the Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers, it is also known as Chayawita, Shawi, Chawi, Tshaahui, Chayhuita, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino, Paranapura, and Cahuapa. There is a 1–5% literacy rate, compared with 5–15% for Spanish, and a dictionary since 1978. It can not be understood by Jebero speakers although there is some overlap in vocabulary, especially some Quechua terms.
Dagaare is the maternal language of the Dagaaba people in Ghana and Burkina Faso. It has been described as a dialect continuum that also includes Waale and Birifor.
Cajamarca–Cañaris Quechua is a branch of Quechua spoken in northern Peru, consisting primarily of Cajamarca Quechua, and Lambayeque Quechua, near the towns of Cajamarca and Cañaris in the Cajamarca and Lambayeque regions. Cajamarca and Lambayeque Quechua have 94% lexical similarity and are mutually intelligible. Adelaar (2004) includes the dialect of Lincha District, far to the south on the border of the Lima and Huancavelica regions.
Duun is a Mande language of Mali. There are two principal varieties of Duun, West Duun, or Duungooma, in Mali, and East Duun, or Dzuungoo, in Burkina Faso. These are clearly distinct but have a reasonable degree of mutual intelligibility with each other and with Banka (Bankagooma). Dialects of East Duun, Kpan and Dzùùngoo (Samogo-iri), are easily intelligible.
Ding is a Bantu language that is spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Machiguenga (Matsigenka) is a major Arawakan language in the Campa sub-branch of the family. It is spoken in the Urubamba River Basin and along the Manu River in the Cusco and Madre de Dios provinces of Peru by around 6,200 people. According to Ethnologue, it is experiencing pressure from Spanish and Quechua in the Urubamba region, but is active and healthy in the Manu region. It is close enough to Nomatsiguenga that the two are sometimes considered dialects of a single language; both are spoken by the Machiguenga people. Nanti is partially mutually intelligible but ethnically distinct.
Luchazi is a Bantu language of Angola and Zambia. Missionary Emil Pearson created Ngangela as a standard language by mixing Mbunda, Luchazi, Luvale and Luimbi languages, to allow a single translation of the Bible for the four communities. Ethnically distinct varieties, many of which are subsumed under the generic term Ngangela, are all "fully intelligible". These are: Luchazi, Nyemba, Mbwela of Angola, Nkangala, Mbunda, Luimbi (Lwimbi), Yauma, Songo, Chimbandi and Ngondzela. Therefore, it is highly erroneous to suggest that Ngangela is Luchazi.
Mfumte (Nfumte) is a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. It is not clear if the four varieties spoken by ethnic Mfumte—Ndaktup, Kwaja, Fum and Mfumte proper—are mutually intelligible or distinct languages; ability to communicate may be either due to inherent intelligibility or to bilingualism, while Fum and Mfumte may simply be the Nigerian and Cameroonian names for the same language.
Blagar is a Papuan language of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. The Tereweng lect spoken on Tereweng island off the southeast coast of Pantar is sometimes considered a separate language.
Yauyos–Chincha Quechua or Yauyos Quechua is a dialect cluster of Quechua, spoken in the Yauyos and Chincha districts of Peru. There are numerous dialects: in Yauyos, San Pedro de Huacarpana, Apurí, Madean-Viñac (Madeán), Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos (Huangáscar), Cacra-Hongos, Tomás-Alis (Alis), Huancaya-Vitis, Laraos, with similar diversity in Chincha.
Yaru Quechua is a dialect cluster of Quechua, spoken in the Peruvian provinces of Pasco and Daniel Alcides Carrión and neighboring areas in northern Junín and Lima department.
Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Quechua is a dialect cluster of Quechua languages spoken in the Peruvian provinces of Huánuco, Lauricocha, Cajatambo and neighboring areas. The best-known dialect within the Huánuco cluster is Huallaga Quechua.
Puno Quechua, also known as Quechua Collao (Qullaw), is a dialect of the Southern Quechua language, spoken in southern Peru near Bolivia.
Lowland Peruvian Quechua, or Chachapoyas–Lamas Quechua, are Quechuan languages spoken in the lowlands of northern Peru. The two principal varieties are,
Kimaragang (Marigang), Tobilung, and Rungus are varieties of a single Austronesian language of Sabah, Malaysia. The three varieties share moderate mutual intelligibility. Children are not learning it well in some areas.
References
- ↑ Cusco at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Eastern Apurímac at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) - ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Cusco Quechua". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Eastern Apurímac Quechua". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Nancy Hornberger & Kendall King, "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning" Language, Culture and Curriculum11 3 (1998): 390 - 410. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=gse_pubs
- ↑ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer. Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa Simipi Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (Quechua-Quechua-Spanish dictionary). Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 2005.
- ↑ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ↑ "Personal pronouns in Quechua Cusco". Quechua Language. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
