Geobacter uraniireducens

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Geobacter uraniireducens
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Deltaproteobacteria
Order:
Desulfuromonadales
Family:
Geobacteraceae
Genus:
Geobacter
Species:
G. uraniireducens
Binomial name
Geobacter uraniireducens
Shelobolina et al. 2008 [1] [2]
Type strain
ATCC BAA-1134, JCM 13001, Rf4 [3]
Synonyms

Geotalea uraniireducens(Shelobolina et al. 2008) Waite et al. 2020

Contents

Geobacter uraniireducens (more recently known as Geotalea uraniireducens [4] ) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, chemolithotrophic, [5] mesophilic, and motile bacterium from the genus of Geobacter . [1] [2] [6] [7] G. uraniireducens has been found to reduce iron and uranium [8] [7] [9] in sediment and soil. [5] It is being studied for use in bioremediation projects due to its ability to reduce uranium and arsenic. [10] [11] [12] [13]

History

Geobacter uraniireducens was isolated from the subsurface sediment of a previous uranium ore processing facility undergoing uranium bioremediation in 2002. [12] This occurred during a field study by Robert Anderson and his associates at the Old Rifle in situ test plot area in Rifle, Colorado. [12] Shelobolina et al. (2008) further described the strain Rf4T [7] While Geobacter uraniireducens is the basonym, David Waite and associates reclassified it to the current preferred name, Geotalea uraniireducens in their 2020 paper. [4]

Characteristics

G. uraniireducens are gram negative bacteria that are motile rods with rounded ends and two to four long lateral flagellum, as well as pili and vesicles. [7]

Extracellular electron transport strategies

The strategy of G. uraniireducens for extracellular electron transport (EET) is to facilitate iron (Fe(III)) oxide reduction via the production of a soluble electron shuttle. [14] It has been found that riboflavin mediates EET to reduce extracellular electron acceptors. [15] This is important because unlike in most Geobacter species, where conductive pili are critical for effective reduction of extracellular electron acceptors, the pili of G. uraniireducens are not conductive. [15]

Metabolic mechanisms

G. uraniireducens is an iron-reducing bacteria that uses acetate as an electron donor and reduces uranium (U(VI)). [7] In addition to Fe(III), it is also able to use Mn(IV), anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, malate and fumarate as electron acceptors. [7] As it uses Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor, it can oxidize acetate, lactate, pyruvate and ethanol as electron donors. [7]

Applications

Bioremediation

G. uraniireducens have been used in bioremediation studies in situ to decontaminate groundwater containing high levels of uranium from previous activities. [10] [11] [12] This process can be enhanced by using acetate to stimulate increased populations. [12]

Environmental implications

One environmental implication of interest in G. uraniireducens is its arsenic (As(V)) reducing capabilities in subsurface sediments. [13] This ability is proposed to be due to gene encoding for respiratory arsenate reductase. [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioremediation</span> Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system, living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco-friendly, cheap, and scalable.

Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.

<i>Geobacter</i> Genus of anaerobic bacteria found in soil

Geobacter is a genus of bacteria. Geobacter species are anaerobic respiration bacterial species which have capabilities that make them useful in bioremediation. Geobacter was found to be the first organism with the ability to oxidize organic compounds and metals, including iron, radioactive metals, and petroleum compounds into environmentally benign carbon dioxide while using iron oxide or other available metals as electron acceptors. Geobacter species are also found to be able to respire upon a graphite electrode. They have been found in anaerobic conditions in soils and aquatic sediment.

<i>Shewanella</i> Genus of bacteria

Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage. Shewanella chilikensis, a species of the genus Shewanella commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacterial nanowires</span> Electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria

Bacterial nanowires are electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria most notably from the Geobacter and Shewanella genera. Conductive nanowires have also been confirmed in the oxygenic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 and a thermophilic, methanogenic coculture consisting of Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum and Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus. From physiological and functional perspectives, bacterial nanowires are diverse. The precise role microbial nanowires play in their biological systems has not been fully realized, but several proposed functions exist. Outside of a naturally occurring environment, bacterial nanowires have shown potential to be useful in several fields, notably the bioenergy and bioremediation industries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exoelectrogen</span>

An exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms have been used: electrochemically active bacteria, anode respiring bacteria, and electricigens. Electrons exocytosed in this fashion are produced following ATP production using an electron transport chain (ETC) during oxidative phosphorylation. Conventional cellular respiration requires a final electron acceptor to receive these electrons. Cells that use molecular oxygen (O2) as their final electron acceptor are described as using aerobic respiration, while cells that use other soluble compounds as their final electron acceptor are described as using anaerobic respiration. However, the final electron acceptor of an exoelectrogen is found extracellularly and can be a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution or a solid conductor/electron acceptor. Two commonly observed acceptors are iron compounds (specifically Fe(III) oxides) and manganese compounds (specifically Mn(III/IV) oxides). As oxygen is a strong oxidizer, cells are able to do this strictly in the absence of oxygen.

In the taxonomy of microorganisms, the Methanothrix is a genus of methanogenic archaea within the Euryarchaeota. Methanothrix cells were first isolated from a mesophilic sewage digester but have since been found in many anaerobic and aerobic environments. Methanothrix were originally understood to be obligate anaerobes that can survive exposure to high concentrations of oxygen, but recent studies have shown at least one Candidatus operational taxonomic unit proposed to be in the Methanothrix genus not only survives but remains active in oxic soils. This proposed species, Ca. Methanothrix paradoxum, is frequently found in methane-releasing ecosystems and is the dominant methanogen in oxic soils.

Geobacter metallireducens is a gram-negative metal-reducing proteobacterium. It is a strict anaerobe that oxidizes several short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and monoaromatic compounds with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. It can also use uranium for its growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).

<i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> Species of bacterium

Geobacter sulfurreducens is a gram-negative metal- and sulphur-reducing proteobacterium. It is rod-shaped, aerotolerant anaerobe, non-fermentative, has flagellum and type four pili, and is closely related to Geobacter metallireducens. Geobacter sulfurreducens is an anaerobic species of bacteria that comes from the family of bacteria called Geobacteraceae. Under the genus of Geobacter, G. sulfurreducens is one out of twenty different species. The Geobacter genus was discovered by Derek R. Lovley in 1987. G. sulfurreducens was first isolated in Norman, Oklahoma, USA from materials found around the surface of a contaminated ditch.

Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a psychrotolerant member of its family, capable of attaching to the anodes of sediment fuel cells and harvesting electricity by oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and transferring the electrons to the anode.

Geobacter bemidjiensis is a Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. It is Gram-negative, slightly curved rod-shaped and is motile via means of monotrichous flagella. Its type strain is BemT.

Geobacter psychrophilus is a Fe(III)-reducing bacterium. It is Gram-negative, slightly curved, rod-shaped and motile via means of monotrichous flagella. Its type strain is P35T.

Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms are a group of microorganisms (both bacteria and archaea) that can perform anaerobic respiration utilizing a metal as terminal electron acceptor rather than molecular oxygen (O2), which is the terminal electron acceptor reduced to water (H2O) in aerobic respiration. The most common metals used for this end are iron [Fe(III)] and manganese [Mn(IV)], which are reduced to Fe(II) and Mn(II) respectively, and most microorganisms that reduce Fe(III) can reduce Mn(IV) as well. But other metals and metalloids are also used as terminal electron acceptors, such as vanadium [V(V)], chromium [Cr(VI)], molybdenum [Mo(VI)], cobalt [Co(III)], palladium [Pd(II)], gold [Au(III)], and mercury [Hg(II)].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioremediation of radioactive waste</span>

Bioremediation of radioactive waste or bioremediation of radionuclides is an application of bioremediation based on the use of biological agents bacteria, plants and fungi to catalyze chemical reactions that allow the decontamination of sites affected by radionuclides. These radioactive particles are by-products generated as a result of activities related to nuclear energy and constitute a pollution and a radiotoxicity problem due to its unstable nature of ionizing radiation emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forest ring</span> Patterns of low tree density in northern Canada

Forest rings are large, circular patterns of low tree density in the boreal forests of northern Canada. These rings can range from 50 metres (160 ft) to nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in diameter, with rims about 20 metres (66 ft) in thickness. The origin of forest rings is not known, despite several mechanisms for their creation having been proposed. Such hypotheses include radially growing fungus, buried kimberlite pipes, trapped gas pockets, and meteorite impact craters.

Geobacter argillaceus is a non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Geobacter which has been isolated from kaolin clay.

Geobacter daltonii is a Gram-negative, Fe(III)- and Uranium(IV)-reducing and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Geobacter. It was isolated from sediments from the Oak Ridge Field Research Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the United States. The specific epithet "daltonii" was refers to Dava Dalton, who performed the initial isolation of the strain, but died shortly thereafter.

Jonathan Richard Lloyd is a professor of geomicrobiology and director of the Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, and is based in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Manchester. His research is based at the interface between microbiology, geology and chemistry. His research focuses on the mechanisms of microbial metal-reduction, with emphasis on the environmental impact and biotechnological applications of metal-reducing bacteria. Some of the contaminants he studies include As, Tc, Sr, U, Np and Pu. Current activities are supported by funds from NERC, BBSRC, EPSRC, the EU and industry. Lloyd is also a senior visiting fellow at the National Nuclear Laboratory, which helps support the development of a nuclear geomicrobiology programme.

Gemma Reguera is a Spanish-American microbiologist and professor at Michigan State University. She is the editor-in-chief of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology and was elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 2019. She is the recipient of the 2022 Alice C. Evans Award for Advancement of Women from the American Society for Microbiology. Her lab's research is focused on electrical properties of metal-reducing microorganisms.

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) use microorganisms as electrochemical catalyst, merging the microbial metabolism with electrochemical processes for the production of bioelectricity, biofuels, H2 and other valuable chemicals. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) are prominent examples of METs. While MFC is used to generate electricity from organic matter typically associated with wastewater treatment, MEC use electricity to drive chemical reactions such as the production of H2 or methane. Recently, microbial electrosynthesis cells (MES) have also emerged as a promising MET, where valuable chemicals can be produced in the cathode compartment. Other MET applications include microbial remediation cell, microbial desalination cell, microbial solar cell, microbial chemical cell, etc.,.

References

  1. 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Geobacter". LPSN .
  2. 1 2 "Geobacter uraniireducens". www.uniprot.org.
  3. ↑ "Geobacter uraniireducens Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  4. 1 2 Waite, David W; Chuvochina, Maria; Pelikan, Claus; Parks, Donovan H; Yilmaz, Pelin; Wagner, Michael; Loy, Alexander; Naganuma, Takeshi; Nakai, Ryosuke; Whitman, William B; Hahn, Martin W; Kuever, Jan; Hugenholtz, PhilipYR 2020 (2020). "Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5972–6016. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004213 . ISSN   1466-5034. PMID   33151140. S2CID   226257730.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 "IMG". img.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  6. ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Geobacter uraniireducens Shelobolina et al. 2008". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.13330.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shelobolina, Evgenya S.; Vrionis, Helen A.; Findlay, Robert H.; Lovley, Derek R.YR 2008 (2008). "Geobacter uraniireducens sp. nov., isolated from subsurface sediment undergoing uranium bioremediation". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (5): 1075–1078. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65377-0 . ISSN   1466-5034. PMID   18450691.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Lovely, Derrick (2008-12-23). "Role of U(VI) Reduction by Geobacter species". doi: 10.2172/944619 . OSTI   944619.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ "IMG". img.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  10. 1 2 Mouser, Paula J.; Holmes, Dawn E.; Perpetua, Lorrie A.; DiDonato, Raymond; Postier, Brad; Liu, Anna; Lovley, Derek R. (April 2009). "Quantifying expression of Geobacter spp. oxidative stress genes in pure culture and during in situ uranium bioremediation". The ISME Journal. 3 (4): 454–465. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2008.126 . ISSN   1751-7370. PMID   19129865. S2CID   30428402.
  11. 1 2 Holmes, Dawn E.; O'Neil, Regina A.; Chavan, Milind A.; N'Guessan, Lucie A.; Vrionis, Helen A.; Perpetua, Lorrie A.; Larrahondo, M. Juliana; DiDonato, Raymond; Liu, Anna; Lovley, Derek R. (February 2009). "Transcriptome of Geobacter uraniireducens growing in uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments". The ISME Journal. 3 (2): 216–230. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2008.89 . ISSN   1751-7370. PMID   18843300. S2CID   6004360.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Anderson, Robert T.; Vrionis, Helen A.; Ortiz-Bernad, Irene; Resch, Charles T.; Long, Philip E.; Dayvault, Richard; Karp, Ken; Marutzky, Sam; Metzler, Donald R.; Peacock, Aaron; White, David C.; Lowe, Mary; Lovley, Derek R. (October 2003). "Stimulating the In Situ Activity of Geobacter Species To Remove Uranium from the Groundwater of a Uranium-Contaminated Aquifer". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (10): 5884–5891. Bibcode:2003ApEnM..69.5884A. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.10.5884-5891.2003. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   201226 . PMID   14532040.
  13. 1 2 3 Gault, Andrew G.; Héry, Marina; MacRae, Jean D. (2014-04-09), Stolz, John F.; Oremland, Ronald S. (eds.), "Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface", Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism, Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, pp. 77–90, doi:10.1128/9781555817190.ch5, ISBN   978-1-68367-101-5 , retrieved 2022-09-26
  14. ↑ Tan, Yang; Adhikari, Ramesh Y.; Malvankar, Nikhil S.; Ward, Joy E.; Nevin, Kelly P.; Woodard, Trevor L.; Smith, Jessica A.; Snoeyenbos-West, Oona L.; Franks, Ashley E.; Tuominen, Mark T.; Lovley, Derek R. (2016). "The Low Conductivity of Geobacter uraniireducens Pili Suggests a Diversity of Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms in the Genus Geobacter". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 980. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00980 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   4923279 . PMID   27446021.
  15. 1 2 Huang, Lingyan; Tang, Jiahuan; Chen, Man; Liu, Xing; Zhou, Shungui (2018). "Two Modes of Riboflavin-Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Geobacter uraniireducens". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 2886. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02886 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   6277576 . PMID   30538691.
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