Tāmaki Māori settled the Hibiscus Coast area since at least the 13th century, utilising the resources of the Weiti River, Ōrewa River and Whangaparāoa Bay, where an important shark fishery was located. After the Kawerau warrior Maki unified many of the Tāmaki Māori people of the northern and western Auckland Region, his children and grandchildren established hapū including Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Maraeariki and Ngāti Manuhiri. Ngāti Kahu and Ngāti Pāoa from the Hauraki Gulf fought for control over the Whangaparāoa Bay shark fishery in the 18th century. After fleeing the area in the 1820s due to the Musket Wars, Ngāti Kahu returned to the Hibiscus Coast, living here until the 1870s.
The Hibiscus Coast was a part of the Mahurangi Block, forest sold to the Crown in 1841. Kauri loggers and itinerant kauri gum diggers were among the first Europeans to come to the area. The township of Silverdale, then known as The Wade, was established as a logging town along the Weiti River, and the Waiwera Hot Pools became a popular tourist attraction in the latter 19th century.
Orewa and the Whangaparāoa Peninsula became popular tourist destinations in the 1920s, when holiday baches were constructed in the area. During World War II, a New Zealand Army base was constructed at the end of the peninsula. The area rapidly developed in the 1950s and 1960s, in part due to the opening of the Auckland Harbour Bridge, and town centres were constructed in Orewa and Whangaparāoa. The 1960s saw the opening of two regional parks, Wenderholm Regional Park, adjacent to the Hibiscus Cost, and Shakespear Regional Park, at the eastern headland of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula.
The Hibiscus Coast was connected to the Auckland Northern Motorway in the late 1990s, after which further residential development occurred on the coast, most notably at Silverdale. In 2023, construction began on O Mahurangi Penlink, a new motorway to Whangaparāoa, crossing the Weiti River.
Beaches in the region are predominantly sandy,[10] with gentle slopes. Many of these are wide and provide excellent opportunities for sunbathing, swimming, and water sports.[10][11]Red Beach and Orewa are some of Auckland's best beginner surf beaches,[12] whilst other Hibiscus Coast beaches are more suitable for swimming and families.
Prior to European settlement, the inland Hibiscus Coast area was densely forested,[17] dominated by kauri,[18] and the upper Ōrewa River catchment was a wetland.[19] By the mid-19th century, the Whangaparāoa Peninsula was no longer forested, and was dominated by mānuka scrub and swamplands.[20]
A Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower in Orewa. Hibiscus plants are the namesake of the region
The name Hibiscus Coast dates from the early 1960s, when a group of Whangaparāoa and Orewa businessmen looked for an inclusive name for the developing Whangaparāoa/Orewa area. The group chose hibiscus, a non-native flower, due to its associations with beach and holiday atmospheres.[22][23] Hibiscus was also used as the name of one of the minereal baths at the Waiwera Hot Pools in the early 20th century.[24] The Hibiscus Coast Association was established in the 1960s, and lobbied against other regions of New Zealand adopting the hibiscus as a symbol.[25] The name was officially adopted in 1971, when the Whangaparaoa Riding of the Waitemata County was renamed the Hibiscus Coast Riding.[26][22]
Hibiscus Coast has been translated into Māori as Te Kūiti o te Puarangi, referring to puarangi, a rare native species of hibiscus.[27]
History
Māori history
The Hibiscus Coast area has been settled since at least the 13th century, with many of the first Māori occupants identifying as Ngā Oho.[17] The wider area between the Ōrewa River and Mahurangi River was traditionally known as Mahurangi, named after a pā located at the mouth of the Waiwera River.[28] Archaeological sites in the area are most densely found at Karepiro Bay, the Ōrewa River estuary and Shakespear Regional Park, at the end of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula.[17] The Ōrewa River estuary was an important sheltered harbour, which offered marine resources such as shellfish and flounder, and connections to inland walking routes.[17] The Tainui migratory waka is known to have visited Whangaparāoa in the 14th century,[29] and Tahawhakatiki, nephew of Tama-te-kapua of the Arawa waka settled at Whangaparāoa.[30][29]
The Whangaparāoa Peninsula was an important transportation node between the wider Northland and Auckland regions,[20] and was often used as a resting point for people travelling between the Mahurangi Harbour and Waitematā Harbour.[29]Portages, where waka could be hauled overland between waterways, connected the Hibiscus Coast area to the Kaipara Harbour in the west. The Weiti Portage crossed overland between the Kaukapakapa River and the Weiti River, while the Aotoetoe portage travelled north between the Kaukapakapa River and the Ōrewa River.[31][32] Additionally, the Waiau portage bisected the Whangaparāoa Peninsula between Tindalls Beach and Matakatia, and it is likely that another portage existed on the peninsula to the west, connecting Red Beach to the Weiti River.[31]
Arrival of Maki
Rarowhara, found between the Weiti River and Arkles Bay, was the major defensive pā for Ngāti Kahu
Likely in the 17th century, the warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region. Maki conquered and unified many of the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki, including those of the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast.[33][34] After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū, including the wider Hibiscus Coast hapū of Ngāti Manuhiri, Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Poataniwha and Ngāti Kahu.[35][36]
Maki's younger son Maraeariki primarily settled at the head of the Ōrewa River,[35][37][38] and his hapū Ngāti Maraeariki grew to occupy lands between Whangaparāoa and Ōmaha.[36] Maraeariki's children Te Utu and Kahu settled along the Whangaparāoa Peninsula.[20] Ngāti Poataniwha formed marriage links with Ngāi Tai descendants of Taihaua and Waiohua,[39] while Ngāti Kahu, who descend from Maraeariki's daughter Kahu, formed links with both Ngāi Tai descendants of Taihaua and Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara.[20][36]
Ngāti Kahu focused settlement at Te Haruhi Bay at modern Shakespear Regional Park, due to its desirble location,[29] and held a defensive pā, Rarowhara, at the eastern headland of the Weiti River.[20][29]
Outside of Rarowhara, pā were established across the wider area, including a ring of protective pā surrounding the Waiwerahot spring,[40] Dacre Point,[41]Alice Eaves Scenic Reserve,[42] Rakauananga Pā at Hobbs Bay, Coalminers Bay, Big Manly Beach and Little Manly Beach.[43]
The Hibiscus Coast was the location of an important shark fishery, located between Kawau Island and the Whangaparāoa Peninsula, which was contested between iwi of the wider region.[36] By the mid-1700s, Marutūāhu tribes from the Hauraki Gulf, especially Ngāti Pāoa, sought to control the important resource. Ngāti Pāoa established a pā on Tiritiri Matangi Island, for use during shark fishing expeditions.[20] War between Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāti Kahu lasted until the 1790s. After a peace accord held at Mihirau at Wenderholm Regional Park was broken, Ngāti Pāoa attacked Rarowhara Pā, which Ngāti Kahu successfully defended.[20] During this period, Kawerau-descended hapū held exclusive land rights to the Hibiscus Coast area, while fishing rights were shared between Ngāti Kahu and Marutūāhu tribes.[36]
In September 1821 during the Musket Wars, a Ngāpuhi taua (war party) ventured south to avenge past losses against Ngāti Kahu in the 1790s. The Kawerau-descendant tribes were heavily defeated, and Rarowhara Pā was sacked.[29][20] Survivors fled to the Ararimu Valley, Muriwai, and eventually to the Waikato, gradually returning in the 1830s.[29][20] On return, Ngāti Kahu formed intertribal marriages with Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara, seasonally migrating between Orewa, Te Haruhi Bay and Ōkura.[29][20] Ngāti Kahu settlement at Whangaparāoa continued until the 1870s.[20]
After the war, prominent Ngāpuhi chief Eruera Maihi Patuone, who married Takarangi / Rīria, a high ranking Ngāti Paoa woman,[44][45] seasonally stayed at Whangaparāoa with his Ngāti Paoa relatives.[46]
Early colonial era: logging and Waiwera resort
John Kinder's 1868 watercolour depicting Kotanui Island / Frenchmans Cap seen from the Whangaparāoa PeninsulaThe de Grut family house at Orewa, pictured between 1880 and 1899. The house would later become a popular hotel, the Orewa HouseThe Waiwera Hot Pools hotel in the 1930s
The Hibiscus Coast area was visited by explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1827 aboard the Astrolabe. d'Urville decided to name Karepiro Bay Tofino Bay after the Spanish navigator and mathematician Vicente Tofiño de San Miguel,[47] and the Whangaparāoa Peninsula 'Buache'.[48] The first known European to step ashore onto the Hibiscus Coast was a missionary in 1833,[49] and early timber merchants were attracted to the Weiti River catchment by the late 1830s.[48]
Following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840,[50]the Crown made the first purchases of the Mahurangi and Omaha blocks on 13 April 1841, which included the Hibiscus Coast. While some iwi and hapū with customary interests had been engaged, such as Ngāti Paoa and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, others, including Te Kawerau ā Maki, Ngāti Manuhiri and Ngāti Rango, were not involved with transactions.[51][52][53] This led to Ngāti Manuhiri being alienated from land on the Hibiscus Coast.[35]
Timber felling increased along the Weiti River catchment in the 1840s, and a settlement called the Wade (modern-day Silverdale) was established at the navigable heads of the Weiti River around the year 1853, becoming the commercial centre for the area.[54][55] The first known permanent settler along the Weiti River was John Robey Cole Hatfield, who settled in 1844.[56] By 1853, there were likely between 200 and 300 people living at the Wade.[55][41] Maurice and Ellen Kelly, who operated a timber milling business, opened the Wade Hotel, which became the social centre for the town.[57] The hotel was of ill repute among early settlers to New Zealand, known for cockfighting, dog fighting, and had a reputation for criminality.[55] Silverdale School was established as the first school on the Hibiscus Coast in 1869 (then known as Wade School).[58]
In 1844, Robert Graham constructed a house adjacent to the Waiwera Hot Pools,[46] publicising the hot pools as a tourist destination from 1848 onwards.[59] In 1864, the Waiwera hot springs hotel was constructed,[60] and by 1878 ferry services operated between Auckland and the hotel.[61] Outside of the Wade, Ranulph Dacre acquired Weiti Station, a timber mill at modern Okura Bush Scenic Reserve in 1846,[20] and the Polkinghorme family settled at Whangaparāoa in the 1850s, establishing a short-lived cheese factory.[46] By the mid-1850s, the majority of accessible native forest had been logged across the region, and the Hibiscus Coast was subdivided into farming lots.[49] Six years after the construction of New Zealand's first lighthouse, the Tiritiri Matangi Lighthouse was built in 1864.[62] It remains New Zealand's oldest working lighthouse.[62]
In 1856 Captain Isaac Rhodes Cooper built Orewa House with the 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot.[63][32] This became the family residence of Channel Islands migrants, the de Jersey Gruts, in 1868,[63] after the family struggled to establish a farm at Birkenhead.[64] Orewa House was the de Jersey Grut home for three generations,[63] becoming a commercial guest house in 1906.[63]
Early 20th century
As kauri gum deposits became rarer, land at Orewa was developed into orchards, where apples, pears, grapes and citrus fruit were grown for the Auckland market.[65] By the turn of the 20th century, dairy farming had become a viable and profitable business in New Zealand. This led to escalating land prices on the Hibiscus Coast and more intensive land use,[66] and by the 1920s orchards were replaced by dairy farms.[65] A long jetty was constructed at Waiwera in 1905, quickly becoming dilapidated due to the wharf's length making it difficult to maintain.[61] In 1911, the residents of the Wade decided to rename the settlement Silverdale, due to its poor reputation.[55]
Orewa became a popular destination for campers and holidayers in the 1920s,[67] which led to the height of popularity of Orewa House, then owned by Alice and Edward Eaves.[32] The first holiday baches were constructed on Whangaparāoa in the 1920s, at Red Beach and Manly. Small coastal communities developed around each bay, without the entire Whangaparāoa Peninsula having a shared identity.[22]
By the 1930s, coastal steamers were no longer the major form of transportation due to improved roading infrastructure.[66] During the night of the 27 September 1939, a fire broke out in the Waiwera Hotel, seeing the building burnt to the ground.[68] The fire was reportedly visible from Auckland City. The hotel's two only guests were able to escape the building safely.[68]
Following the start of World War II, the threat of Japanese invasion saw the headland of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula chosen as one of two Auckland defence sites.[69] Coastal defences were subsequently established in what was then the Shakespear family farm.[69] Eleven pillboxes,[70] and a number of other army barracks were built on the land.[70] By 1961, the batteries and much of the other military equipment had been decommissioned.[69] The base, remains active into the 21st century as part of the Royal New Zealand Navy as the RNZN Tamaki Training Centre.[69]
Suburban development
Gulf Harbour marina surrounded by farmland in the 1980s
Orewa and the Whangaparāoa Peninsula were subdivided for suburban housing in the 1950s.[32] The Orewa town centre was developed in 1953, which included a shopping precinct and Hillary Square,[71] joined by a town centre at Whangaparāoa in 1957. Residents narrowly decided on the name Whangaparāoa to describe the new town centre, favoured over the runner up name Glen Arkle.[46] The Hibiscus Coast experienced a building and population boom in the 1960s, due to the opening of the Auckland Harbour Bridge.[22] Orewa and western Whangaparāoa rapidly urbanised between 1964 and 1975, with the eastern Whangaparāoa peninsula developing in the late 1980s.[72]
In 1957, the Orewa Skating Rink was constructed. The rink developed into an entertainment precinct for the Hibiscus Coast in the 1960s, including a minigolf range and concert space. The rink was demolished in 1983.[73]
In the mid-1960s, the Hibiscus Coast Association was established by local businessmen, looking to create a unified identity for the Orewa and Whangaparāoa areas. As a part of their efforts, more than 1,000 hibiscus trees were planted in the area in 1964.[25] By the end of the 1960s, the peninsula had approximately 2,000 permanent residents, with the population swelling to over 25,000 during the summer.[43]
In 1965, the Auckland Regional Authority established Wenderholm Regional Park, the first newly established regional park in Auckland, directly adjacent to the Hibiscus Coast.[74][40] This was followed by Shakespear Regional Park, at the eastern headland of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula, in 1967.[75]
By the 1980s, large-scale housing developments were being constructed along the Whangaparāoa Peninsula.[43] In 1990, the Centrestage Theatre was constructed in Orewa.[76]
On 20 December 1999, the Auckland Northern Motorway was extended to Silverdale.[77] This created a major link for the area back to the city. In 2004, a 12-storey apartment complex called the Nautilus was completed at Orewa. The only high rise building on the Hibiscus Coast, it is home to over 300 people, and in 2009 faced issues for being a leaky building.[78] Silverdale rapidly expanded in the early 2000s.[72]
In 2018, the Waiwera Hot Pools closed for renovations;[79] however it never reopened. In 2023, the derelict water park was demolished.[80]
In late 2022, construction began on O Mahurangi Penlink, a new motorway between the Auckland Northern Motorway and the Whangaparāoa Peninsula, crossing the Weiti River at Stillwater and connecting the township to the Auckland motorways network.[81] The road is projected to open in 2026.[82] Future areas that are zoned for development on the Hibiscus Coast include the Highgate Business Park and Weiti Lands, the area between Okura Bush Scenic Reserve and Stillwater.[5]
Demographics
Hibiscus Coast covers 49.38km2 (19.07sqmi)[83][upper-alpha 1] and had an estimated population of 64,660 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 1,309 people per km2.
Hibiscus Coast had a population of 54,924 at the 2018 New Zealand census,[upper-alpha 2] an increase of 10,818 people (24.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 16,914 people (44.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 20,334 households, comprising 26,517 males and 28,416 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female, with 10,320 people (18.8%) aged under 15 years, 8,667 (15.8%) aged 15 to 29, 24,294 (44.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 11,637 (21.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 86.0% European/Pākehā, 7.8% Māori, 2.4% Pasifika, 10.7% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 35.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.5% had no religion, 38.8% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% were Hindu, 0.4% were Muslim, 0.9% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 10,122 (22.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 6,435 (14.4%) people had no formal qualifications. 9,966 people (22.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 21,348 (47.9%) people were employed full-time, 6,522 (14.6%) were part-time, and 1,209 (2.7%) were unemployed.[84]
↑ In this paragraph, Hibiscus Coast is using the Statistics New Zealand-defined large urban area (Urban Rural Code 1093) for the 2023 census, plus the rural settlements of Waiwera (Urban Rural Code 1089) and Stillwater (Urban Rural Code 1095).
↑ In the remainder of this section giving 2018 census figures, Hibiscus Coast is treated as including the SA2 and SA1 areas listed in the table of individual statistical areas below. This is a slightly smaller area than that used in the previous paragraph, covering 47.07km2 (18.17sqmi), not including the 2023 SA2 area Ara Hill or part of the 2023 SA2 area of Milldale.
↑ This SA1 area, which does not have a name in the census results, covers most of the 2023 SA2 area of Milldale.
↑ This SA1 area covers the 2023 rural settlement of Waiwera.
↑ The remaining SA1 areas cover the 2023 rural settlement of Stillwater.
Notable people
Russell Coutts - international sailing champion. Coutts lives on the Hibiscus Coast,[105] where he in president of the Manly Sailing Club and has started the Russell Coutts Sailing Foundation.[106][107]
Edmund Hillary – mountaineer and explorer. Hillary's family owned a holiday home in Orewa, where he spent time in the 1930s. Hillary Square was named after him in 1953, and a concrete statue of Hillary was unveiled in 1983, later replaced with a bronze statue in 1991.[108]
Robert Muldoon – former New Zealand Prime Minister. Muldoon owned a holiday home in Hatfields Beach where he would spend his holidays.[109] Muldoon gave speeches and entertained on the Hibiscus Coast throughout his life.[110][111]
The Hibiscus Coast has a number of beaches that attract people to live there. Other places of interest on the coast or nearby include Snowplanet,[112] Auckland Adventure Park,[113] the Waiwera Hot Pools (now abandoned), Orewa Beach, Shakespear Regional Park,[114] and Gulf Harbour. Gulf Harbour is near the end of the Whangaparaoa Peninsula, which is quite close to the wildlife reserve Tiritiri Matangi Island. Ferries transport people to the island from the harbour and back on a regular basis.[115]
Politics
From 1877 until 1974, the area was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland.[38] In 1974 the county was dissolved,[116] becoming part of Rodney County, them from 1989 to 2010 Rodney District. Orewa was the administrative centre for the Rodney District.[117] The Hibiscus Coast was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010, under a single unitary authority system.[118]
Within the Auckland Council, the Hibiscus Coast subdivision is a part of the Hibiscus and Bays local government area governed by the Hibiscus and Bays Local Board.[119] It is a part of the Albany ward, which elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.
Gulf Harbour School, is a primary school which first opened in 1998.[120]
KingsWay School - Junior Campus, is a state-integrated Christian school,[121] which was first established in 1986, moving to a new site in 1990, where the senior campus later opened, and then to its own site in 2014.[122]
Nukumea Primary School, announced in 2018 as Orewa North West Primary School,[123] in 2021, work began on the third Orewa primary school which, opened in term one 2023.[124]
Orewa Beach Primary School, was the second of three primary schools located in Orewa, it was founded as Orewa North Primary in 1978.[125][126]
Orewa Primary School, the first of three very similarly sized[127] primary school located in Orewa, formed from the Orewa District High School was founded in 1956.
Silverdale Primary School, the oldest school on the coast, was founded in 1869, and in 2006 the school moved to its current site.[129] As of 2019 it no longer offered years 7 and 8 classes.[129]
Stanmore Bay Primary.
Wentworth Primary, is a private primary school located in Gulf Harbour, established in 2008 following the success of the secondary school.[130]
Whangaparāoa Primary.
Secondary
Orewa College, formed in 1974 from the Orewa District High School which was originally founded in 1956.[131]
Wentworth College, a private secondary school located in Gulf Harbour, started in 2003.[132]
The Hibiscus Coast is home to two outdoor lawn bowling clubs, one in Orewa,[144] and another in Manly.[145] A third bowls club formerly operated in Silverdale at the War Memorial Park, but closed prior to 2018.[146]
The Hibiscus Coast formally had three golf clubs, as of 2023 only the Whangaparaoa Golf Club remains operational. Whangaparaoa Golf Club first opened in the 1950s and is located on 41 acres in Army Bay.[147][148] The former Peninsula Golf Course was originally formed in 1956.[149] It was an 18-hole golf course which covered almost 45 hectares.[149] In 2014, Fletcher Living was granted a consent to convert the golf course to a residential development.[149]
Following the development of Gulf Harbour, the Gulf Harbour Country Club opened in 1997,[150] the following year, the club hosted the 1998 World Cup of Golf. Then in 2005 and 2006 the club hosted the New Zealand Open.[150][151] In July 2023 the club closed after "two years of unsuccessfully looking for ways to make the running of the club financially viable".
Netball
The Hibiscus Coast Netball Centre is home to six netball courts and is located in Manly, on Edith Hopper Park.[152] In 2009 the Silverdale Seahawks Netball Club was established.[153]
Rugby
Union
The Silverdale United Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in Silverdale.[154] The club was established in 1887[155] in 1963 the Kaukapakapa Rugby Club was merged with the Silverdale Club. During the 2011 Rugby World Cup, New Zealand rugby clubs were asked to host country's national teams, as a result, the Silverdale War Memorial Park grounds played host to teams from Japan, Namibia, and Samoa.[154]
Two Hibiscus Coast beaches, Orewa and Red Beach are patrolled by lifeguards over the summer months.[158] Orewa Surf Lifesaving Club was first established in 1950 with the current club building opening in 1960.[159] Orewa Surf Lifesaving Club is currently developing a new Surf Life Saving Community Hub on the site of the existing club.[160][161] Red Beach Surf Life Saving Club was formed three years after Orewa in 1953,[162] the first club house was completed in 1956 then replaced with a new building in 1983.[162]
The Silverdale Tennis Club is located in the Silverdale War Memorial Park.[164] Two tennis clubs are situated in Manly at Edith Hopper Park and Manly Park. Another Tennis Club is located in Victor Eaves Park, Orewa.[165]
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Karepiro Bay is a bay of the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana in the Auckland Region, New Zealand. It found between the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and North Shore, and is the mouth of the Weiti River and Ōkura River.
↑ Gray, Marie; Sturm, Jennifer, eds. (June 2008). ...And Then Came the Bridge. A History of Long Bay and Torbay. Torbay Historical Society. p.6. ISBN978-0-473-13957-5.
↑ Murdoch, Graeme (1990). "Nga Tohu o Waitakere: the Maori Place Names of the Waitakere River Valley and its Environs; their Background History and an Explanation of their Meaning". In Northcote-Bade, James (ed.). West Auckland Remembers, Volume 1. West Auckland Historical Society. pp.13–14. ISBN0-473-00983-8.
1 2 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Hatfields Beach (112800), Orewa North (112700), Orewa South (112900), Orewa Central (113000), Millwater North (113100), Millwater South (113300), Kingsway (113600), Silverdale Central (Auckland) (113800), Red Beach West (113900), Red Beach East (114000), Vipond (114400), Stanmore Bay West (114600), Whangaparoa Central (114900), Stanmore Bay East (115100), Manly West (115200), Tindalls-Matakatia (115400), Gulf Harbour North (115700), Manly East (115800), Army Bay (116000), Gulf Harbour South (116200), most of Milldale (7001403), Waiwera (7001364) and Stillwater (7001576-7001579 and 7001592-7001593).
↑ Adam, Jack; Burgess, Vivien; Ellis, Dawn (2004). Rugged Determination: Historical Window on Swanson 1854-2004. Swanson Residents and Ratepayers Association Inc. pp.38–39. ISBN0-476-00544-2.
↑ "Rodney District". National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
Billman, Mary (1965). A Century in Hot Water: a Tale of Waiera. The Rodney and Waitemata Times.
Cameron, Ewen; Hayward, Bruce; Murdoch, Graeme (2008). A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage. Random House New Zealand. ISBN978-1-86962-1513.
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