Index of urban sociology articles

Last updated

Urban sociology is the sociological study of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the structures, processes, changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so providing inputs for planning and policy making.

Contents

A

abandonmentaccessibilityActive Livingactivity centreadaptive reuseAdministration for Children and FamiliesAcid Rain Program(EPA) — achievement gap in the United Statesaffirmative actionAfrican AmericanAid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) — air quality(indoor) — Air Pollution Indexair quality indexalienationamalgamationannexationanomiearcologyarsonasset-based community developmentAsian AmericanAthens Charterautomobileautomobile dependencyautonomy

B

bureaucracybirth rateblock grantbudgetbusbusiness cyclebusiness park

C

capitalismcapital improvement plancarpoolcarsharingcentral business districtcentral place theorycharter schoolCity Beautiful movementCity of Light Developmentcity rhythmcivil rightsclass stratificationclean air actcommunal gardenCommunities Directorycommunity developmentcommunity land trustcommunity of placeCommunity Reinvestment Actcommutingcomplete streetsconcentric zone modelconservation easementContext Sensitive Solutionscontext theoryCopenhagenization (bicycling)core frame modelcorporationcost of living(U.S.) — counter urbanizationcrimecriminal justicecultural biasculture of poverty -The Coons Effect

D

de facto segregationde jure segregationdeath ratedecentralizationdevolutiondisabilitydisinvestmentdivision of labour

E

economic developmenteconomic growthelitismemission standardemploymentempowerment zoneenterprise zoneentertainment centerentrepôtethnic enclave

F

Federal Housing AdministrationFHA loanfragmentation

G

ganggentrificationglobalizationgovernmentGreat Depressiongridlockgrowth management

H

habitabilityhighwayHispanic Americanshistoric preservationHome Mortgage Disclosure Acthomelessnesshomeowners' associationHousing Act of 1937Housing Act of 1949Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008HOPE VIhuman ecologyDepartment of Housing and Urban Development(H.U.D.) — hyperghettoization

I

immigrationinclusionary zoningincomeindoor air pollution in developing nationsindustrial ecologyindustrializationinequalityinfrastructureinterest group

J

K

kinship

L

land uselandfillleapfrogging

M

magnet schoolmethanolmiddle classmigrationmodernizationMoving to Opportunitymultiple nuclei model

N

National Ambient Air Quality StandardsneighborhoodNeo-Marxismnuclear family

O

organized crimeovercrowding

P

parochialismPersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity ActPhase I Environmental Site Assessmentpolarizationpolice brutalitypollutionpovertypoverty lineprivatizationpublic transportpsychological stresspublic housingpublic schoolpublic transport

Q

R

racial discriminationracial integrationracismrail systemrecyclingregime theoryrevenue sharingrural

S

savings and loan crisisscholarshipsegregationsingle parentsmart growthsocial complexity — social disorganization theory — social housingsocial solidaritysocial worksocial welfare provisionSocialismsolidaritySoviet Unionsteam enginestreetcarstreet childrensuburbanizationsuburbsun belt

T

taxestechnology Times Square Red, Times Square Blue TANFthird world

U

underemploymentunderground economyunemploymentUniform Crime Reportunionizationurban decayUrban Mass Transportation Act of 1964urban renewalurban sprawlurbanization

V

Vice Lordsviolencevolunteervoting bloc

W

Wagewar on povertywaste disposalwater supplywelfarewelfare reformwhite flightwhite collar crimeworkfare

X

xenophobia

Y

Z

zoning

List of United States cities by population

See also

List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations

List of air-filtering plants

Further reading

Flanagan, William G. (2001). Urban Sociology : Images and Structure, Prentice Hall, ISBN   0-205-33532-2

Keiser, R. Lincoln. (1969). The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Streets, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ISBN   0-03-080361-6

Shannon, Thomas R. (2001). Urban Problems in Sociological Perspective, Waveland Press Inc, ISBN   1-57766-195-8

Spradley, James P. (1999). You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomad, Waveland Press Inc, ISBN   1-57766-085-4

Vargas, Joao H. Costa. (2006). Catching Hell in the City of Angels: Life And Meanings of Blackness in South Central Los Angeles, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN   0-8166-4169-2

Williams, Terry. (1992). Crackhouse: Notes from the End of the Line, Penguin Group(USA), ISBN   0-14-023251-6

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urbanization</span> Process of population movement to cities

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoning</span> Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places

In urban planning, zoning is a method in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into "zones", each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use, they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of lots that land may be subdivided into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghetto</span> Neighborhood inhabited by a minority group, usually when poor

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished than other areas of the city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slum</span> Highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of decrepit housing units

A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people. Although slums are usually located in urban areas, in some countries they can be located in suburban areas where housing quality is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction or lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban sociology</span> Sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban geography</span> Subdiscipline of geography concentrating on urban areas

Urban geography is the subdiscipline of geography that derives from a study of cities and urban processes. Urban geographers and urbanists examine various aspects of urban life and the built environment. Scholars, activists, and the public have participated in, studied, and critiqued flows of economic and natural resources, human and non-human bodies, patterns of development and infrastructure, political and institutional activities, governance, decay and renewal, and notions of socio-spatial inclusions, exclusions, and everyday life. Urban geography includes different other fields in geography such as the physical, social, and economic aspects of urban geography. The physical geography of urban environments is essential to understand why a town is placed in a specific area, and how the conditions in the environment play an important role with regards to whether or not the city successfully develops. Social geography examines societal and cultural values, diversity, and other conditions that relate to people in the cities. Economic geography is important to examine the economic and job flow within the urban population. These various aspects involved in studying urban geography are necessary to better understand the layout and planning involved in the development of urban environments worldwide.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Land-use planning</span> Process of regulating the use of land by a central authority

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban sprawl</span> Expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development in suburbs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underclass</span> Segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Index of sociology articles</span>

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Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race. The term is used in the context of de facto residential segregation in the United States, and is often divided into two broad classes of conduct:

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoning in the United States</span> Provision in urban planning in the United States

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Residential segregation is the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods—a form of segregation that "sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level". While it has traditionally been associated with racial segregation, it generally refers to the separation of populations based on some criteria.

In the United States, housing segregation is the practice of denying African Americans and other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering. Housing policy in the United States has influenced housing segregation trends throughout history. Key legislation include the National Housing Act of 1934, the G.I. Bill, and the Fair Housing Act. Factors such as socioeconomic status, spatial assimilation, and immigration contribute to perpetuating housing segregation. The effects of housing segregation include relocation, unequal living standards, and poverty. However, there have been initiatives to combat housing segregation, such as the Section 8 housing program.

Exclusionary zoning is the use of zoning ordinances to exclude certain types of land uses from a given community, especially to regulate racial and economic diversity. In the United States, exclusionary zoning ordinances are standard in almost all communities. Exclusionary zoning was introduced in the early 1900s, typically to prevent racial and ethnic minorities from moving into middle- and upper-class neighborhoods. Municipalities use zoning to limit the supply of available housing units, such as by prohibiting multi-family residential dwellings or setting minimum lot size requirements. These ordinances raise costs, making it less likely that lower-income groups will move in. Development fees for variance, a building permit, a certificate of occupancy, a filing (legal) cost, special permits and planned-unit development applications for new housing also raise prices to levels inaccessible for lower income people.

Housing discrimination in the United States refers to the historical and current barriers, policies, and biases that prevent equitable access to housing. Housing discrimination became more pronounced after the abolition of slavery in 1865, typically as part of Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation. The federal government didn't begin to take action against these laws until 1917, when the Supreme Court struck down ordinances prohibiting African-Americans from occupying or owning buildings in majority-white neighborhoods in Buchanan v. Warley. However, the federal government as well as local governments continued to be directly responsible for housing discrimination through redlining and race-restricted covenants until the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Technical aspects of urban planning involve the technical processes, considerations and features that are involved in planning for land use, urban design, natural resources, transportation, and infrastructure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban planning</span> Technical and political process of land use and urban design

Urban planning, also known as town planning, city planning, regional planning, or rural planning in specific contexts, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks, and their accessibility. Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-down approach in master planning the physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern was the public welfare, which included considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects of the master plans on the social and economic activities. Over time, urban planning has adopted a focus on the social and environmental bottom lines that focus on planning as a tool to improve the health and well-being of people, maintaining sustainability standards. Similarly, in the early 21st century, Jane Jacobs's writings on legal and political perspectives to emphasize the interests of residents, businesses and communities effectively influenced urban planners to take into broader consideration of resident experiences and needs while planning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gentrification of Mexico City</span>

Mexico City has massively been expanding its urban fabric and population density, becoming the sixth largest city in the world. A combination of neoliberal policies, complex geographic location, socio-economic disparities and inefficient strategies have influenced the process of gentrification en la city. The combination of numerous megaprojects, inefficient city-planning strategies, and remote work after the COVID-19 pandemic have led to dysfunctions in circulation, community allocation and equal access to resources. In consequence, middle and low-income communities have been directly or indirectly alienated and challenged to adapt to a complex and evolving urban environment, and the culture erasure that comes with the process of gentrification.