Jianwei Miao

Last updated
Jianwei (John) Miao
Miao picture 2023.jpg
BornNovember 1969
Hangzhou, China
Education Hangzhou University (now Zhejiang University) (BS, 1991)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (MS, 1994)
State University of New York at Stony Brook (PhD, 1999)
Known for Coherent Diffractive Imaging
Atomic Electron Tomography
3D atomic structure of amorphous solids
Scientific career
Fields Physics, Materials science, Microscopy
Institutions SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University (2000 – 2004)
University of California, Los Angeles (2004 – present)
Doctoral advisor David Sayre, Janos Kirz
Website https://www.physics.ucla.edu/research/imaging

Jianwei (John) Miao is a Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the California NanoSystems Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles. He performed the first experiment on extending crystallography to allow structural determination of non-crystalline specimens in 1999, [1] which has been known as coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), lensless imaging, or computational microscopy. [2] In 2012, Miao applied the CDI method to pioneer atomic electron tomography (AET), enabling the first determination of 3D atomic structures without assuming crystallinity or averaging. [3] [4]

Contents

Career

Miao received a BS in physics from Hangzhou University (now Zhejiang University) in 1991, and an MS in physics from the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994. [5] He then moved to the U.S. and received a PhD in physics, an M.S. in computer science, and an advanced graduate certificate in biomedical engineering from the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1999. [5] After obtaining his PhD, Miao became a staff scientist in the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. In 2004, he moved to UCLA as an assistant professor and was promoted to full professor in 2009. [1] He has served as the Deputy Director of the STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center since 2016. [6]

Research

Miao pioneered the development of novel imaging methods using x-rays and electrons, and contributed to theory, computation, and experiment. He proposed the oversampling ratio concept in 1998, which explains under what conditions the phase problem of non-crystalline specimens can be solved. [7] In 1999, he conducted the first CDI experiment [1] at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. CDI methods, such as plane-wave CDI, ptychography [8] (i.e., scanning CDI [9] ) and Bragg CDI, have been broadly implemented using synchrotron radiation, x-ray free electron lasers, high harmonic generation, electron and optical microscopy. [2] It has also become one of the justifications for the construction of x-ray free electron lasers worldwide. [2]

In 2012, Miao applied CDI phase retrieval algorithms to tomography and demonstrated AET at 2.4 Å resolution without assuming crystallinity. [3] He then applied AET to observe nearly all the atoms in a Pt nanoparticle, [10] and imaged the 3D core structure of edge and screw dislocations at atomic resolution. [11] In 2015, he determined the 3D coordinates of thousands of individual atoms in a material with a 3D precision of 19 pm and addressed Richard Feynman’s 1959 challenge. [12] Later, Miao measured the 3D coordinates of more than 23,000 atoms in an FePt nanoparticle, and correlated chemical order/disorder and crystal defects with material properties at the single-atom level. [13] In 2019, he developed 4D AET to observe crystal nucleation at atomic resolution, showing early stage nucleation results contradict classical nucleation theory. [14] Miao also demonstrated scanning AET (sAET) to correlate the 3D atomic defects and electronic properties of 2D materials. [15] In 2021, he determined for the first time the 3D atomic structure of amorphous solids and observed the medium-range order in amorphous materials. [16] [17] [18]

Awards

Related Research Articles

In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous materials that undergo a glass transition. Examples of amorphous solids include glasses, metallic glasses, and certain types of plastics and polymers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melting</span> Material phase change

Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, the ordering of ions or molecules in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state, and the solid melts to become a liquid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">X-ray crystallography</span> Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds

X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomography</span> Imaging by sections or sectioning using a penetrative wave

Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric science, geophysics, oceanography, plasma physics, materials science, cosmochemistry, astrophysics, quantum information, and other areas of science. The word tomography is derived from Ancient Greek τόμος tomos, "slice, section" and γράφω graphō, "to write" or, in this context as well, "to describe." A device used in tomography is called a tomograph, while the image produced is a tomogram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">X-ray microscope</span> Type of microscope that uses X-rays

An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects. Since X-rays penetrate most objects, there is no need to specially prepare them for X-ray microscopy observations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphene</span> Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can involve the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. It has been successful in determining some bulk structures, and also surface structures. Two related methods are low-energy electron diffraction which has solved the structure of many surfaces, and reflection high-energy electron diffraction which is used to monitor surfaces often during growth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scanning transmission electron microscopy</span> Scanning microscopy using thin samples and transmitted electrons

A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is [stɛm] or [ɛsti:i:ɛm]. As with a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM), images are formed by electrons passing through a sufficiently thin specimen. However, unlike CTEM, in STEM the electron beam is focused to a fine spot which is then scanned over the sample in a raster illumination system constructed so that the sample is illuminated at each point with the beam parallel to the optical axis. The rastering of the beam across the sample makes STEM suitable for analytical techniques such as Z-contrast annular dark-field imaging, and spectroscopic mapping by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These signals can be obtained simultaneously, allowing direct correlation of images and spectroscopic data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">X-ray microtomography</span> X-ray 3D imaging method

In radiography, X-ray microtomography uses X-rays to create cross-sections of a physical object that can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original object. It is similar to tomography and X-ray computed tomography. The prefix micro- is used to indicate that the pixel sizes of the cross-sections are in the micrometre range. These pixel sizes have also resulted in creation of its synonyms high-resolution X-ray tomography, micro-computed tomography, and similar terms. Sometimes the terms high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and micro-CT are differentiated, but in other cases the term high-resolution micro-CT is used. Virtually all tomography today is computed tomography.

Phase-contrast imaging is a method of imaging that has a range of different applications. It measures differences in the refractive index of different materials to differentiate between structures under analysis. In conventional light microscopy, phase contrast can be employed to distinguish between structures of similar transparency, and to examine crystals on the basis of their double refraction. This has uses in biological, medical and geological science. In X-ray tomography, the same physical principles can be used to increase image contrast by highlighting small details of differing refractive index within structures that are otherwise uniform. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), phase contrast enables very high resolution (HR) imaging, making it possible to distinguish features a few Angstrom apart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron tomography</span>

Electron tomography (ET) is a tomography technique for obtaining detailed 3D structures of sub-cellular, macro-molecular, or materials specimens. Electron tomography is an extension of traditional transmission electron microscopy and uses a transmission electron microscope to collect the data. In the process, a beam of electrons is passed through the sample at incremental degrees of rotation around the center of the target sample. This information is collected and used to assemble a three-dimensional image of the target. For biological applications, the typical resolution of ET systems are in the 5–20 nm range, suitable for examining supra-molecular multi-protein structures, although not the secondary and tertiary structure of an individual protein or polypeptide. Recently, atomic resolution in 3D electron tomography reconstructions has been demonstrated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coherent diffraction imaging</span>

Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a "lensless" technique for 2D or 3D reconstruction of the image of nanoscale structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highly coherent beam of X-rays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski</span> British experimental physicist

Rafal Edward Dunin-Borkowski HonFRMS is a British experimental physicist. He is currently Director of the Institute for Microstructure Research (PGI-5) and the Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) in Forschungszentrum Jülich and Professor of Experimental Physics in RWTH Aachen University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ptychography</span>

Ptychography is a computational method of microscopic imaging. It generates images by processing many coherent interference patterns that have been scattered from an object of interest. Its defining characteristic is translational invariance, which means that the interference patterns are generated by one constant function moving laterally by a known amount with respect to another constant function. The interference patterns occur some distance away from these two components, so that the scattered waves spread out and "fold" into one another as shown in the figure.

A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications.

Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) is a microscopy technique using hard X-rays to investigate the internal structure of polycrystalline materials in three dimensions. For a given sample, 3DXRD returns the shape, juxtaposition, and orientation of the crystallites ("grains") it is made of. 3DXRD allows investigating micrometer- to millimetre-sized samples with resolution ranging from hundreds of nanometers to micrometers. Other techniques employing X-rays to investigate the internal structure of polycrystalline materials include X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) and high energy X-ray diffraction (HEDM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryogenic electron microscopy</span> Form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a cryomicroscopy technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. For biological specimens, the structure is preserved by embedding in an environment of vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization.

In physics and chemistry, photoemission orbital tomography is a combined experimental / theoretical approach which reveals information about the spatial distribution of individual molecular orbitals. Experimentally, it uses angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to obtain constant binding energy photoemission angular distribution maps, so-called tomograms, to reveal information about the electron probability distribution in molecular orbitals. Theoretically, one rationalizes these tomograms as hemispherical cuts through the molecular orbital in momentum space. This interpretation relies on the assumption of a plane wave final state, i.e., the idea that the outgoing electron can be treated as a free electron, which can be further exploited to reconstruct real-space images of molecular orbitals on a sub-Ångström length scale in two or three dimensions. Presently, POT has been applied to various organic molecules forming well-oriented monolayers on single crystal surfaces or to two-dimensional materials.

4D scanning transmission electron microscopy is a subset of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) which utilizes a pixelated electron detector to capture a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern at each scan location. This technique captures a 2 dimensional reciprocal space image associated with each scan point as the beam rasters across a 2 dimensional region in real space, hence the name 4D STEM. Its development was enabled by evolution in STEM detectors and improvements computational power. The technique has applications in visual diffraction imaging, phase orientation and strain mapping, phase contrast analysis, among others.

Dark-field X-ray microscopy is an imaging technique used for multiscale structural characterisation. It is capable of mapping deeply embedded structural elements with nm-resolution using synchrotron X-ray diffraction-based imaging. The technique works by using scattered X-rays to create a high degree of contrast, and by measuring the intensity and spatial distribution of the diffracted beams, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional map of the sample's structure, orientation, and local strain.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Miao, J.; Charalambous, P.; Kirz, J.; Sayre, D. (1999). "Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens". Nature. 400 (6742): 342–344. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..342M. doi:10.1038/22498. S2CID   4327928.
  2. 1 2 3 Miao, J.; Ishikawa, T.; Robinson, I. K.; Murnane, M. M. (2015). "Beyond crystallography: Diffractive imaging using coherent x-ray light sources". Science. 348 (6234): 530–535. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..530M. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1394 . PMID   25931551. S2CID   206632996.
  3. 1 2 Scott, M. C.; Chen, C. C.; Mecklenburg, M.; Zhu, C.; Xu, X.; Ercius, P.; Dahmen, U.; Regan, B. C.; Miao, J. (2012). "Electron tomography at 2.4-ångström resolution". Nature. 483 (7390): 444–447. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..444S. doi:10.1038/nature10934. PMID   22437612. S2CID   1600103.
  4. ↑ Miao, J.; Ercius, P.; Billinge, S. J. L. (2016). "Atomic electron tomography: 3D structures without crystals". Science. 353 (6306): aaf2157. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2157 . PMID   27708010. S2CID   30174421.
  5. 1 2 "Jianwei (John) Miao, Professor at UCLA".
  6. ↑ "STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center".
  7. ↑ Miao, J.; Sayre, D.; Chapman, H. N. (1998). "Phase Retrieval from the Magnitude of the Fourier transform of Non-periodic Objects". J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 15 (6): 1662–1669. Bibcode:1998JOSAA..15.1662M. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.15.001662.
  8. ↑ Rodenburg, J. M.; Hurst, A. C.; Cullis, A. G.; Dobson, B. R.; Pfeiffer, F.; Bunk, O.; David, C.; Jefimovs, K.; Johnson, I. (2007). "Hard-X-Ray Lensless Imaging of Extended Objects". Physical Review Letters. 98 (3): 034801. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98c4801R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.034801. PMID   17358687.
  9. ↑ Thibault, P.; Dierolf, M.; Menzel, A.; Bunk, O.; David, C.; Pfeiffer, F. (2008). "High-Resolution Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy". Science. 321 (5887): 379–382. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..379T. doi:10.1126/science.1158573. PMID   18635796. S2CID   30125688.
  10. ↑ "A Nature video on AET". YouTube .
  11. ↑ Chen, C. C.; Zhu, C.; White, E. R.; Chiu, C.-Y.; Scott, M. C.; Regan, B. C.; Marks, L. D.; Huang, Y.; Miao, J. (2013). "Three-dimensional imaging of dislocations in a nanoparticle at atomic resolution". Nature. 496 (7443): 74–77. Bibcode:2013Natur.496...74C. doi:10.1038/nature12009. PMID   23535594. S2CID   4410909.
  12. ↑ Xu, R.; Chen, C.-C.; Wu, L.; Scott, M. C.; Theis, W.; Ophus, C.; Bartels, M.; Yang, Y.; Ramezani-Dakhel, H.; Sawaya, M. R.; Heinz, H.; Marks, L. D.; Ercius, P.; Miao, J. (2015). "Three-Dimensional Coordinates of Individual Atoms in Materials Revealed by Electron Tomography". Nat. Mater. 14 (11): 1099–1103. arXiv: 1505.05938 . Bibcode:2015NatMa..14.1099X. doi:10.1038/nmat4426. PMID   26390325. S2CID   5455024.
  13. ↑ Yang, Y.; Chen, C.-C.; Scott, M. C.; Ophus, C.; Xu, R.; Pryor Jr, A.; Wu, L.; Sun, F.; Theis, W.; Zhou, J.; Eisenbach, M.; Kent, P. R. C.; Sabirianov, R. F.; Zeng, H.; Ercius, P.; Miao, J. (2017). "Deciphering chemical order/disorder and material properties at the single-atom level". Nature. 542 (7639): 75–79. arXiv: 1607.02051 . Bibcode:2017Natur.542...75Y. doi:10.1038/nature21042. PMID   28150758. S2CID   4464276.
  14. ↑ Zhou, J.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Kim, D. S.; Yuan, A.; Tian, X.; Ophus, C.; Sun, F.; Schmid, A. K.; Nathanson, M.; Heinz, H.; An, Q.; Zeng, H.; Ercius, P.; Miao, J (2019). "Observing crystal nucleation in four dimensions using atomic electron tomography". Nature. 570 (7762): 500–503. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..500Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1317-x. PMID   31243385. S2CID   195657117.
  15. ↑ Tian, X.; Kim, D. S.; Yang, S.; Ciccarino, S., C. J.; Gong, Y.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Duschatko, B.; Yuan, Y.; Ajayan, P. M.; Idrobo, J. C.; Narang, P.; Miao, J. (2020). "Correlating the three-dimensional atomic defects and electronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides". Nat. Mater. 19 (8): 867–873. Bibcode:2020NatMa..19..867T. doi:10.1038/s41563-020-0636-5. OSTI   1631219. PMID   32152562. S2CID   212642445.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Yang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Zhu, F.; Yuan, Y.; Chang, D.; Kim, D. S.; Pham, M.; Rana, A.; Tian, X.; Yao, Y.; Osher, S.; Schmid, A. K.; Hu, L.; Ercius, P.; Miao, J. (2021). "Determining the three-dimensional atomic structure of an amorphous solid". Nature. 592 (7852): 60–64. arXiv: 2004.02266 . Bibcode:2021Natur.592...60Y. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03354-0. PMID   33790443. S2CID   214802235.
  17. ↑ Voyles, P. (2021). "Atomic structure of a glass imaged at last". Nature. 592 (7852): 31–32. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00794-6. PMID   33790449. S2CID   232481931.
  18. ↑ Yuan, Y.; Kim, D. S.; Zhou, J.; Chang, D. J.; Zhu, F.; Nagaoka, Y.; Yang, Y.; Pham, M.; Osher, S. J.; Chen, O.; Ercius, P.; Schmid, A. K.; Miao, J. (2022). "Three-dimensional atomic packing in amorphous solids with liquid-like structure". Nat. Mater. 21 (1): 95–102. Bibcode:2022NatMa..21...95Y. doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01114-z. PMID   34663951. S2CID   239022109.
  19. ↑ "Kavli Frontiers of Science".
  20. ↑ "UCLA News".
  21. ↑ "MRS Innovation in Materials Characterization Award".
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