Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)

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Kingdom of Tonga
1900–1970
Motto: "Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa"
"God and Tonga are my inheritance"
Anthem: 
Tonga on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg
Location of the Kingdom of Tonga with present-day borders shown.
Status Protected state of the United Kingdom
Capital Nuku'alofa
Common languages English
Tongan
Religion
Free Wesleyan Church
Government Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
Monarch  
 1900–1918
George Tupou II
 1918–1965
Sālote Tupou III
 1965–1970
Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV
Prime Minister  
 1900–1905
Siosateki Veikune (first)
 1965–1970
Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (last)
Consul  
 1901–1909
Hamilton Hunter (first)
 1965–1970
Archibald Cameron Reid (last)
Legislature Legislative Assembly
History 
 Treaty of Friendship
18 May 1900
 End of protection status
4 June 1970
Currency Tongan pound (1921–1967)
Tongan paʻanga (1967–1970)
ISO 3166 code TO
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga
Tonga Flag of Tonga.svg

The Kingdom of Tonga was a protected state of the United Kingdom from 1900 to 1970, when its protectorate status was removed.

Contents

History

Tonga became a British protected state under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust King George Tupou II, and to secure the independence of Tonga amid further German territorial gains in the Pacific. [1] [2] [3] The Treaty of Friendship and protected state status ended in 1970 under arrangements established prior to her death by the third monarch, Queen Sālote.

While never directly ruled by the British, Tonga's foreign affairs were conducted through the British consul, giving the United Kingdom veto power over foreign policies and finances of the Kingdom of Tonga. [1] An unspoken agreement of the treaty that was common in British protected states was a new monopoly on Tonga's thriving vanilla industry, and their small deposits of minerals.

Tonga was affected by the 1918 flu pandemic, with 1,800 Tongans killed, around eight per cent of the residents. [4]

For most of the 20th century Tonga was quiet, inward-looking, and somewhat isolated from developments elsewhere in the world. Tonga's complex social structure is essentially broken into three tiers: the King, the nobles, and the commoners. Between the nobles and commoners are Matapule, sometimes called "talking chiefs," who are associated with the King or a noble and who may or may not hold estates. Obligations and responsibilities are reciprocal, and although the nobility are able to extract favours from people living on their estates, they likewise must extend favours to their people. Status and rank play a powerful role in personal relationships, even within families.

Tonga gained independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 4 June 1970. [5]

References

  1. 1 2 "Tonga - History". Encyclopedia Britannica. 22 May 2023.
  2. "Tonga becomes a protectorate to the United Kingdom". www.famousdaily.com.
  3. "Tonga | Facts, History & News". www.infoplease.com.
  4. Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN   978-0-8160-6935-4.
  5. Times, Robert Trumbull Special to The New York (5 June 1970). "Tonga's 150 Polynesian Islands Now Independent". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 7 April 2025.