Legal status of ibogaine by country

Last updated

This is an overview of the legality of ibogaine by country. Ibogaine is not included on the UN International Narcotics Control Board's Green List, or List of Psychoactive Substances under International Control. However, since 1989, it has been on the list of doping substances banned by the International Olympic Committee and the International Union of Cyclists because of its stimulant properties. [1]

CountryPossessionSaleTransportCultivationNotes

Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia

LegalControlledLegalLegalIn 2010, ibogaine was scheduled as a Schedule 4 substance on the Therapeutic Goods Administration poisons list, [2] making it a prescription-only medicine. [3] However, ibogaine is not a controlled substance under Australian state and federal laws, and it is legal to possess, consume, and grow plants that contain ibogaine. [4] [5] [6]

Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine, as well as its isomers, are listed in Chapter 2 of the Royal Decree of 1998 on psychotropic substances, which makes it illegal to 'import, export, manufacture, possess, sell or offer for sale, deliver or acquire', except with the express permission of Minister of Public Health. [7]

Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil

ControlledControlledControlledControlledOn 14 January 2016, Ibogaine was legalized for prescription use in São Paulo, Brazil, with this legalization to extend to the rest of the country in a few months. [8]

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada

ControlledControlledControlledControlledHealth Canada added ibogaine to the Prescription Drug List (PDL) in 2017, meaning that the drug can only be obtained legally with a medical prescription. [9] In the past, ibogaine has been seized from several providers amid concerns over heart risks. [10]

Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica

Un­knownUn­knownUn­knownUn­knownIboga and its chemical derivative, ibogaine, is not illegal in Costa Rica but the substance is also not regulated. [11]

Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark

ControlledControlledIllegalIllegalIbogaine as well as its salts and simple derivatives are included on List B of Denmark's Executive Order 698 of 1993 on Euphoric Substances, for 'substances used for medical and scientific purposes with substantial controls', meaning it is illegal to possess or distribute it. It may be possible to administer by doctors if they receive special permission from the Ministry of Health. [12]

Flag of Finland.svg Finland

LegalIllegalIllegalIllegalSince 2014, ibogaine has been listed in the 'Government regulation of psychoactive consumer market of prohibited substances', in accordance with the Finnish Narcotics Act (373/2008) 3§3. [13]

Flag of France.svg France

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegal'Tabernanthe iboga, Tabernanthe manii, ibogaine, its isomers, esters, ethers, and salts, whether natural or synthetic, and all preparations containing it, are included on the list of controlled substances of the French Ministry of Health, making ibogaine illegal to possess or distribute. The substance was included in 2007 following one death which was deemed to be connected to the use of iboga. [14]

Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon

Un­knownUn­knownUn­knownUn­knownIboga legislation in Gabon falls under the jurisdiction of its Culture Ministry. Approval of the Culture Ministry must be granted for the export of any iboga tree products since the passage of a 1994 cultural protection law. [15]

Flag of Germany.svg Germany

Un­knownUn­knownUn­knownUn­knownIbogaine is unregulated in Germany, but for medical use it can be regulated by pharmacy rules (AMG).

Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary

ControlledControlledControlledControlledIbogaine is listed under Section C) New Psychotropic Substances of Government Regulation 66/2012. (IV. 2) on drugs and psychotropic substances. [16] This law makes the 'manufacture, import, export, transfer, purchase, distribution, warehousing, storage, maintenance, research, analysis, and preparation' subject to strict licensing restrictions.

Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine is not specifically classified under Irish Law. However, since 2010, it may fall under the provisions of the Criminal Justice (Psychoactive Substances) Act 2010. [17] The law prohibits all psychoactive substances, with certain caveats. [18]

Flag of Israel.svg Israel

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegal2015 - Ibogaine is prohibited for distribution by Emergency declaration on distribution of prohibited substances under the fight against the use of hazardous materials 3834, which places it under the control of The Fight against the Phenomenon of the Use of Dangerous Substances Law until 25 February 2016. [19]

Flag of Italy.svg Italy

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIn 2016, the Italian Ministry of Health issued an update [20] that added both 'ibogaine' and 'tabernanthe iboga plant' to Presidential Decree No. 309 (9 October 1990). [21] Both were added to Schedule 1, as defined according to Law 79 of 16 May 2014, [22] due to their central nervous system activity and 'hallucinogenic' properties. Possession or distribution may result in penalties including 2–12 months imprisonment. [23]

Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico

Un­knownUn­knownUn­knownUn­knownIbogaine is unregulated in Mexico, therefore, it is a popular spot for ibogaine treatment. [24] [25] [26]

Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands

Un­knownUn­knownUn­knownUn­knownThe Netherlands does not prohibit ibogaine, and there are various ibogaine treatment centers available. A Dutch naturopathic practitioner received an 8-year prison sentence in 2019 after being accused of administering ibogaine to a patient, leading to the patient's death. The defendant had been accused of the same crime several years prior, also in connection with the administration of ibogaine. [27] [28]

Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand

LegalLegalLegalLegalIbogaine was gazetted in New Zealand in 2009 as a non-approved prescription medicine. [29] [30]

Flag of Norway.svg Norway

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine is illegal in Norway (as are all tryptamine derivatives). [31] [32]

Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal

DecriminalizedDecriminalizedDecriminalizedDecriminalizedIn 2001, Portugal decriminalized the possession of all drugs, which includes ibogaine. [33]

Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa

ControlledControlledControlledControlledThe South African Medicine Control Council published a statement in 2016 regarding a resolution to list ibogaine as a Schedule 6/Poison substance under the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act 101 of 1965. [34] The MCC decision effectively means that ibogaine may now be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, and is subject to certain other conditions regarding its prescription, production, import, and export. [35]

Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine was classified as a Schedule 1 substance in Sweden, and is now visible on the Drug Administration regulations (LVFS 2011: 10) on lists of drugs, which suggests it has no medical value. As such, it is illegal to possess or distribute. [36]

Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine is classified as a prohibited substance on the Regulation of the EDI on the lists of narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors, and auxiliary chemicals. [37] As such, it is subject to the prohibitions stated in the Federal Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, which make it illegal to possess, grow, import, manufacture, or distribute. [38]

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom

Illegal to possess with intent to supply or possess on custodial premisesIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine is not identified by name in the UK's Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. However, since 2016, it falls under the provisions of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. [39] The act makes it a criminal offense to import, export, produce, or supply any substance that 'is capable of producing a psychoactive effect in a person who consumes it.' It also makes it illegal to possess a psychoactive substance in a prison or other custodial institution. To date, there have been no cases of people being prosecuted in relation to possession of ibogaine. [40]

Flag of the United States.svg United States

IllegalIllegalIllegalIllegalIbogaine is classified as a Schedule I-controlled substance in the United States, [41] and is not approved there for addiction treatment (or any other therapeutic use) because of its hallucinogenic, neurotoxic, and cardiovascular side effects, as well as the scarcity of safety and efficacy data in human subjects. [42] [43]

Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay

LegalControlledControlledControlledUruguay is one of a few countries that never criminalized the possession of drugs for personal use. Since 1974, the law establishes no quantity limits, leaving it to the judge's discretion to determine whether the intent was personal use. [44]

Related Research Articles

<i>Tabernanthe iboga</i> Species of plant

Tabernanthe iboga (iboga) is an evergreen rainforest shrub native to Central Africa. A member of the Apocynaceae family indigenous to Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Republic of Congo, it is cultivated across Central Africa for its medicinal and other effects.

Trimethoxyamphetamines (TMAs) are a family of isomeric psychedelic hallucinogenic drugs. There exist six different TMAs that differ only in the position of the three methoxy groups: TMA, TMA-2, TMA-3, TMA-4, TMA-5, and TMA-6. The TMAs are analogs of the phenethylamine cactus alkaloid mescaline. The TMAs are substituted amphetamines, however, their mechanism of action is more complex than that of the unsubstituted compound amphetamine, probably involving agonist activity on serotonin receptors such as the 5HT2A receptor in addition to the generalised dopamine receptor agonism typical of most amphetamines. This action on serotonergic receptors likely underlie the psychedelic effects of these compounds. It is reported that some TMAs elicit a range of emotions ranging from sadness to empathy and euphoria. TMA was first synthesized by Hey, in 1947. Synthesis data as well as human activity data has been published in the book PiHKAL.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5-MeO-DALT</span> Chemical compound

5-MeO-DALT or N,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine is a psychedelic tryptamine first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ALD-52</span> Chemical compound

ALD-52, also known as 1-acetyl-LSD, has chemical structural features similar to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a known psychedelic drug. Similarly, ALD-52 has been reported to produce psychoactive effects, but its pharmacological effects on humans are poorly understood. Given its psychoactive properties, it has been reported to be consumed as a recreational drug, and the purported first confirmed detection of the substance on the illicit market occurred in April 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AL-LAD</span> Chemical compound (psychedelic drug)

AL-LAD, also known as 6-allyl-6-nor-LSD, is a psychedelic drug and an analog of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It is described by Alexander Shulgin in the book TiHKAL. It is synthesized starting from nor-LSD as a precursor, using allyl bromide as a reactant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PRO-LAD</span> Chemical compound

PRO-LAD is an analogue of LSD. It is described by Alexander Shulgin in the book TiHKAL. PRO-LAD is a psychedelic drug similar to LSD, and is around as potent as LSD itself with an active dose reported at between 100 and 200 micrograms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-HO-MET</span> Chemical compound

4-HO-MET is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is a structural and functional analog of psilocin as well as the 4-hydroxyl analog of methylethyltryptamine (MET). 4-HO-MET was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book TiHKAL, the dosage is listed as 10-20 mg. 4-HO-MET produces psilocin-like distortion of color, sound, and form. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 4-HO-MET. There have been no reports of deaths from 4-HO-MET, even though there exist anecdotal reports of the ingestion of up to 150 mg, more than an order of magnitude above the effective dose.

The legal status of unauthorised actions with psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Schedule I drugs are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse or drugs that have no recognized medical uses. However, psilocybin mushrooms have had numerous medicinal and religious uses in dozens of cultures throughout history and have a significantly lower potential for abuse than other Schedule I drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NBF</span> Chemical compound

25I-NBF is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-I, which acts as a highly potent partial agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor, with bias towards the β-arrestin 2 coupled signalling pathway. It has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butyrfentanyl</span> Synthetic opioid analgesic

Butyrfentanyl or butyrylfentanyl is a potent short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is an analog of fentanyl with around one quarter of its potency. One of the first mentions of this drug can be found in document written by The College on Problem of Drug Dependence, where it is mentioned as N-butyramide fentanyl analog. This document also states that the article describing its clinical effects was published in 1987. It is an agonist for the μ-opioid receptors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetylfentanyl</span> Opioid analgesic

Acetylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic drug that is an analog of fentanyl. Studies have estimated acetylfentanyl to be 15 times more potent than morphine, which would mean that despite being somewhat weaker than fentanyl, it is nevertheless still several times stronger than pure heroin. It has never been licensed for medical use and instead has only been sold on the illicit drug market. Acetylfentanyl was discovered at the same time as fentanyl itself and had only rarely been encountered on the illicit market in the late 1980s. However, in 2013, Canadian police seized 3 kilograms of acetylfentanyl. As a μ-opioid receptor agonist, acetylfentanyl may serve as a direct substitute for oxycodone, heroin or other opioids. Common side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially fatal respiratory depression. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4,4'-Dimethylaminorex</span> Chemical compound

4,4'-Dimethylaminorex, sometimes referred to by the street name "Serotoni", is a psychostimulant and entactogen designer drug related to aminorex, 4-methylaminorex, and pemoline. It was first detected in the Netherlands in December 2012, and has been sold as a designer drug around Europe since mid-2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AB-CHMINACA</span> Chemical compound

AB-CHMINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.78 nM) and CB2 receptor (Ki = 0.45 nM) and fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in rat discrimination studies, while being 16x more potent. Continuing the trend seen in other cannabinoids of this generation, such as AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA, it contains a valine amino acid amide residue as part of its structure, where older cannabinoids contained a naphthyl or adamantane residue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flubromazolam</span> Triazolobenzodiazepine drug

Flubromazolam (JYI-73) is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. Flubromazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that clonazolam and flubromazolam in particular may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to their ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia at oral doses of as little as 0.5 mg. Life-threatening adverse reactions have been observed at doses of only 3 mg of flubromazolam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADB-CHMINACA</span> Chemical compound

ADB-CHMINACA (also known as ADMB-CHMINACA and MAB-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor with a binding affinity of Ki = 0.289 nM and was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication. It was identified in cannabinoid blends in Japan in early 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MDMB-CHMINACA</span> Chemical compound

MDMB-CHMINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-CHM) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was invented by Pfizer in 2008, and is one of the most potent cannabinoid agonists known, with a binding affinity of 0.0944 nM at CB1, and an EC50 of 0.330 nM. It is closely related to MDMB-FUBINACA, which caused at least 1000 hospitalizations and 40 deaths in Russia as consequence of intoxication.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1P-LSD</span> Chemical compound

1P-LSD is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide class that is a derivative and functional analogue of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52. It originated in 2015 when it appeared a designer drug sold online. It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen molecule of LSD's indole group.

<i>N</i>-Ethylhexedrone Stimulant of the cathinone class

N-Ethylhexedrone (also known as α-ethylaminocaprophenone, N-ethylnorhexedrone, hexen, and NEH) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) with IC50 values of 0.0978 and 0.0467 μM, respectively. N-Ethylhexedrone was first mentioned in a series of patents by Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s which led to the development of the better-known drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Since the mid-2010s, N-ethylhexedrone has been sold online as a designer drug. In 2018, N-ethylhexedrone was the second most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures.

The legal status of drugs and drug precursors varies substantially from country to country and is still changing in many of them. United Nations classify drugs internationally, it affects all its member states.

The International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS) is a non-profit organization (NPO), headquartered in Barcelona. ICEERS is dedicated to transforming society's relationship with psychoactive plants by engaging with some of the fundamental issues resulting from the globalization of ayahuasca, iboga, and other ethnobotanicals. Founded in 2009, ICEERS is registered as a non-profit organization, and has charitable status in the Netherlands and Spain, and through partner organizations in the US and UK. ICEERS also has consultative status with the United Nations' ECOSOC.

References

  1. ↑ "International status of ibogaine". ibogainealliance.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  2. ↑ "Poisons Standard February 2019". Federal Register of Legislation. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  3. ↑ "Australian Heroin Addicts Can't Use Ibogaine to Kick the Habit". vice.com. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  4. ↑ Murdoch, Lindsay (22 December 2014). "What is ibogaine?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  5. ↑ "Erowid Tabernanthe iboga Vault: Legal Status". erowid.org. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  6. ↑ "Could the iboga plant help treat drug addiction?". ABC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  7. ↑ "Arrêté royal réglementant certaines substances psychotropes, et relatif à la réduction des risques et à l'avis thérapeutique" [Royal Decree regulating certain psychotropic substances and relating to risk reduction and therapeutic advice] (in French). ejustice.just.fgov.be. 22 January 1998. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. ↑ CONSELHO ESTADUAL DE POLÍTICAS SOBRE DROGAS Retrieved 14 January 2016
  9. ↑ Canada, Government of Canada, Health (12 May 2017). "Notice - Prescription Drug List (PDL): Multiple additions". www.hc-sc.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ "Unauthorized natural health product "Remogen" containing ibogaine and the risk of abnormal heart rhythms". healthycanadians.gc.ca. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  11. ↑ "Iboga clinic attracts "Kardashian" celebrity, scrutiny from Costa Rica officials". ticotimes.net. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  12. ↑ "List of euphoriant substances subject to control in Denmark". laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  13. ↑ "Narcotics Act" (PDF). finlex.fi. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  14. ↑ "En France, l'iboga est désormais une drogue illicite" [In France, iboga is now an illegal drug] (in French). nouvelobs.com. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  15. ↑ "Loi n°2/94 du 23 décembre 1994 portant sur la protection des biens culturels" [Law No. 2/94 of 23 December 1994 on the protection of cultural property]. African Archaeology (in French). 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  16. ↑ "A Kormány 66/2012. (IV. 2.) Korm. rendelete a kábítószerekkel és pszichotróp anyagokkal, valamint az új pszichoaktív anyagokkal végezhetõ tevékenységekrõl, valamint ezen anyagok jegyzékre vételérõl és jegyzékeinek módosításáról" [Government Decree 66/2012. (IV. 2.) Drugs and psychotropic substances as well as new psychoactive substances, activities, and the listing and amendment of such substances](PDF) (in Hungarian). daath.hu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  17. ↑ "CRIMINAL JUSTICE (PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES) ACT 2010". irishstatutebook.ie. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  18. ↑ "Ibogaine Legal Status". ibogainealliance.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  19. ↑ "THE FIGHT AGAINST THE PHENOMENON OF THE USE OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES LAW, 5773-2013" (PDF). health.gov.il. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  20. ↑ "DECRETO 1 agosto 2016" [DECREE 1 August 2016] (in Italian). gazzettaufficiale.it. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  21. ↑ "DECRETO DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA N. 309, 9 OTTOBRE 1990" [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC N. 309, 9 OCTOBER 1990] (in Italian). medicoeleggi.com. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  22. ↑ "DECRETO-LEGGE 20 marzo 2014, n. 36" [DECREE-LAW 20 March 2014, n. 36] (in Italian). gazzettaufficiale.it. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  23. ↑ "Italy Country Drug Report 2019". emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  24. ↑ "Americans going abroad for illegal heroin treatment". bbc.com. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  25. ↑ "Ibogaine: One Man's Journey To Mexico For Psychedelic Addiction Treatment". wbur.org. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  26. ↑ "How Does Ibogaine Work?". beond.us. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  27. ↑ "Dutch Iboga Therapist in Police Custody". psypressuk.com. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  28. ↑ "Dutch natural healer gets 8 years for death of Swedish woman". nltimes.nl. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  29. ↑ "Minutes of the 42nd meeting of the Medicines Classification Committee - 3 November 2009". medsafe.govt.nz. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  30. ↑ "Ibogaine Treatment in Aotearoa / New Zealand: Developing a unique model of practice" (PDF). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  31. ↑ "Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)". lovdata.no. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  32. ↑ "Norway Country Drug Report 2019". emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  33. ↑ "Want to Win the War on Drugs? Portugal Might Have the Answer". time.com. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  34. ↑ "Scheduling of Ibogaine" (PDF). Medicines Control Council. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  35. ↑ "MEDICINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT 101 OF 1965" (PDF). Medicines Control Council. 19 June 1965. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  36. ↑ "Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling" [The Swedish Medical Agency's constitutional collection](PDF) (in Swedish). lakemedelsverket.se. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  37. ↑ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" [Regulation of the FDHA on the directories of narcotics, psychotropic substances, precursors, and auxiliary chemicals](PDF) (in German). admin.ch. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  38. ↑ "Bundesgesetz über die Betäubungsmittel und die psychotropen Stoffe" [Federal Act on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances] (in German). admin.ch. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  39. ↑ "Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  40. ↑ "Learn about the legal status of ibogaine in your country". thethirdwave.co. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  41. ↑ "Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2012.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ↑ Ibogaine. Basic data - drugwarfacts.org Retrieved 17 June 2015
  43. ↑ "Busted for Iboga". villagevoice.com. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  44. ↑ "About drug law reform in Uruguay". tni.org. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.