Retirement age

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This article lists the statutory retirement age in different countries. In some contexts, the retirement age is the age at which a person is expected or required to cease work. It is usually the age at which such a person may be entitled to receive superannuation or other government benefits, like a state pension.

Contents

History and establishment

The first recorded use of a state pension was established in the Roman Empire in 13 BC by Augustus for military veterans who had served for at least 16 years in a legion and four years in the reserves. This was later increased to 20 years in a legion and five years in the reserves. [1] In the United States, states historically lack a retirement age even though labor force participation rates began to fall dramatically after the age of 60. [2]

The first retirement age was set in Germany by Otto Von Bismarck in 1881, originally at 70, before being reduced to 65 in 1916. [3] Following this, more countries began to adopt an official retirement age, such as Britain with the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, which set the initial retirement age at 70 before it was reduced to 65 for men and 60 for women with the passage of the National Insurance Act 1946.

The United States adopted an initial retirement age of 65, under the bill of the Social Security Act of 1935. By the mid-20th century, almost all countries had adopted a retirement age.

Arguments

Policymakers usually consider the demography, fiscal cost of aging, health, life expectancy, nature of the profession, supply of labor force, and more, while taking the retirement age into account. [4] The increase in life expectancy is used in some jurisdictions as an argument to increase the age of retirement in the 21st century. [5] [6]

Arguments for lower retirement age for women include motherhood. [7] Some countries are equalizing the retirement ages between women and men. [8]

The expected years in retirement was 22.8 years for women and 18.4 years for men on average in OECD in 2022, contributed by sex differences in life expectancy. [9]

Reforms

Reforms tend to be phased in slowly when the retirement age (or pension age) is increased with grandfathering, ensuring a gradual change. One of such examples of grandfathering is the transitional pension rules, which were applied for staff aged 54 years or older, and to some extent, for all staff in place, when in 2014, the retirement age of European civil servants was increased to 66 years of age. [10]

In contrast, when the age of retirement is decreased, changes are often brought about rapidly. [11]

Retirement age by country and region

Many of the countries listed in the table below are in the process of reforming retirement ages. The current trend in many countries is that the retirement age will increase gradually.

Many European Union member states apply a retirement age of 65 years in the 2020s. [12] This is to be increased to 67 years in most countries by 2030. [12]

In some countries, one's year of birth determines their age of retirement. For example, in the United States as of 2024, while a person born before 1955 can retire with social security benefits at the age of 66, those born after 1959 must be 67. Each year between 1955 and 1959 adds 2 months. [13] Many countries in Europe follow the same type of criteria, with one's age of retirement determined by their birth year, for example in Romania, women born in 1955 had their retirement age in 2015 set at age 60 whereas those born in 1958 could retire in 2019 at age 61 and those born in 1961 can retire in January 2023 at age 62. [14]

The average of statutory retirement age in the 34 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2014 was males 65 years and females 63.5 years, but the tendency all over the world is to increase the retirement age. [15] This is also reflected by the findings that just over half the Asian investors surveyed region-wide said they agreed with raising the retirement age, with a quarter disagreeing and the remainder undecided. [16]

Retirement age
CountryMenWomenYearNotesRef
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 6561 years 8 months2024Men: gradually rising by 1 month a year from 2033 onwards from 65 years to 67 years by 2056. Women: gradually rising by 2 months a year from 2021 onwards from 61 years to 67 years by 2056. [17]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 65602024 [18]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 632024 [19]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 672024In Australia the retirement age was increased to 67 years in July 2023. [20]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 6560.52024Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year from 2024 onwards from 60 years to 65 years by 2033. [12] [19] [21]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 6563.52024Men: 65 from 2021 onwards. Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year from 2017 onwards from 60 to 65 years by 2027. [22] [22]
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 63582024 [23]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 592024 [24]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 60–652024The legal retirement age (the age at which one can retire, regardless of career length) in Belgium is 65 in 2019. In 2025 it will be 66 and in 2030 it will be 67, both for women and men. Early retirement is possible from 60 onwards with a career of at least 44 years, from 61 onwards with at least 43 years, or from 63 onwards with a career of at least 42 years. Some exceptions exist, mainly in the required number of years. A career year is considered if it contains at least 104 days (in full time equivalent). [25] [26]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 652024 [19]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 65622024Certain individuals, such as rural workers, teachers and police officers, have a lower minimum age.

Brazil also requires workers to have contributed to social security for a minimum amount of time before they become eligible to claim benefits. To start receiving partial benefits, all private-sector workers are required have contributed for at least 20 years (for men) or 15 years (for women). Public-sector workers are required to have contributed for at least 25 years. To receive full benefits all workers must have contributed for at least 40 years (for men) or 35 years (for women).

 [27]
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg  British Virgin Islands 652024 [28]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 64 years 7 months62 years 1 month2024In Bulgaria the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 65 years by 2029 for men and by 2037 for women. [29]
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 602024Since 2023 the retirement age is 60 years for all. [30]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 652024The standard age to start the pension is 65. However, you can start receiving it as early as age 60 or as late as age 70. If you start receiving your pension earlier, the monthly amount you’ll receive will be smaller. If you decide to start later, you’ll receive a larger monthly amount. There’s no benefit to wait after age 70 to start receiving the pension. The maximum monthly amount you can receive is reached when you turn 70. If you start before age 65, payments will decrease by 0.6% each month (or by 7.2% per year), up to a maximum reduction of 36% if you start at age 60. If you start after age 65, payments will increase by 0.7% each month (or by 8.4% per year), up to a maximum increase of 42% if you start at age 70 (or after). [31]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 6560 [32]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 6355–582024The new retirement age was announced on 13 September 2024 and is now 63 for men, 58 for female civil servants and 55 for female workers. It will take effect on 1 January 2025. Previously, the retirement age was 60 for men, 55 for female civil servants, and 50 for female workers. [33] The 2024 change marked the first increase of the retirement age since the 1950s. [34] The retirement age will apply to men born in and after 1965, female civil servants born in and after 1970 and female workers born in or after 1975. The retirement age increase is based on the individual’s year and month of birth, as it increases by 1 month for every 4-month-block months of birth for males and female civil servants and 1 month for every 2-month-block for female workers until 2040. It is expected to be fully phased in for male workers born in September 1976, female civil servants born in September 1981 and female workers born in November 1984. The New regulation also stipulates that those affected by the change may voluntarily reduce their retirement age by up to 3 years if they have made the minimum length of pension payments, or delay their retirements by up to 3 years if permitted by the employer. The minimum pension payment period will also be increased from 15 years to 20 from 2030. [35] [36] [37]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 62572024The reform, which will be in force from July 2025, kept the retirement age at 62 for men when they have made contributions for 1,300 weeks of work and 57 for women, though it reduced the number of weeks for women to 1,000. Women can discount 50 weeks of pension contributions from their required amount for each child, for up to three children, under the terms of the reform. [38] [7]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 6563 years 6 months2024Men: 65. Women: gradually rising by 3 months per year to 65 years by 2030. [39] [40]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 65602024Age 65 (men) or age 60 (women) with at least 30 years of employment; age 60 (men) or age 55 (women) if 75% of the insured's total employment history or the 15 years of employment immediately before retirement involved arduous or dangerous work. [41]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 652024The pensionable age is 65. It is possible to receive a pension at the age of 63 under certain conditions. Miners can receive a pension at the age of 63 provided they have worked in a mine for at least 3 years; and they are entitled to a one-month reduction in the retirement age for every 5-month period they worked in a mine on condition that they are no longer engaged in that activity. They may not, however, retire before the age of 58. Cypriot legislation does not provide for early retirement in other cases. [19] [21] [42]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 64 years 2 months2024By 2030 the retirement age will be 65. For women, having children reduce the retirement age depending on number of children; from 2037 the retirement age will be 65 for all, regardless of number of children. [12] [43]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 672024 From 2030 onwards, retirement age will be linked to life expectancy. [44] [45] [12] [21] [23]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 602015
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 64 years 9 months2024By 2027, retirement age will be linked to the average life expectancy. Having children may reduce the retirement age by 3–5 years. [21] [23] [12]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 64.5–692024Flexible retirement age: 64–69 years, national pension 65 years. In 2030, the retirement age will be linked to life expectancy. [21] [12]
Flag of France.svg  France 62–672018 The minimal retirement age has gradually increased from 60 to 62 years by 2018. [19] [21]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 65602011 [19]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 60–672021 In Germany the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 67 years by 2029. For a long time the most common mandatory retirement age was 65, although in East Germany it was 60. [21] [23] [12]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 672021 [12]
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 60–652017Retirement age 65. Early retirement possible between the ages of 60 and 64. Some disciplined services staff of the government have lower retirement age. [46] [47] [48] [49]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 652021The age was 63 in 2018, but was raised to 65 by 2022. [12] Women with 40 years of insurance can retire at any age. [50] [12]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 672007 [23]
Flag of India.svg  India 60–652014In the public sector, the retirement age is 60, 62 in Indian Railways, 62 for the chiefs of army/navy/air force staff (or 3 years of service whichever is earlier), 62 for high court judges, 65 for the chief of defence staff (or 3 years of service whichever is earlier), and 65 for supreme Court judges. [51] while in the private sector it depends on the individual company and the maximum being 65.
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 582022In Indonesia, provisions relating to pensions are regulated in Government Regulation Number 45 of 2015 Article 15 concerning the Implementation of the Pension Guarantee Program, in PP 45/2015 the following matters are regulated:

For the first time the Retirement Age is set at 56 (fifty six years). Starting January 1, 2019, the retirement age as referred to in paragraph (1) will be 57 (fifty seven) years. The Retirement Age as referred to in paragraph (2) is further increased by 1 (one) year for every subsequent 3 (three) years until it reaches the Retirement Age of 65 (sixty five) years. By referring to the regulation, the retirement age limit in Indonesia is 58 years in 2022 and will reach the maximum retirement age limit, which is 65 years in 2043.

 [52]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 60552018
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 602014 [53]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 662021In Ireland the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028. [12] [19] [21] [23]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 67652022In Israel the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 65 by 2032. [54] [55]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 62–672021Must have paid contributions for at least 20 years (At 67 years and 3 months).
Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years can retire at 62.
Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years and 10 months (women) or 42 years and 10 months (men) can retire regardless of age.		 [56]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 64622022 While the government is at it with early retirement prevention, the age is expected to increase gradually to 65 years of age by 2025. [57] [12] [58]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 63582015From 2017 the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 63 years in 2027 [59]
Kosovo 65652014 [60]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 63582011 [19]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 642021The age will be 65 by 2025. [12] [12]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 65602017 [61]
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 642007 [23]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 64 years 8 months64 years 4 months2024In Lithuania, the retirement age will be raised to 65 for both men and women by 2026. [12] [12] [62]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 652011 [19]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 602013In Malaysia, The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (Cuepacs) wants the government to consider extending the retirement age for civil servants from 60 to 62, [63] but the government has no immediate plan to extend it as the current retirement age is deemed as sufficient. [64] [65]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 642024In Malta the retirement age is being increased gradually to 65 years by 2027. [12] [12]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 652015Retirement age is expected to be increased in the coming years.
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 63612024Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year until 63 years in 2028. [66]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 66642022 [19]
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 632014 Abdelilah Benkirane increased the retirement age to 63 since 2015.
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 602024The early retirement age for public employees is 55 years [67] [68]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 652021
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 67202467 to be increased to 67 years 3 months in 2028. AOW (Algemene Ouderdomswet, meaning General Old Age Law) eligibility is tied to life expectancy. [12] [69]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 652019 [70]
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 60551999 [71]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 64622011 [19]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 62–672024 The general retirement age is currently set to age 67 however, given sufficient pension contributions it is possible to retire as early as at age 62. The longer an individual postpones withdrawing a pension, the greater the government pension provision becomes. [72]
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 60552023The age is 60.
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 602012 [73]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 602018 [74]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 601990The retirement age for an employee depends on the employment contract. Upon retirement, the retired employee should be given his/her benefits according to the agreement or contract between the employer and the employee. However, if there is no existing retirement plan or agreement for the employee, he/she may retire at the age of 60, given that he/she has served the employer for 5 years, and shall be given a retirement pay of at least half a month's salary for every year of service (6 months of work given is considered as 1 whole year for the retirement pay). [75]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 65602016 [12]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 66.52021 [76] [12]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 65622023The age for women is being increased gradually. It will reach 63 by 2030, 64 in 2033 and 65 in 2035, and then will be linked to life expectancy. [77]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 63582024From 2019 the retirement age for men (women) would gradually increase from 60 (55) to 65 (60) years by 2028; first it was intended to hike the age for women to 63 but later the plan was softened. [78] [79]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 602014In Saudi Arabia, the retirement age is based on the Hijiri (lunar) calendar. [80]
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 6563.52023Both men and women can retire when they reach their respective retirement age and have at least 15 years of insurance coverage. Or, have 45 years of insurance coverage regardless of age. The retirement age for women is increased by 2 months every year and it will be the same as for men, 65 in 2032. [19]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 62–652012In Singapore, the Retirement Age Act (RAA) has been replaced by the Retirement and Re-employment Act (RRA) in 2012. Under the RRA, the statutory minimum retirement age is still 62, but employers are now required to offer re-employment to eligible employees who turn 62, up to the age of 65. The bill will gradually increase the retirement and re-employment ages for Singapore employees to 65 and 70 years old, respectively. By 2030, the retirement age will have been increased to 65 and the re-employment age will have been raised to 70, in a step-by-step approach. [81] [82]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 622017In Slovakia the retirement age for women depends on the number of children. [83] The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 62 in 2017. The retirement age as of October 2022 is 63 years with the conditions. [12] [21]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 652021 [12]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 602016Employers with more than 300 employees are required to extend the retiring age to 60. From 1 January 2017, it will be mandatory for all employers nationwide. [84]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 66.52024 The age will be 67 by 2027. [12] [19] [21]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 552014 [85]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 672024Early retirement possible from 64. Persons born before 1963 have various lower retirement ages. [86] [87] [12]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 6564202165 for women by January 2025. [12]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 662015In Taiwan the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028. [12] [19] [21] [23]
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 63582011 [19]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 602015except a president of a university can work beyond 60 years
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 60–652015 [88]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 62–652019
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 62572011 [19]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 60582014Retirement age was gradually increased since the 1970s, from 44 for men and 38 for women. [89] Originally, there was no exact retirement age. Current ages will increase to 65 for both genders by 2048. Additionally, various minimum days of service is required, which is currently 7000 days. It will become 7200 days (20 years) by 2048. One is subject to the laws on the day he/she started working. [90]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 602021 [19] [91]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 652010In the United Arab Emirates the mandatory retirement age was raised from 60 to 65 in 2010, enabling the UAE to retain its needed expat skilled work force longer for key construction projects. [92]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 662020

State pension age increased to 66 in 2020, and will go up to 67 by 2028, [93] and to 68 by 2037. [94]

Flag of the United States.svg  United States (A) Earliest age is 62 (on 25 to 30% reduction)
(B) Standard - 66–69
(C) Delayment in receiving benefits out until aged 70, +25% increase [13] 		2024

The Social Security Administration, is the Government agency responsible for social services in the United States. Pension age in the United States is determined on one's birth year, the earliest a person can retire is 62, but benefits for a single may be a 25% to 30% reduction, as the full benefit amount (100%) is for retirees is 66, however if a prospective retiree delays taking out Government benefits until 70, the full pension amount is increased (125%).

[13]

[12]

Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 60–70200960 years and 30 working years minimum (1995), or 65 years and 25 working years and progressive to 70 in age and 15 working years (2009).
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 60552011 [19]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 60552015 [95]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 60.555.672022The retirement age will gradually increase to 62 for males by 2028 and 60 for females by 2035. In 2021, the retirement age is 60.25 (age 60 and 3 months) for men and 50.33 (age 50 and 4 months) for women, the age will be increased by 3 months each year following for men and 4 months for women. [96]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Clark, R. L., Craig, L. A., & Wilson, J. W. (n.d.). A History of Public Sector Pensions in the United States. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011: University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from https://pensionresearchcouncil.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/0-8122-3714-5-3.pdf
  2. ↑ Costa, Dora. "The Evolution of Retirement" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  3. ↑ Social Security Administration. "Otto von Bismarck". Social Security History. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  4. ↑ "Setting an Ideal Retirement Age!". Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR). 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Johnston, Chris (26 May 2017). "'Keep working until you're 70'". BBC News.
  6. ↑ "Retirement age must rise - OECD".
  7. 1 2 "Colombia lawmakers approve pension reform in victory for Petro" . Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  8. ↑ Top, Dan Cristian; Savu, Lavinia (2014). "Considerations Regarding the Equalization of the Retirement Age for Men and Women at 65 Years". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2423443. ISSN   1556-5068.
  9. ↑ Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators, Expected years after labour market exit, OECD, 20 June 2024, doi: 10.1787/bb2c49e5-en
  10. ↑ Irene Souka (July 2013). "Review of the Staff Regulations" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Catherine Blair (8 August 2014). Securing Pension Provision: The Challenge of Reforming the Age of Entitlement. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 107. ISBN   978-1-137-45397-6. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016.
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