Bath salts (drug)

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Bath salts (also called psychoactive bath salts, PABS [1] [2] and, in the United Kingdom, monkey dust) [3] are a group of recreational designer drugs. [4] [5] The name derives from instances in which the drugs were disguised as bath salts. [6] [7] [8] The white powder, granules, or crystals often resemble Epsom salts, but differ chemically. The drugs' packaging often states "not for human consumption" in an attempt to circumvent drug prohibition laws. [6] Additionally, they may be mislabeled as plant food, powdered cleaner, and other such products.

Contents

History

Synthetic cathinones such as mephedrone, which are chemically similar to the cathinone naturally found in the plant Catha edulis (khat), were first synthesised in the 1920s. [8] They remained obscure until the first decade of the 21st century when underground chemists rediscovered them and began to use them in designer drugs, as the compounds were legal in many jurisdictions. [8] [9] In 2009 and 2010 there was a significant rise in the use of synthetic cathinones, initially in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, and subsequently in the United States. Drugs marketed as "bath salts" first came to the attention of authorities in the US in 2010 after reports were made to US poison centers. [7] In Europe, the drugs were predominantly purchased from websites, but in the US they were mainly sold in small independent stores such as gas stations and head shops. [7] In the US, this often made them easier to obtain than cigarettes and alcohol. [7] Bath salts have also been sold online in small packets. [10]

Hundreds of other designer drugs or "legal highs" have been reported, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semi-synthetic substances such as methylhexaneamine. [11] These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label designer drugs. [11]

In the US, the number of calls to poison centers concerning "bath salts" rose from 304 in 2010 to 6,138 in 2011, according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers. [10] Calls related to bath salts then began to decrease; by 2015, the number had declined to 522. [12]

Pharmacology

Pharmacologically, bath salts usually contain a cathinone, typically methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone or mephedrone; however, the chemical composition varies widely [7] [13] and products labeled with the same name may also contain derivatives of pyrovalerone or pipradrol. In Europe the main synthetic cathinone is mephedrone, whereas in the US MDPV is more common. [7]

Very little is known about how bath salts interact with the brain and how they are metabolized by the body. Scientists are inclined to believe that bath salts have a powerful addictive potential and can increase users' tolerance. [8] [14] They are similar to amphetamines in that they cause stimulant effects by increasing the concentration of monoamines such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in synapses. [8] [15] They are generally less able to cross the blood brain barrier than amphetamines due to the presence of a beta-keto group that increases the compound's polarity. [8]

Usage

Bath salts can be ingested orally, snorted, smoked, plugged or injected. Bath salts can be detrimental to human health and can potentially cause erratic behavior, hallucinations, and delusions. [16] This is often due to their wakefulness-promoting effect, leading to insomnia.

Interaction with alcohol

Bath salts are often consumed concurrently with alcohol. A 2015 study [17] has investigated the interrelation between mephedrone and alcohol, focusing on psychostimulant and rewarding effects. It showed that alcohol, at low (non-stimulant) doses, significantly enhances the psychostimulant effects of mephedrone. This effect is mediated by an increase in synaptic dopamine, as haloperidol, but not ketanserin, was capable of blocking the potentiation by alcohol.[ citation needed ]

Subjective effects

Bath salts or monkey dust come in a powdered or crystallised form which can be swallowed, smoked, injected or snorted. Subjective effects are similar to MDMA or cocaine [18] but with a duration of 5–6 hours. Both substances cause a rapid onset of action in the central nervous system, [19] and stimulant toxicity. In larger doses this class of substances can cause effects similar to those seen in cases of serotonin syndrome. [20] Due to their rapid onset, synthetic cathinones are powerful reward/reinforcers, with high addiction potential. [21] "Monkey dust", "bath salts" or "plant food" are often used at the same time as classical psychoactive drugs. Users who have overdosed often display symptoms of agitation, delirium, hallucinations, excessive motor activity, seizures, tachycardia, hypertension, and/or hyperthermia. [22]

Health issues

Bath salt/monkey dust users have reported symptoms that include headache, heart palpitations, nausea, cold fingers, hallucinations, paranoia, and panic attacks. [23] Furthermore, there is evidence to support the claim that a psychoactive compound could catalyze psychosis in a person who is already susceptible to psychotic disorders.

Visual symptoms similar to those of stimulant overdoses include dilated pupils, involuntary muscle movement, rapid heartbeat, and high blood pressure. [24] [25]

Detection

MDPV and other synthetic cathinones cannot be smelled by detection dogs [6] and are not detected by typical urinalysis, [26] though they can be detected in urine and hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. [27] [28] Distributors may disguise the drug as everyday substances such as fertilizer or insect repellent. [6] [29]

Prevalence

Little is known about how many people use bath salts. [8] In the UK, mephedrone, commonly known as MCAT, is the fourth most commonly used illicit drug among nightclub goers after cannabis, MDMA and cocaine. [8] Based on reports to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, use of bath salts in the US is thought to have increased significantly between 2010 and 2012. [8] The increase in use is thought to result from their widespread availability, undetectability on many drug tests, and sensationalist media coverage. [13]

User's age tends to range from 15 to 55, with the average age being 28. [24]

The drug policy of Canada since Fall 2012 categorizes methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) as a schedule I substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, placing it in the same category as heroin and MDMA. [6] Mephedrone and methylone are already illegal in Canada and most of the United States. [6]

In the United Kingdom, all substituted cathinones were made illegal in April 2010, [30] [31] under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, but other designer drugs such as naphyrone appeared soon after [32] and some products described as legal contained illegal compounds. [33] To avoid being controlled by the Medicines Act, designer drugs such as mephedrone have been described as "bath salts", or other misnomers such as "plant food" despite the compounds having no history of being used for these purposes. [23] [34] [35]

In July 2012, US federal drug policy was amended to ban the drugs commonly found in bath salts. [36] Prior to that, bath salts were legal in at least 41 states. [37] Prior to the compounds being made illegal, mephedrone, methylone, and MDPV were marketed as bath salts. [38] The "bath salt" name and labels that say "not for human consumption" are an attempt to skirt the Federal Analog Act, which forbids selling drugs that are substantially similar to drugs already classified for human use. [38] [39] [40]

Society and the media

Use of bath salts or monkey dust has spread through social media. [41] Anecdotal reports of the drug increasing its users' pain thresholds while simultaneously giving them increased strength can largely be attributed to the emergency services and frontline NHS staff. Such reports have been picked up, and sensationalised by the regional and tabloid press. [42] [43] In the city Stoke-on-Trent, [44] Monkey Dust has been reported to be an entirely new compound, when in fact preparations of MDPV and MDPHP or "bath salts" have been available since the early 2000s. [45] The print press and broadcast media have often used textual framing techniques to report on synthetic cathinone use among society's most vulnerable. Terms like "epidemic", "zombie attack" and more recently "incredible hulk" are often used when describing users. [46] In August 2018, Staffordshire police said they were receiving around ten calls per day regarding Monkey Dust. However, it was not clear whether the incidents actually involved Monkey Dust, or a combination of substances. [47]

Contrary to popular belief, during the investigation of the Miami cannibal attack toxicologists found no trace of the components in bath salts during the autopsy of the attacker. [48] But some scientist doubt the claim that no bath salts were involved in the ordeal and say that due to the meager testing capabilities a bath salt could have gone undetected. [49]

Bath salts or monkey dust were originally a research chemical or legal highs. Users would purchase the chemicals off the internet, ingest them and blog about the effects. [50]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stimulant</span> Drug that increases activity of central nervous system

Stimulants are a class of drugs that increase the activity of the brain and the spinal cord. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing alertness, attention, motivation, cognition, mood, and physical performance. Some of the most common stimulants are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and modafinil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathinone</span> Chemical compound

Cathinone is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines. It is probably the main contributor to the stimulant effect of Catha edulis, also known as khat. Cathinone differs from many other amphetamines in that it has a ketone functional group. Other phenethylamines that share this structure include the stimulants methcathinone, MDPV, mephedrone and the antidepressant bupropion.

A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials, the use of some of these drugs may result in unexpected side effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butylone</span> Entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant drug of the phenethylamine class

Butylone, also known as β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (βk-MBDB), is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the β-keto analogue of MBDB and the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine analogue of buphedrone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylone</span> Group of stereoisomers

Methylone, also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (MDMC), is an empathogen and stimulant psychoactive drug. It is a member of the amphetamine, cathinone and methylenedioxyphenethylamine classes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylenedioxypyrovalerone</span> Chemical compound

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. Its activity at the dopamine transporter is six times stronger than at the norepinephrine transporter and it is virtually inactive at the serotonin transporter. MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug. In the US, products containing MDPV and labeled as bath salts were sold as recreational drugs in gas stations, similar to the marketing for Spice and K2 as incense, until it was banned in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methedrone</span> Chemical compound of the cathinone class

Methedrone is a recreational drug of the cathinone chemical class. Chemically, methedrone is closely related to para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), methylone and mephedrone. Methedrone received media attention in 2009 after the death of two young Swedish men. In both cases toxicology analysis showed methedrone was the only drug present in both men during the time of their overdose and subsequent deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mephedrone</span> Synthetic stimulant drug

Mephedrone, also known as 4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC, and 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include drone, M-CAT, White Magic, meow meow and bubble. It is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the Khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets or crystals, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing effects similar to those of MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flephedrone</span> Stimulant designer drug

Flephedrone, also known as 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone chemical class that has been sold online as a designer drug starting in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone</span> Stimulant drug

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP) is a stimulant of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s, which has been reported as a novel designer drug. MDPBP is sometimes sold under the name "NRG-1" as a mixture with other cathinone derivatives, including flephedrone, pentylone, MαPPP and its higher homologue MDPV. As with other cathinones, MDPBP has been shown to have reinforcing effects in rats.

<i>alpha</i>-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone Chemical compound

α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone is a synthetic stimulant of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s that has been sold as a designer drug and often consumed for recreational reasons. α-PVP is chemically related to pyrovalerone and is the ketone analog of prolintane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naphyrone</span> Substituted cathinone stimulant drug

Naphyrone, also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a substituted cathinone drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substituted cathinone</span> Class of chemical compounds

Substituted cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-Methylethcathinone</span> Stimulant designer drug

4-Methylethcathinone or 4-MEC is a chemical that bears a chemical resemblance to mephedrone. Due to its similarity to mephedrone, it is thought to be a stimulant and entactogen drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It has been marketed alone or in mixtures with other substituted cathinones under the name "NRG-2", although other blends such as "NRG-1" may have been more ambiguous with their ingredients.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzedrone</span> Chemical compound

Benzedrone (4-MBC) is a designer drug which has been found since 2010 as an ingredient in a number of "bath salt" mixes sold as recreational drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentedrone</span> Stimulant designer drug of the cathinone class

Pentedrone is a stimulant of the cathinone class that has been sold as a designer drug and has been found since 2010 as an ingredient in a number of "bath salt" mixes sold as legal highs.

<i>N</i>-Ethylbuphedrone Stimulant of the cathinone class

N-Ethylbuphedrone is a stimulant of the cathinone class that has been sold as a designer drug. It is the β-ketone analogue of N,alpha-diethylphenylethylamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3-Methylmethcathinone</span> Substituted cathinone designer drug

3-Methylmethcathinone, also known as 3-MMC and metaphedrone, is a designer drug from the substituted cathinone family. 3-MMC is closely related in structure to the more commonly known illicit drug mephedrone (4-MMC), and is also illegal in most countries that have banned mephedrone due to 3-MMC being a structural isomer of 4-MMC. However, 3-MMC has still appeared on the recreational drug market as an alternative to mephedrone, and was first identified being sold in Sweden in 2012. Unlike some synthetic cathinones, 3-MMC has been evaluated in at least one large mammal study. 3-MMC is a monoamine transporter substrate that potently inhibits norepinephrine uptake and displays more pronounced dopaminergic vs. serotonergic activity.

<i>N</i>-Ethylhexedrone Stimulant of the cathinone class

N-Ethylhexedrone (also known as α-ethylaminocaprophenone, N-ethylnorhexedrone, hexen, and NEH) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) with IC50 values of 0.0978 and 0.0467 μM, respectively. N-Ethylhexedrone was first mentioned in a series of patents by Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s which led to the development of the better-known drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Since the mid-2010s, N-ethylhexedrone has been sold online as a designer drug. In 2018, N-ethylhexedrone was the second most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MDPHP</span> Chemical compound

MDPHP (3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone) is a stimulant of the cathinone class originally developed in the 1960s, which has been reported as a novel designer drug. In the UK its slang name is monkey dust. It is closely related to the potent stimulant MDPV though with slightly milder effects, and has been used as an alternative in some countries following the banning of MDPV.

References

  1. ↑ Gray, Bobbe Ann; Holland, Cindra (June 2014). "Implications of Psychoactive 'Bath Salts' Use During Pregnancy". Nursing for Women's Health. 18 (3): 220–30. doi:10.1111/1751-486X.12123. PMID   24939199.
  2. ↑ Ross, Edward A.; Watson, Mary; Goldberger, Bruce (8 September 2011). ""Bath Salts" Intoxication". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (10): 967–8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1107097 . PMID   21899474.
  3. ↑ "Monkey dust "epidemic" causing drug users to experience violent hallucinations". Newsweek. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  4. ↑ "DEA: Chemicals Used in "Bath Salts" Now Under Federal Control and Regulation". Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
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    Q. I heard a news story about people using bath salts to get high. How is that possible? My husband and I have two teenagers. Should we talk with them about this?

    A. The "bath salts" you've heard about have nothing to do with the type that people add to water and use while soaking in a tub. These newer bath salts are designer drugs that circumvent the laws governing controlled or illegal substances, but can be used to get high.

    The active chemicals in these salts—mephedrone, pyrovalerone, or methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)—all have stimulant properties. They are ...    (contains additional text)
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  41. ↑ Marsh, Sarah (17 August 2018). "Surge in monkey dust drug use linked to social media, police say". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 8 February 2019.
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  43. ↑ Johnson, Jamie (15 August 2018). "Monkey dust warning as police say increasingly popular drug is leading to people jumping off buildings". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 8 February 2019.
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  46. ↑ Swalve, Natashia; Defoster, Ruth (2017). How Broadcast Media Discuss New Drug "Epidemics": Integrating Neuroscience With Communication Studies Through Textual Framing - SAGE Research Methods. doi:10.4135/9781526409508. ISBN   9781526409508 . Retrieved 8 February 2019.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Page, Sarah (6 September 2018). "Monkey Dust mayhem: the English city reportedly at the centre of a drug-fuelled 'epidemic'". The Conversation. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  48. ↑ Laboy, Suzette (27 June 2012). "Tests find only marijuana in face-chewer's system". The Boston Globe. Associated Press.
  49. ↑ "Causeway Cannibal: Toxicology reports say Rudy Eugene was not on bath salts, but not everyone believes them". Sun Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  50. ↑ Boseley, Sarah (4 July 2014). "Psychonauts explore unknown world of legal highs—with themselves as lab rats". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 8 February 2019.
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