Brazil is one of the countries with the highest incidence of tornadoes outside the regions traditionally known for such phenomena. According to a survey by the State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), between 1975 and 2018, a total of 581 tornadoes were recorded in the country, 411 of which occurred in the Southern Region, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. In 2018, the PREVOTS platform was established to document severe weather events across Brazil. Upon completing five years of operation, a report indicated that between June 2018 and June 2023, 321 damage incidents caused by tornadoes were recorded, including waterspouts. [1] Most tornadoes in Brazil are associated with high-precipitation supercells, resulting in rain-wrapped tornadoes that are difficult to see. The annual average number of tornadoes in Brazil remains uncertain due to the country’s less robust meteorological infrastructure compared to nations like the United States or Canada, and because of the low population density in the most tornado-prone areas. These factors contribute to underreporting, with many tornadoes being identified only months or even years after they occur. Recent estimates suggest a plausible average of 50 to 60 tornadoes per year, although this figure lacks official confirmation due to the aforementioned limitations.
Twenty-five of Brazil's 26 states have recorded at least one tornado since 1970, the only one without confirmation being the state of Acre. Even the Federal District has experienced tornado episodes, but most of them were landspouts. This is due to the tropical, semi-humid climate present throughout the country, but the southern states, the interior of São Paulo state in the Southeast, and southern Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West, are the most recorded, accounting for 95% of the country's tornadoes. This is because they are part of the "Pasillo de los tornados", a region of South America prone to tornadoes due to the meeting of warm, humid air masses from the Amazon rainforest, Gran Chaco, and the Atlantic Ocean, which meet cold, dry air masses from Patagonia and Antarctica, in addition to the hot, dry winds from the Andes mountain range. These areas are also influenced by severe convective storms from the Río de la Plata basin. [2] A Harvard study revealed that the frequency of tornadoes in this alley is not even higher due to the ruggedness of the Amazon rainforest, which reduces vorticity near the ground. Although this region experiences a high number of severe storms throughout the year, this limitation significantly reduces the chances of tornado formation. Possibly, without this obstacle, the region could have a frequency equal to or even greater than that of North America. [3]
Tornadoes in this alley are comparable to Dixie Alley, with HP supercell tornadoes being more common, and the terrain is more undulating, with one exception in the Pampas. Furthermore, nocturnal tornadoes or outbreaks are more common, as was the case with the outbreak on the night of September 7, 2009, in the province of Misiones, Argentina, and southern Brazil. Tornadoes generally range from F0 to F2, but some violent and deadly tornadoes have occurred, such as an F5 in San Justo, Argentina, in 1973; an F4+ (possibly a low-end F5) in Encarnación, Paraguay, in 1926, with over 300 deaths; an F4 in Fray Marcos, department of Florida, Uruguay, in 1970; and several examples in Brazil.
Brazil has its own scale for wind-related events, called the Brazilian Wind Scale (EBRAV). It was created according to Brazilian construction standards and has eight levels, ranging from level 0, with winds of 50 km/h, to level 7, with winds exceeding 261 km/h. The minimum level used for tornadoes is level 2, with winds of 81 km/h or more, compatible with an F0. However, the EBRAV scale is rarely used, resulting in the use of the Fujita Scale. Even so, Unicamp classified some tornadoes with the EBRAV, with the Itu tornado on September 30, 1991, being the only one recorded as level 7,although few cases have been analyzed, focusing on events in the state of São Paulo.
| Level | Wind speed (Estimated) | Damage intensity | Example of potential damage | ||
| mph | km/h | m/s | |||
| 0 | Until 31 | Until 51 | 14 | Insignificant damage | Tree branches sway, but do not break. |
| 1 | 31-49 | 51-80 | 14-22 | Minor damage | Tree branches can break. Poorly installed ceramic tiles can shift slightly, especially those at the edges. Large leafy crops, such as sugarcane, can lean toward the ground. Lightweight roofing materials can vibrate, sway, or even break. |
| 2 | 50-62 | 81-100 | 22-27 | Light damage | Trees lose large branches. Unhealthy trees have their trunks split. Wooden shacks can collapse. Ceramic tiles can be dislodged. |
| 3 | 62-80 | 101-130 | 28-36 | Moderate damage | Old trees are uprooted. Ceramic roof tiles break. Crops are severely damaged. Walls with poor foundations can collapse. |
| 4 | 81-99 | 131-160 | 36-44 | Considerable damage | Healthy trees are uprooted. Ceramic tiles are completely ripped off. Wooden houses suffer severe damage. Metal poles are toppled. Walls with sturdy foundations are torn down. |
| 5 | 100-124 | 161-200 | 44-55 | Very considerable damage | Large trees have their trunks split. If exposed perpendicularly, buses can overturn. Roof timbers are completely exposed. Masonry houses can be partially destroyed. Thick walls can collapse. Concrete poles lean. |
| 6 | 125-160 | 201-260 | 55-72 | Severe damage | Some brick houses collapse. Cars are lifted off the ground. Empty train cars are pulled off the tracks. Heavy vehicles, such as trucks, can tip over or be swept away. Concrete poles break, and transmission towers can be toppled. |
| 7 | over 161 | over 261 | ≥73 | Violent damage | Extensive destruction of urban facilities. Vehicles are swept long distances. People are thrown by the wind. Large structures are displaced or overturned. Loaded train cars are ripped from the tracks. |
This list only has records documented and cited in reliable articles.
| Date | F/EF# | Deaths | Injuries | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 13, 1959 | FU | 11 | Many | Veranópolis (RS) |
Around 9 p.m., a violent tornado struck Veranópolis, Rio Grande do Sul. Large trees were uprooted. Wooden houses were completely destroyed. People were thrown, one of them over 100 meters (> 109 yd) into the air, falling dead into a river. A church suffered serious damage, and its door was found in the municipality of Pinto Bandeira. Eleven people died and many were injured. [10] [11] | ||||
| August 13, 1959 | FU | 18 | ≥40 | Rio dos Pardos in Canoinhas (SC) |
Around 10 p.m., a violent tornado struck Rio dos Pardos, in the interior of Canoinhas, in Santa Catarina. Wooden houses were completely destroyed, leaving piles of debris. Crops and forests were devastated, and ironwork was twisted. The tornado killed about 18 people and injured about 40. [12] [13] | ||||
| August 14, 1959 | FU | 26 | many | Porto União (SC) & União da Vitoria (PR) |
A strong tornado struck União da Vitória, Paraná, and Porto União, Santa Catarina. In Porto União, 12 houses were destroyed, resulting in 26 deaths. A man's jeep was thrown into trees while driving, injuring both legs. The tornado may have also hit União da Vitória, where houses were destroyed. By the end of the tornado, 26 people had died and many were injured. [14] | ||||
| August 14, 1959 | FU | ~15 | ≥100 | Lages (SC) |
A very strong tornado struck Lages, Santa Catarina. Approximately five hundred and fifty homes were destroyed. Several trees were uprooted. In the town square, three cedar trees were swept away. A brickworks and a sports hall were leveled. A factory was partially destroyed, as was an amusement park. The tornado killed at least five people, left over one hundred injured, and approximately five hundred homeless. [15] | ||||
| August 14, 1959 | F4 | 35 | Many | Palmas (PR) |
Around 6:30 pm, a violent tornado struck the city of Palmas, Paraná. Houses were swept away, some even losing their floors. People were thrown more than 50 meters, resulting in instant death. Victims were found naked. Entire trees were uprooted, and herds of cattle were completely decimated. A newly built two-story farmhouse was completely destroyed, leaving only the floor. A steam locomotive was thrown away. A farmer's jacket, with his wallet and documents in the pocket, was found in Horizonte, about 70 km away (43.3 mi). The tornado killed 35 people and injured dozens, with some victims and injured being mutilated. It has no official classification, but an F4 or higher is possible in this case. [16] [17] | ||||
| August 14, 1959 | FU | 0 | ≥2 | Lapa (PR) |
Around 9 p.m., a strong tornado struck Lapa, Paraná. The town's church and cemetery suffered severe damage. Houses were completely destroyed, with a schoolhouse being ripped from its foundations. One image shows a mattress stuck in a large pine tree. Two people were injured. [18] [19] | ||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Deaths: 6 | Injuries: many | |||||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 17 | |
| Deaths: ≥30 | Injuries: >1576 | |||||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 41 | |
| Deaths: ≥45 | Injuries: >510 | |||||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69 | 9 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 0 | >115 | |
| Deaths: ≥15 | Injuries: >113 | |||||||
| Date | F/EF# | Deaths | Injuries | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 7, 2009 | F4 | 4 | 74 | Guaraciaba(SC) |
Around 9 p.m., an extremely violent tornado caused total destruction, from houses to trees. It hit more than five communities in Guaraciaba, some of them with severe damage. One house was thrown more than 50 meters, with its residents inside, resulting in injuries. Another house was also thrown about 50 meters, with a woman inside, resulting in her death. A resident reported seeing his neighbor's cows spinning along with the funnel. A refrigerator was thrown more than 100 meters. Another resident had his house completely destroyed, with the debris falling more than 50 meters away. He was sucked into the tornado and thrown 70 meters, but survived. A house, partially made of wood and the rest of masonry, was lifted off the ground, with its residents displaced about 150 meters away. The resident of the house reported that even the floorboards were missing. Many houses were left with only the bathroom standing, and others were completely destroyed. The church was completely destroyed. Eucalyptus plantations of up to three hectares were wiped off the map. Trees were violently cut, snapped, and twisted, many uprooted. Poultry farms were completely destroyed. A photo was found 240 km away, in the municipality of Aratiba, Rio Grande do Sul. The tornado killed four people, injured more than 70, and was described as: "You can see the path of the tornado and how it destroyed everything in its path. It looks like television scenes, like wartime bombings. I've never seen anything like it before," reported the city's police chief after watching aerial footage. Furthermore, the tornado caused an estimated 160 million reais (R$ in 2009). Classified as an F3 by a meteorologist/researcher at the University of São Paulo (USP), however, there is consensus among meteorologists that it was a violent F4 tornado. In 2025, during an article about the favorable conditions for tornado formation in western Santa Catarina, a meteorologist classified it as an F4 or possibly F5, an opinion shared by many enthusiasts and some meteorologists. There is only one broad track in Guaraciaba, caused by one tornado, not three. The tornado emerged when the supercell was in an occlusion state, shortly after spawning the F4+ San Pedro tornado, in Argentina. The San Pedro tornado has damage consistent with that of an F5 tornado. [66] [67] [68] [32] [69] | ||||
| September 7, 2009 | FU | 0 | ~1 | Salto Veloso(SC) |
Severe tornado, damage to crops and forest areas, death of animals, destruction of some homes, 200 people affected, 3 homeless and 22 displaced. [5] [70] | ||||
| September 7, 2009 | FU | 0 | 25 | Santa Cecília(SC) |
A strong tornado affected 2,000 people, resulting in 50 homeless, 10 displaced, 60 displaced and 383 buildings severely damaged. [5] | ||||
| September 7, 2009 | FU | 0 | ~1 | Macieira(SC) |
A strong tornado caused damage to forested areas, tore off roofs, and damaged or destroyed over 50 homes, resulting in 6 people being homeless and 20 being displaced. [5] [71] | ||||
| September 7, 2009 | FU | 0 | ~14 | Primeiro de Maio(PR) |
A tornado uprooted dozens of eucalyptus trees and caused destruction during an event, injuring 14 people. [72] | ||||
| September 7, 2009 | FU | 0 | 0 | Echaporã,Platina(SP) |
The tornado caused large trees to fall, with some being uprooted, and also damaged vegetation, as confirmed by IPMET. [73] | ||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69 | 9 | 16 | 20 | 5 | ~2 | 0 | > 121 | |
| Deaths: ~36 | Injuries: >508 | |||||||
| FU | F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 112 | |
| Deaths: 1 | Injuries: >64 | |||||||
More information will be added soon, in addition to the inclusion of all states.
| State | Number of tornadoes | Area (km²) | Strongest rating | times |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo | ≥30 | 248,209 | F4 | 1991 |
| Paraná | ≥ 106 | 199,324 | F4 | 1959 and 1997 |
| Santa Catarina | ≥ 100 | 95,731 | F4 | 1948,1991 and 2009 |
| Rio Grande do Sul | ≥100 | 281,730 | F4 | 2005 and 2018 |
| Mato Grosso do Sul | ≥20 | 357,145 | F3+ | 1989 |
| January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of tornadoes | 36 | 22 | 21 | 22 | 50 | 36 | 18 | 16 | 40 | 31 | 39 | 25 |
| Max F/EF# | F2 | F2 | F2 | F3 | F4 [note 3] | F4 [note 4] | F3 [note 5] | F4 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F3 |
Requires signature.
Requires signature.
Preliminary study on the occurrence of a tornado in Campinas, São Paulo, based on meteorological and environmental evidence.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)