List of Mesozoic birds

Last updated

This list of Mesozoic birds is a comprehensive list of all Mesozoic dinosaurs that have been assigned to the clade Avialae (birds, in the broadest sense). The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered avialan. The list currently includes 263 genera.

Contents

Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of Mesozoic bird genera, but some of the more complete ones include Holtz's list of Mesozoic dinosaurs, [1] Molina-Perez & Larramendi's list of theropods, [2] and Mickey Mortimer's Theropod Database. [3] Lists of ex-birds are generally rare, but one example is the "Ex-Saurischian Taxa and Basal Saurischians" section of the Theropod Database. [4]

Authors and year

The authors column lists the authors of the formal description responsible for the erection of the genus listed. They are not necessarily the same as the authors of the type species, as sometimes a species from one genus is determined sufficiently distinct to warrant the erection of a new genus to house it. If this is the case, only the latter authors will be listed. The year column notes the year the genus' description was published.

Status

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Technical terms used include:

Age

The age column denotes the epoch of geologic time to which the fossils date. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid Mesozoic bird are listed as age N/A because there was never a time in which a Mesozoic bird by that generic name actually lived.

Location and notes

The location column designates the geographic region where remains of the relevant genus have been found. The regions used are countries, despite the fact that there were no political boundaries in Mesozoic times; they are only used for convenience. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid Mesozoic bird are listed as location N/A because there was never a place in which a Mesozoic bird by that generic name actually lived. The notes column is a collection of annotations on the scientific significance and taxonomic history of listed genera, as well as elaborations on the information presented in other columns.

List

GenusAuthorsYearStatusAgeLocationNotesImages
Abavornis [5] Panteleyev1998Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Aberratiodontus [6] Gong et al.2004Junior synonym Early Cretaceous China Junior synonym of Yanornis.
Abitusavis [7] Wang et al.2020Valid Early Cretaceous China
Alamitornis [8] Agonlin & Martinelli2009Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Alcmonavis [9] Rauhut et al.2019Valid Late Jurassic Germany
Alcmonavis holotype.png
Alethoalaornis Li et al.2007Valid Early Cretaceous China
Alexornis [10] Brodkorb1976Valid Late Cretaceous Mexico
Ambiortus Kurochkin1982Valid Early Cretaceous Mongolia
Ambopteryx [11] Wang et al.2019Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Ambopteryx restoration.png
Anatalavis Olson & Parris1987Valid Late Cretaceous United States
England
The type species is known from the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene border, while a referred species is from the Eocene.
Anchiornis [12] Xu et al.2009Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Anchiornis-Beijing Museum of Natural History.jpg
Angelinornis Kashin1972Junior synonym Late Cretaceous United States Junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Antarcticavis [13] Cordes-Person et al.2020Valid Late Cretaceous Antarctica
Apatornis Marsh1873Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Apatornis.jpg
Apsaravis [14] Norell & Clarke2001Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Archaeopteryx [15] Meyer1861Valid Late Jurassic Germany Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg
Archaeorhynchus [16] Zhou & Zhang2006Valid Early Cretaceous China
Archaeorhynchus-Paleozoological Museum of China.jpg
Archaeornis Petronievics1917Junior synonym Late Jurassic Germany Junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Archaeornithura [17] Wang et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Archaeornithura meemannae Holotype.jpg
Archaeovolans Czerkas & Xu2002Junior synonym Early Cretaceous China Junior synonym of Yanornis.
Asiahesperornis Nesov & Prizemlin1991Valid Late Cretaceous Kazakhstan
Asteriornis [18] Field et al.2020Valid Late Cretaceous Belgium
Asteriornis.svg
Aurornis [19] Godefroit et al.2013Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Aurornis.jpg
Austinornis [20] Clarke2004Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Avimaia [21] Bailleul et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Fossil-AvimaiaSchweitzeraeWithUnlaidEgg.jpg
Avisaurus [22] Brett-Surman & Paul1985Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Avisaurus and Brachychampsa by tomozsaurus.jpg
Balaur [23] Csiki et al.2010Valid Late Cretaceous Romania Originally (and sometimes still) thought to be a non-avialan theropod.
Balaur bondoc 1.jpg
Baptornis Marsh1877Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Marsh1880-193.jpg
Bauxitornis [24] Dyke & Ősi2010Valid Late Cretaceous Hungary
Bauxitornis.jpg
Beiguornis [25] Wang et al.2022Valid Early Cretaceous China
Bellulia Wang et al.2016aPreoccupiedN/AN/AName preoccupied by the moth Bellulia Fibiger 2008 and replaced by Bellulornis.
Bellulornis Wang et al.2016bValid Early Cretaceous China
Bohaiornis [26] Hu et al.2011Valid Early Cretaceous China
Bohaiornis skull reconstruction.png
Boluochia [27] Zhou1995Valid Early Cretaceous China
Bradycneme [28] Harrison & Walker1975MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; more likely a non-avialan theropod.
Brevidentavis [29] O'Connor et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous China
Brevirostruavis [30] Li et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous China
Brodavis [31] Martin et al.2012Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Mongolia
Caihong [32] Hu et al.2018Valid Late Jurassic China Considered to be a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Caihong skeleton.jpg
Camptodontornis [33] Demirjian2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Camptodontus [34] Li et al.2010PreoccupiedN/AN/AName preoccupied by the beetle Camptodontus Dejean, 1826 and replaced by Camptodontornis.
Canadaga [35] Hou1999Valid Late Cretaceous Canada
Castignovolucris [36] Buffetaut et al.2023Valid Late Cretaceous France
Catenoleimus [5] Panteleyev1998Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Cathayornis Zhou et al.1992Valid Early Cretaceous China
Cathayornis-Beijing Museum of Natural History.jpg
Ceramornis [37] Brodkorb1963Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Cerebavis [38] Kurochkin et al.2006Valid Late Cretaceous Russia
Changchengornis [39] Ji et al.1999Valid Early Cretaceous China
Changchengornis-Geological Museum of China.jpg
Changmaornis [40] Wang et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Changmaornis.png
Changzuiornis [41] Huang et al.2016Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possibly synonymous with Juehuaornis.
Chaoyangia Hou & Zhang1993Valid Early Cretaceous China
Chiappeavis [42] O'Connor et al.2016Valid Early Cretaceous China
Chongmingia [43] Wang et al.2016Valid Early Cretaceous China
Chupkaornis [44] Tanaka et al.2017Valid Late Cretaceous Japan
Cimoliornis Owen1846MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Cimolopteryx Marsh1892Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Cimolopteryx.jpg
Colonosaurus [45] Marsh1872Junior synonym Late Cretaceous United States Junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Concornis [46] Sanz & Buscalioni1992Valid Early Cretaceous Spain
Concornis lacustris 34.jpg
Confuciusornis [47] Hou et al.1995Valid Early Cretaceous China
Confuciusornis male.jpg
Coniornis Marsh1893Junior synonym Late Cretaceous United States Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
Cosesaurus [48] Ellenberger & de Villalta1974MisidentificationN/AN/ASometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor; actually a tanystropheid.
Cratoavis [49] Carvalho et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil
Cratonavis [50] Li et al.2023Valid Early Cretaceous China
Cretaaviculus Bazhanov1969Valid Late Cretaceous Kazakhstan
Cretornis [51] Fritsch1880MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Cruralispennia [52] Wang et al.2017Valid Early Cretaceous China
Ncomms14141-f1.jpg
Cuspirostrisornis [53] Hou1997Valid Early Cretaceous China
Dalianraptor Gao & Liu2005DisputedN/AN/ALikely a chimaera consisting of a Jeholornis and another theropod.
Dalingheornis [54] Zhang et al.2006Valid Early Cretaceous China
Dapingfangornis [55] Li et al.2006Valid Early Cretaceous China
Didactylornis [56] Yuan2008Junior synonym Early Cretaceous China Junior synonym of Sapeornis.
Dingavis [57] O'Connor et al.2016Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possibly synonymous with Changzuiornis and/or Juehuaornis.
Dunhuangia [58] Wang et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Elbretornis [59] Walker & Dyke2009Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina Possibly synonymous with Lectavis, Soroavisaurus and/or Yungavolucris.
Elektorornis [60] Xing et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous Myanmar
Elopteryx [61] Andrews1913MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; more likely to be a non-avialan theropod.
Elopteryx nopcsai bones.jpg
Elsornis [62] Chiappe et al.2007Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Enaliornis Seeley1876Valid Late Cretaceous England
Enantiophoenix [63] Cau & Arduini2008Valid Late Cretaceous Lebanon
Enantiornis [64] Walker1981Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Enantiornis.jpg
Eoalulavis [65] Sanz et al.1996Valid Early Cretaceous Spain
Eocathayornis [66] Zhou2002Valid Early Cretaceous China
Eoconfuciusornis [67] Zhang et al.2008Valid Early Cretaceous China
Eoconfuciusornis zhengi.jpg
Eoenantiornis [68] Hou et al.1999Valid Early Cretaceous China
Eoenantiornis-Paleozoological Museum of China.jpg
Eogranivora [69] Zheng et al.2018Valid Early Cretaceous China
Eogranivora edentulata.jpg
Eopengornis Wang et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Eosinopteryx [70] Godefroit et al.2013Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Eosinopteryx.jpg
Epidendrosaurus [71] Zhang et al.2002Junior synonym Late Jurassic China Possible synonym of Scansoriopteryx.
Epidexipteryx [72] Zhang et al.2008Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Epidexipteryx hui slab.jpg
Eurolimnornis [73] Kessler & Jurcsák1986MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a pterodactyloid pterosaur.
Evgenavis [74] O'Connor et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous Russia
Explorornis [5] Panteleyev1998Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Falcatakely [75] O'Connor et al.2020Valid Late Cretaceous Madagascar
Feitianius [76] O'Connor et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Flexomornis [77] Tykoski & Fiorillo2010Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Fortipesavis [78] Clark & O'Connor2021Valid Early Cretaceous Myanmar
Fortunguavis [79] Wang et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Fujianvenator [80] Xu et al.2023Valid Late Jurassic China Found within the family Anchiornithidae, which may represent non-avialan dinosaurs
Fukuipteryx [81] Imai et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous Japan
Reconstructions and restoration. a-c Skeletal reconstructions of FPDM-V-9769 in cranial (a), dorsal (b), and left-lateral (c) views. d Life restoration of Fukuipteryx prima.webp
Fumicollis [82] Bell & Chiappe2015Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Gallornis Lambrecht1931Valid Early Cretaceous France
Gansus [83] Hou & Liu1984Valid Early Cretaceous China
Gansus-Beijing Museum of Natural History.jpg
Gargantuavis [84] Buffetaut & Le Loeuff1998Valid Late Cretaceous France
Spain
Romania
Gargantuavis holotype pelvis.jpg
Gettyia [85] Atterholt et al.2018Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Gobipipus [86] Kurochkin & Chatterjee2013Valid Early Cretaceous Mongolia Very similar to embryonic Gobipteryx.
Gobipteryx [87] Elżanowski1994Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Grabauornis [88] Dalsätt et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Gracilornis [89] Li & Hou2011Valid Early Cretaceous China
Graculavus Marsh1872Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Gretcheniao Chiappe et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Griphornis Woodward1862Junior synonym Late Jurassic Germany Name officially rejected in favor of Archaeopteryx.
Griphosaurus Wagner1862Junior synonym Late Jurassic Germany Name officially rejected in favor of Archaeopteryx.
Guildavis [20] Clarke2004Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Gurilynia [90] Kurochkin1999Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Halimornis [91] Chiappe2002Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Hargeria Lucas1903Junior synonym Late Cretaceous United States Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
"Hebeiornis" [92] Xu et al.1999Nomen nudumN/AN/ASynonym of Vescornis due to being based on the same holotype. However, despite predating the description of Vescornis by five years, its description is so poor that it is regarded as a nomen nudum and a synonym.
Heptasteornis [28] Harrison & Walker1975MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; more likely a non-avialan theropod.
Hesperornis Marsh1872Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Canada
Russia
Hesperornis regalis (1).jpg
Holbotia [93] Zelenkov & Averianov2015Valid Early Cretaceous Mongolia
Hollanda [94] Bell et al.2010Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Hollanda luceria 2021.jpg
Hongshanornis [95] Zhou & Zhang2005Valid Early Cretaceous China
Fossil specimen (DNHM D2945 6) of Hongshanornis longicresta.jpg
Horezmavis Nessov & Borkin1983Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Houornis [96] Wang & Liu2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Huoshanornis [97] Wang et al.2010Valid Early Cretaceous China
Iaceornis [20] Clarke2004Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Iberomesornis [98] Sanz & Bonaparte1992Valid Early Cretaceous Spain
Iberomesornis.jpg
Ichthyornis Marsh1873Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Ichthyornis Clean.png
Ilerdopteryx Lacasa-Ruiz1985Valid Early Cretaceous Spain
Imparavis [99] Wang et al.2024Valid Early Cretaceous China
Incolornis [5] Panteleyev1998Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Intiornis [100] Novas et al.2010Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Intiornis holotype left foot.png
Iteravis Zhou et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Janavis [101] Benito et al.2022Valid Late Cretaceous Belgium
Jeholornis [102] Zhou et al.2002Valid Early Cretaceous China
Jeholornis-Paleozoological Museum of China.jpg
Jianchangornis [103] Zhou et al.2009Valid Early Cretaceous China
Jibeinia [53] Hou1997Valid Early Cretaceous China
Jinfengopteryx [104] Ji et al.2005MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a non-avian dinosaur.
Jinguofortis [105] Wang et al.2018Valid Early Cretaceous China
Type specimen of Jinguofortis perplexu.jpg
Jinzhouornis Hou et al.2002Junior synonym Early Cretaceous China Junior synonym of Confuciusornis.
Jiuquanornis [40] Wang et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Jiuquanornis.png
Jixiangornis [106] Ji et al.2002Valid Early Cretaceous China
Jixiangornis orientalis.JPG
Judinornis Nessov & Borkin1983Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Juehuaornis [107] Wang et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Junornis [108] Liu et al.2017Valid Early Cretaceous China
Junornis.PNG
Jurapteryx Howgate1984Junior synonym Late Jurassic Germany Junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Kaririavis [109] Carvalho et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil
Khinganornis [110] Wang et al.2020Valid Early Cretaceous China
Kizylkumavis [111] Nessov1984Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Kompsornis [112] Wang et al.2020Valid Early Cretaceous China
Kookne Novas et al.2019Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Kuszholia [113] Nesov1992Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Lamarqueavis [114] Agnolin2010Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
United States
Canada
Laopteryx [115] Marsh1881MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Laornis [116] Marsh1870Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Largirostrornis [53] Hou1997Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possible synonym of Cathayornis.
Lectavis [117] Chiappe1993Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Lenesornis [118] Kurochkin1996Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Lestornis [119] Marsh1876Junior synonym Late Cretaceous United States Junior synonym of Hesperornis.
Liaoningornis [120] Hou1996Valid Early Cretaceous China
Liaoxiornis [121] Hou & Chen1999Valid Early Cretaceous China
Liaoxiornis delicatus.jpg
Limenavis [122] Clarke & Chiappe2001Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Limnornis [123] Kessler & Jurcsak1984MisidentificationN/AN/AName preoccupied by the ovenbird Limnornis Gould 1839 and replaced by Palaeocursornis. Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Lingyuanornis [124] Ji & Ji1999Junior synonymN/AN/AJunior synonym of Liaoxiornis as it is based on the same holotype.
Linyiornis [125] Wang et al.2016Valid Early Cretaceous China
Lisboasaurus [126] Seiffert1970MisidentificationN/AN/ASometimes proposed to be a bird; actually a crocodilian.
Lonchodytes [37] Brodkorb1963Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Longchengornis [53] Hou1997Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possible synonym of Cathayornis.
Longicrusavis [127] O'Connor et al.2010Valid Early Cretaceous China
Longipteryx [128] Zhang et al.2001Valid Early Cretaceous China
Longipteryx-Beijing Museum of Natural History.jpg
Longirostravis [129] Hou et al.2004Valid Early Cretaceous China
Longirostravis-Tianjin Natural History Museum.jpg
Longisquama [130] Sharov1970MisidentificationN/AN/ASometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor; actually an indeterminate reptile.
Longusunguis [131] Wang et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Longusunguis skull.png
Maaqwi [132] McLachlan et al.2017Valid Late Cretaceous Canada
Martinavis [133] Walker et al.2007Valid Late Cretaceous France
Argentina
Meemannavis [29] O'Connor et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous China
Megalancosaurus [134] Calzavara et al.1980MisidentificationN/AN/ASometimes proposed to be a bird ancestor, but actually a drepanosaurid.
Mengciusornis [135] Wang et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Microenantiornis Wei & Li2017Valid Early Cretaceous China
Mirarce [85] Atterholt et al.2018Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Mirarce eatoni.jpg
Mirusavis [136] Wang et al.2020Valid Early Cretaceous China
Monoenantiornis [137] Hu & O'Connor2016Valid Early Cretaceous China
Musivavis [138] Wang et al.2022Valid Early Cretaceous China
Mystiornis [139] Kurochkin et al.2011Valid Early Cretaceous Russia
Nanantius [140] Molnar1986Valid Early Cretaceous Australia
Neimengornis [141] Wang et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous China
Neogaeornis [142] Lambrecht1929Valid Late Cretaceous Chile
Neuquenornis [143] Chiappe & Calvo1994Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Noguerornis [144] Lacasa-Ruiz1989Valid Early Cretaceous Spain
Novacaesareala Parris & Hope2002Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Oculudentavis [145] Xing et al.2020MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; reinterpreted as an indeterminate lizard.
Omnivoropteryx [146] Czerkas & Ji2002Valid Early Cretaceous China
Orienantius Liu et al.2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Ostromia [147] Foth & Rauhut2017Valid Late Jurassic Germany Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Ostromia crassipes Teylers 1.jpg
Otogornis Hou1994Valid Early Cretaceous China
Palaeocursornis [73] Kessler & Jurcsak1986MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Palaeonornis Emmons1857MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a junior synonym of the phytosaur Rutiodon . [4]
Palaeopteryx Jensen1981MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; more likely a non-avian theropod.
Palaeornis Mantell1844MisidentificationN/AN/AName preoccupied by the parrot Palaeornis Vigors 1825. Originally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Palaeotringa Marsh1870Valid Late Cretaceous United States May be Paleocene.
Palintropus [148] Brodkorb1970Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Canada
Parabohaiornis [131] Wang et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Parahesperornis [149] Martin1984Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Skeleton of Parahesperornis alexi.jpg
Parahongshanornis [150] Li et al.2011Valid Early Cretaceous China
Parapengornis [151] Hu et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Parapengornis eurycaudatus holotype.PNG
Paraprotopteryx [152] Zheng et al.2007Valid Early Cretaceous China
Parascaniornis Lambrecht1933Junior synonym Late Cretaceous Sweden Junior synonym of Baptornis.
Parvavis [153] Wang et al.2014Valid Late Cretaceous China
Parvavis.jpg
Pasquiaornis [154] Tokaryk et al.1997Valid Late Cretaceous Canada
Patagopteryx [155] Alvarenga & Bonaparte1992Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Patagopteryx skeleton.jpg
Pedopenna [156] Xu & Zhang2005Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Pelagornis Seeley1866PreoccupiedN/AN/ANamed preoccupied by the Miocene bird Pelagornis Lartet 1857 and replaced by Enaliornis.
Pengornis [157] Zhou et al.2008Valid Early Cretaceous China
Piksi [158] Varricchio2002MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a pterodactyloid pterosaur.
Piscivoravis [159] Zhou et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Piscivoravis sketch.jpg
Piscivorenantiornis [160] Wang & Zhou2017Valid Early Cretaceous China
Platanavis [113] Nesov1992Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Plegadornis Wetmore1962PreoccupiedN/AN/AName preoccupied by the modern bird Plegadornis Brehm 1855; junior synonym of Ichthyornis.
Polarornis [161] Chatterjee2002Valid Late Cretaceous Antarctica
Potamornis [162] Elzanowski et al.2001Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Praeornis [163] Rautian1978Valid Late Jurassic Kazakhstan
Priscavolucris [164] Gomez Pallerola1979MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; reinterpreted as a hybodontiform fish. [165]
"Proornis"Lim1993Nomen nudumN/AN/A
"Proornis coreae" fossils on display.jpg
Protarchaeopteryx [166] Ji & Ji1997MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a non-avian dinosaur.
Protoavis [167] Chatterjee1991MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; more likely a chimaera of several vertebrates.
Protopteryx [168] Zhang & Zhou2000Valid Early Cretaceous China
Protopteryx fengningensis (BMNHC Ph1060A) NMNS.jpg
Pterodactylus [169] Rafinesque1815MisidentificationN/AN/ASometimes thought to be a bird before being described as a pterosaur.
Pterygornis [170] Wang et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Qiliania [171] Ji et al.2011Valid Early Cretaceous China
Rahona [172] Forster et al.1998aPreoccupiedN/AN/AName preoccupied by the moth Rahona Griveaud 1975 and replaced by Rahonavis.
Rahonavis [173] Forster et al.1998bValid Late Cretaceous Madagascar Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Maniraptoran ROM.jpg
Rapaxavis [174] Morschhauser et al.2009Valid Early Cretaceous China
Rapaxavis.jpg
Rhamphorhynchus [175] Meyer1846MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally thought to be a bird before being described as a pterosaur.
Samrukia [176] Naish et al.2012MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally described as a bird; actually a pterosaur.
Sapeornis [177] Zhou & Zhang2002Valid Early Cretaceous China
Sapeornis chaoyangensis NMNS.jpg
Sazavis [178] Nesov1989Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan
Scansoriopteryx [179] Czerkas & Yuan2002Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni.jpg
Schizooura [180] Zhou et al.2012Valid Early Cretaceous China
Serikornis [181] Lefèvre et al.2017Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Serikornis snout tip.jpg
Shangyang Wang & Zhou2019Valid Early Cretaceous China
Shanweiniao [182] O'Connor et al.2009Valid Early Cretaceous China
Shanweiniao cooperorum.jpg
Shengjingornis [183] Li et al.2012Valid Early Cretaceous China
Shenqiornis [184] Wang et al.2010Valid Early Cretaceous China
Shenshiornis [185] Hu2010Junior synonym Early Cretaceous China Junior synonym of Sapeornis.
Shenzhouraptor [186] Ji et al.2002Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possible synonym of Jeholornis.
Similiyanornis [7] Wang et al.2020Valid Early Cretaceous China
Sinornis [187] Sereno & Rao1992Valid Early Cretaceous China
Sinornis-Beijing Museum of Natural History.jpg
Songlingornis [53] Hou1997Valid Early Cretaceous China
Soroavisaurus [188] Chiappe1993Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Struthiosaurus [189] Bunzel1871MisidentificationN/AN/AOriginally thought to be a bird; actually an ankylosaurian dinosaur.
"Styginetta"Stidham2001Nomen nudumN/AN/AObscure; named in a thesis.
Sulcavis [190] O'Connor et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Sulcavis skull.png
Telmatornis Marsh1870Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Teviornis [191] Kurochkin et al.2002Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia
Tianyuornis [192] Zheng et al.2014Valid Early Cretaceous China
Tingmiatornis [193] Bono et al.2016Valid Late Cretaceous Canada
Tingmiatornis-3.jpg
Torotix [37] Brodkorb1963Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Tytthostonyx [194] Olson & Parris1987Valid Late Cretaceous United States
Vegavis [195] Clarke et al.2005Valid Late Cretaceous Antarctica
Vegavis restoration.jpg
Vescornis [196] Zhang et al.2004Disputed Early Cretaceous China Possible junior synonym of Jibeinia.
Volgavis [178] Nessov & Yarkov1989Valid Late Cretaceous Russia
Vorona [197] Forster et al.1996Valid Late Cretaceous Madagascar
Wasaibpanchi Malkani2021Disputed Late Cretaceous Pakistan Publication status uncertain.
Wellnhoferia [198] Elżanowski2001Disputed Late Jurassic Germany Possible junior synonym of Archaeopteryx.
Eichstatt Wellnhoferia grandis.jpg
Wyleyia [199] Harrison & Walker1973Valid Early Cretaceous England
Xiangornis [200] Hu et al.2012Valid Early Cretaceous China
Xinghaiornis [201] Wang et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Xiaotingia [202] Xu et al.2011Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Xiaotingia fossil.jpg
Yandangornis [203] Cai & Zhao1999Valid Late Cretaceous China
Yandangornis longicaudus.jpg
Yangavis [204] Wang et al.2018Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yanornis [205] Zhou & Zhang2001Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yanornis STM9-52.jpg
Yatenavis [206] Herrera et al.2022Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Yi [207] Xu et al.2015Valid Late Jurassic China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Yi qi fossil.jpg
Yixianornis Zhou & Zhang2001Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yixianornis-Paleozoological Museum of China.jpg
Yixianosaurus [208] Xu & Wang2003Valid Early Cretaceous China Considered a non-avialan theropod by some researchers.
Yixianosaurus slab diagram (png).png
Yuanchuavis [209] Wang et al.2021Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yuanchuavis kompsosoura.png
Yuanjiawaornis [210] Hu et al.2015Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yumenornis [40] Wang et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Yumenornis.png
Yungavolucris [211] Chiappe1993Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina
Yungavolucris holotype tarsometatarsus.png
Yuornis [212] Xu et al.2021Valid Late Cretaceous China
Zhongjianornis [213] Zhou et al.2010Valid Early Cretaceous China
Zhongornis [214] Gao et al.2008Valid Early Cretaceous China
Zhouornis [215] Zhang et al.2013Valid Early Cretaceous China
Zhouornis hani.png
Zhylgaia [216] Nessov1988Valid Late Cretaceous Kazakhstan Dating is uncertain; may be Late Cretaceous or Paleogene.
Zhyraornis [111] Nessov1984Valid Late Cretaceous Uzbekistan

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enantiornithes</span> Extinct clade of dinosaurs

The Enantiornithes, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct avialans, the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. Almost all retained teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds externally. Over eighty species of Enantiornithes have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so it is likely that not all are valid. The Enantiornithes became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, along with Hesperornithes and all other non-avian dinosaurs.

<i>Yanornis</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Yanornis is an extinct genus of fish-eating Early Cretaceous birds. Two species have been described, both from Liaoning province, China: Yanornis martini, based on several fossils found in the 120-million-year-old Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang, and Yanornis guozhangi, from the 124-million-year-old Yixian Formation.

<i>Gansus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Gansus is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Aptian age of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) period in what are now Gansu and Liaoning provinces, western China. The rock layers from which their fossils have been recovered are dated to 120 million years ago. It was first described in 1984 on the basis of an isolated left leg. It is the oldest-known member of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as Ichthyornis and Hesperornithes.

The Xiagou Formation is the middle strata of the Xinminbao Group. It is named for its type site in Xiagou, in the Changma Basin of Gansu Province, northwestern China and is considered Early Cretaceous in age. It is known outside the specialized world of Chinese geology as the site of a Lagerstätte in which the fossils were preserved of Gansus yumenensis, the earliest true modern bird.

<i>Longipteryx</i> Genus of birds

Longipteryx is a genus of prehistoric bird which lived during the Early Cretaceous. It contains a single species, Longipteryx chaoyangensis. Its remains have been recovered from the Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang in Liaoning Province, China. Apart from the holotype IVPP V 12325 - a fine and nearly complete skeleton — another entire skeleton and some isolated bones are known to date.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornithothoraces</span> Clade of dinosaurs

Ornithothoraces is a group of avialan dinosaurs that includes all enantiornithes and the euornithes, which includes modern birds and their closest ancestors. The name Ornithothoraces means "bird thoraxes". This refers to the modern, highly advanced anatomy of the thorax that gave the ornithothoracines superior flight capability compared with more primitive avialans. This anatomy includes a large, keeled breastbone, elongated coracoids and a modified glenoid joint in the shoulder, and a semi-rigid rib cage. In spite of this at least the sternum seems to have developed convergently rather than being a true homology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygostylia</span> Clade of dinosaurs

Pygostylia is a group of avialans which includes the Confuciusornithidae and all of the more advanced species, the Ornithothoraces.

The Jiufotang Formation is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms. It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. New uranium-lead dates reveal the formation is deposited in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.

<i>Protopteryx</i> Extinct genus of birds

Protopteryx is an extinct bird and possibly the basalmost enantiornithean, from the Cretaceous period. The type species is P. fengningensis. It was first discovered in the Sichakou Member of the Yixian Formation or Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province, northern China, dating from 131 Ma ago. Protopteryx has been found in the Daibeigou formation, as well. The name Protopteryx means "primitive feather": "proto-" meaning "the first of" and "-pteryx" meaning "feather" or "wing." The name comes from the fact that Protopteryx feathers are more primitive than those of modern birds, such as the two elongated tail feathers that lack barbs and rami.

<i>Shanweiniao</i> Extinct genus of birds

Shanweiniao is a genus of long-snouted enantiornithean birds from Early Cretaceous China. One species is known, Shanweiniao cooperorum. There is one known fossil, a slab and counterslab. The fossil is in the collection of the Dalian Natural History Museum, and has accession number DNHM D1878/1 and DNHM1878/2. It was collected from the Lower Cretaceous Dawangzhengzi Beds, middle Yixian Formation, from Lingyuan in the Liaoning Province, China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation</span> Geological formation in China

The Yixian Formation is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans about 1.6 million years during the early Cretaceous period. It is known for its fossils, listed below.

Hongshanornithidae is an extinct group of early ornithuromorph birds from the early Cretaceous period of China. It includes the genera Hongshanornis and Tianyuornis from the Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia, Longicrusavis from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Parahongshanornis from the Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, and Archaeornithura, the oldest known member, from the Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longipterygidae</span> Extinct family of dinosaurs

Longipterygidae is a family of early enantiornithean avialans from the Early Cretaceous epoch of China. All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and Yixian Formation, dating to the early Aptian age, 125-120 million years ago.

<i>Bohaiornis</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Bohaiornis is a genus of enantiornithean dinosaurs. Fossils have been found from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China. The only known species, Bohaiornis guoi, was named by Dongyu Hu, Li Li, Lianhaim Hou and Xing Xu in 2011 on the basis of a fully articulated and well-preserved skeleton of a sub-adult. This specimen, LPM B00167, preserved two long, ribbon-like feathers attached to the tail rather than a fan of shorter pennaceous feathers. It was similar to the slightly older Eoenantiornis, but much larger in size. Bohaiornis is the type species of Bohaiornithidae, a family of large predatory enantiornitheans from the Early Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bohaiornithidae</span> Extinct family of dinosaurs

Bohaiornithidae is a group of early predatory enantiornithean dinosaurs from the early Cretaceous Period of China. All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and Yixian Formation, dating to the early Aptian age, 125–120 million years ago. Bohaiornithidae was first coined by Wang and colleagues in 2014. They defined it as the natural group formed by all descendants of the common ancestor of the type species, Bohaiornis guoi, and Shenqiornis mengi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luis M. Chiappe</span> Argentine paleontologist (born 1962)

Luis María Chiappe is an Argentine paleontologist born in Buenos Aires who is best known for his discovery of the first sauropod nesting sites in the badlands of Patagonia in 1997 and for his work on the origin and early evolution of Mesozoic birds. He is currently the Vice President of Research and Collections at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and director of the museum's Dinosaur Institute. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the American Museum of Natural History, New York after immigrating from Argentina. Chiappe is currently the curator of the award winning Dinosaur Hall at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, an adjunct professor at the University of Southern California, BBC advisor and author of scientific and popular books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pengornithidae</span> Extinct family of birds

Pengornithidae is a group of early enantiornithines from the early Cretaceous Period of China, with the putative member Falcatakely possibly extending this clade's range into the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, and several putative pengornithids also hail from this formation. Specimens of these animals have been found both in the Huajiying Formation and Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning and Hebei provinces, dating from the Hauterivian age to the Aptian age.

<i>Parapengornis</i> Extinct genus of birds

Parapengornis is an extinct genus of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of what is now China. The holotype specimen was discovered in the Jiufotang Formation near Lingyuan, western Liaoning province, and was catalogued as IVPP V18687. The nearly complete, articulated specimen is preserved on a slab and has impressions of pennaceous feathers. Only parts of the sternum, the left hand, and right foot are missing. In 2015, it became the basis of the new genus and species Parapengornis eurycaudatus, named by the Chinese palaeontologists Han Hu, Jingmai K. O’Connor, and Zhonghe Zhou. The generic name consists of the Latin word para and the name of the related genus Pengornis, indicating their close relationship. The name Pengornis is itself derived from "Peng", a mythological bird from Chinese folklore, and ornis, which means bird in Greek. The specific name is derived from the Latin words eury, meaning broad, and caudatus, meaning tail, in reference to the broad and expanded pygostyle. A nearly complete specimen formerly assigned to Pengornis was also reassigned to Parapengornis by these authors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jingmai O'Connor</span> American paleontologist

Jingmai Kathleen O'Connor is a paleontologist who works as a curator at the Field Museum.

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