List of antidepressants

This is a complete list of clinically approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants or mood stabilizers, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include:

• Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil)
• Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
• Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Faverin)
• Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
• Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Indalpine (Upstene)
• Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid)

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include:

• Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
• Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
• Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
• Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Milnaneurax)
• Venlafaxine (Effexor, Trevilor)

Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRIs)

Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:

None currently marketed

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl)

Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)

Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:

• Toludesvenlafaxine (Ruoxinlin)
• Nefazodone (Serzone) ^[1]

Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)

Serotonin modulators and stimulators include:

• Vilazodone (Viibryd)
• Vortioxetine (Trintellix, Brintellix)

Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors include:

• Nefazodone (Dutonin, Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in most countries
• Trazodone (Desyrel)

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include:

• Reboxetine (Edronax)
• Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – also a 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist
• Viloxazine (Qelbree, formerly Vivalan) – also a 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist

Off-label only

• Atomoxetine (Strattera) ^{[2] [3] [4] [5]}

Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)

Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:

• Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Elontril) – also a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ^[6]

Off-label only

• Amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse) – actually norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs) ^{[7] [5]}
• Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) ^{[8] [9]}

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Amineptine (Survector, Maneon)
• Nomifensine (Merital, Alival)

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Tricyclic antidepressants include:

• Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
• Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
• Amoxapine (Asendin)
• Clomipramine (Anafranil)
• Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
• Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
• Dimetacrine (Istonil)
• Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
• Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
• Imipramine (Tofranil)
• Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
• Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
• Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
• Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
• Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
• Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
• Protriptyline (Vivactil)
• Trimipramine (Surmontil)

Opipramol (Insidon), tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil) and amineptine (discontinued; formerly Survector, Maneon) are chemically TCAs but are pharmacodynamically atypical, and are therefore grouped elsewhere.

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Butriptyline (Evadyne)
• Demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran)
• Fluacizine (Phtorazisin)
• Imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin)
• Iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran)
• Metapramine (Timaxel)
• Propizepine (Depressin, Vagran)
• Quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril)
• Tiazesim (Altinil) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant
• Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant

Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)

Tetracyclic antidepressants include:

• Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
• Mianserin (Tolvon)
• Mirtazapine (Remeron)
• Setiptiline (Tecipul)

Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors include

Irreversible

Non-selective

• Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
• Phenelzine (Nardil)
• Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Benmoxin (Neuralex)
• Iproclozide (Sursum)
• Iproniazid (Marsilid)
• Mebanazine (Actomol)
• Nialamide (Niamid)
• Octamoxin (Ximaol)
• Pheniprazine (Catron)
• Phenoxypropazine (Drazine)
• Pivhydrazine (Tersavid)
• Safrazine (Safra)

Selective for MAO-B

• Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam) – also a catecholaminergic activity enhancer and weak norepinephrine releasing agent (via metabolites)

Reversible

Non-selective

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil)

Selective for MAO-A

• Metralindole (Inkazan)
• Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
• Pirlindole (Pirazidol)

These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).

Discontinued/withdrawn

• Eprobemide (Befol)
• Minaprine (Brantur, Cantor)
• Toloxatone (Humoryl)

Mixed

Non-selective

• Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI

Atypical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics include:

• Amisulpride (Solian) – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for persistent depression and major depressive disorder ^[10]
• Levosulpiride – approved in low doses for major depressive disorder ^[11]
• Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
• Sulpiride – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for major depressive disorder ^[12]

Others

Marketed

• D-Phenylalanine (DPA, D-Phe; Deprenon, Sabiben, Sabiden) – enkephalinase inhibitor
• Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist
• Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; Zulresso) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator – approved for postpartum depression
• Esketamine (Spravato) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions ^[13]
• Gepirone (Exxua) – 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist
• Opipramol (Insidon) — σ₁ receptor agonist, other actions
• Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil, Tianeurax) – weak and atypical μ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions

Off-label only

• Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist ^[14]

Discontinued/withdrawn

• α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
• Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
• Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
• Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_2A, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist
• Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

Over-the-counter

The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:

• Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
• Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
• Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
• Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis

Adjunctive treatments

Atypical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics include:

• Aripiprazole (Abilify) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
• Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
• Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant or mood stabilizer for major depression and bipolar depression

Off-label only

• Risperidone (Risperdal)

Typical antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics include:

None currently approved

Off-label only

• Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) ^[15]

Dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:

None currently approved

Off-label only

• Modafinil (Provigil) ^{[16] [17] [18] [19]}
• Armodafinil (Nuvigil)

Others

Off-label only

• Buspirone (Buspar) – 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist
• Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (mechanism of action unknown/unclear)
• Thyroxine (T₄) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
• Triiodothyronine (T₃) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)

Combination products

• Amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide (Limbitrol) – TCA and benzodiazepine combination
• Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
• Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, σ₁ receptor agonist, SNRI, NDRI, other actions
• Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
• Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression and treatment-resistant depression
• Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination

See also

• List of investigational antidepressants

References

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