List of investigational antidepressants

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of investigational antidepressants, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of depression but are not yet approved. Specific indications include major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, and postpartum depression, among others.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

This list was last comprehensively updated in August 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• Buprenorphine/samidorphan (ALKS-5461) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, δ-opioid receptor antagonist, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination – New Drug Application (NDA) rejected in 2019, no updates since 2021 ^{[1] [2]}

Phase 3

• Aticaprant (AVTX-501; CERC-501; JNJ-3964; JNJ-67953964; LY-2456302) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[3]
• CYB003 (CYB-003; deuterated psilocybin analogue) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}
• Cycloserine/lurasidone (Cyclurad; NRX-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist and atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) combination ^[8]
• Esmethadone (dextromethadone; REL-1017) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and other actions ^[9]
• Ketamine (HTX-100; NRX-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[10]
• Navacaprant (BTRX-140; BTRX-335140; CYM-53093; NMRA-140; NMRA-335140) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[11]
• Pimavanserin (ACP-103; BVF-048; Nuplazid) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist or inverse agonist ^[12]
• Psilocybin (COMP-360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[13] [14]}
• Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922; JNJ-7922; MIN-202) – orexin OX₂ receptor antagonist ^[15]
• SEP-4199 (non-racemic amisulpride; aramisulpride/esamisulpride [85:15 ratio]) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist) ^[16]
• SNG-12 (Synapsinae) – glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor ^[17]
• Solriamfetol (Sunosi; JZP-110; SKLN05; ARL-N05; YKP-10A; R-228060; ADX-N05) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^{[18] [19] [20]}
• Ulotaront (SEP-363856; SEP-856) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[21]

Phase 2/3

• PRAX-114 – extrasynaptic GABA_A receptor-preferring positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[22]

Phase 2

• 4-Chlorokynurenine (4-CL-KYN; AV-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist and kynurenine modulator ^[23]
• Ademetionine (MSI-190; MSI-195; S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine; Sam-E; SAMe; Strada) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis ^[24]
• ALTO-100 (NSI-189) – unknown mechanism of action (hippocampal neurogenesis stimulant and indirect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulator) ^{[25] [26]}
• ALTO-203 – histamine H₃ receptor agonist ^[27]
• Apimostinel (AGN-241660; GATE-202; NRX-1074) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist ^[28]
• Arketamine ((R)-ketamine; PCN-101) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[29]
• Azetukalner (1OP-2198; Encukalner; VRX-621698; XEN-1101; XPF-008) – KCNQ potassium channel agonist ^[30]
• BHV-7000 (BPN-25203; KB-3061) – KCNQ2 potassium channel stimulant ^[31]
• BI-1358894 – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor ^{[32] [33]}
• Brezivaptan (ANC-501; THY-1773; TS-1211; TS-121) – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[34]
• Centanafadine (CTN; EB-1020) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[35]
• Deudextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-786; CTP-786; d-DM/Q; d6-DM/Q; deuterated dextromethorphan/ultra-low-dose quinidine) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination ^[36]
• Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; BMND-01; BMND-02; BMND-03) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[37]
• Emestedastat (UE-2343; Xanamem) – 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor (glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor) ^[38]
• Esketamine (CLE-100) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[39]
• FKB-01MD (FKB01MD; TGBA-01AD; TGBA01AD) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1D receptor modulator, and serotonin 5-HT₂ receptor agonist ^[40]
• GM-1020 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^{[41] [42]}
• GM-2505 – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, psychedelic hallucinogen, and serotonin releasing agent ^[43]
• Itruvone (PH-10; PH-10A; PH10-NS) – chemoreceptor cell stimulant, vomeropherine, and neurosteroid ^[44]
• JNJ-54175446 (JNJ-5446) – purinergic P2X₇ receptor antagonist ^[45]
• JNJ-55308942 – purinergic P2X₇ receptor antagonist ^[46]
• Ketamine (extended-release; R-107; R107) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[47]
• Ketamine (intranasal; Ereska; PMI-100; PMI-150; SLS-002; TUR-002) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[48]
• Ketamine (prolonged-release oral; KET-01) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[49]
• Liafensine (BMS-820836; DB-104) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[50]
• Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) – norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent ^[51]
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; MB-22001) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[52]
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; BPL-002; BPL-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[53]
• Mifepristone (Mifeprex; RU-38486; RU-486) – progesterone receptor antagonist, glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, and androgen receptor antagonist ^[54]
• NBI-1070770 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[55]
• NORA-520 (brexanolone prodrug) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[56]
• Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNTA; Botox; Botulinum toxin A injectable; GSK-1358820; OnabotA X; onabotulinumtoxinA X; Vistabel; Vistabex) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent ^[57]
• Onfasprodil (CAD-9271; MIJ-821; MIJ821) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[58]
• OPC-64005 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[59]
• Osavampator (TAK-653; NBI-1065845; NBI-845) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[60]
• OSU-6162 (PNU-9639; PNU-96391; PNU-96391A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist (non-hallucinogenic), dopamine D₂ receptor partial agonist, and sigma σ₁ receptor ligand (so-called "monoaminergic stabilizer") ^{[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]}
• PDC-1421 (ABV-1504; ABV-1505; ABV-1601; BLI-1005) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[68]
• Pegipanermin (DN-TNF; INB-03; LIVNate; Quellor; XENP-1595; XENP-345; XPro-1595; XPro595; XPro) – tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor ^[69]
• Pramipexole (CTC-413; CTC-501) – dopamine D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptor agonist ^[70]
• Pregnenolone methyl ether (3β-methoxypregnenolone; MAP-4343) – microtubule-associated protein (MAP) stimulant and tubulin polymerization promoter ^[71]
• Ralmitaront (RG-7906; RO-6889450) – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[72]
• RE-104 (FT-104; 4-HO-DiPT/iprocin prodrug) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[73]
• Rislenemdaz (AVTX-301; CERC-301; MK-0657) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[74]
• Ropanicant (SUVN-911) – α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ^[75]
• SP-624 – sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) stimulant ^[76]
• SPN-820 (NV-5138; SPN-821) – sestrin2 modulator and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulant ^[77]
• Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215; JNJ-3215) – orexin OX₁ receptor antagonist ^[78]
• Tildacerfont (SPR-001; LY-2371712) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[79]
• Tramadol (controlled-release; ETS-6103; ETX-6103; Viotra) – μ-opioid receptor agonist, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, and other actions ^[80]
• TS-161 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[81]
• Zelquistinel (AGN-241751; GATE-251) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor partial positive allosteric modulator ^[82]

Phase 1/2

• PT-00114 (PT100114) – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[83]

Phase 1

• ABX-002 (LL-340001 prodrug) – thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonist ^{[84] [85]}
• Agomelatine (ALTO-300; agomelatine 25 mg formulation) – serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^{[84] [86]}
• BI-1569912 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[87]
• BRII-296 (extended-release injectable aqueous suspension formulation of brexanolone) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^{[87] [88]}
• Brilaroxazine (RP-5000; RP-5063) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[89]
• Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101) – serotonin precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor combination ^[90]
• Crisdesalazine (AAD-2004) – microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitor ^[91]
• DGX-001 – gut–brain axis modulator ^{[92] [93]}
• Dimethyltryptamine (N,N-dimethyltryptamine; DMT; N,N-DMT; VLS-01) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[94]
• DLX-001 (DLX-1; AAZ; AAZ-A-154) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist ^{[95] [96]}
• DSP-3456 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[92]
• Ebselen (DR-3305; Harmokisane; PZ-51; SPI-1005; SPI-3005) – multiple mechanisms of action ^[97]
• Icalcaprant (CVL-354) – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[98]
• KAR-2618 (GFB-887) – transient receptor potential cation TRPC4 and TRPC5 channel inhibitor ^[99]
• PIPE-307 – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor antagonist ^[100]
• SAL-0114 – undefined mechanism of action ^[101]
• Scopolamine (DPI-385-CVS; DPI-386; DPI-386 Nasal Gel; DPI-386-SG; DPI-386-SS; DPI-387; DPI-521-CG; DPI-550-TBI; INSCOP spray) – non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist ^[102]
• Traneurocin (NA-831; Cycloprolylglycine; CPG) – unknown or undefined / ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator, and racetam-like drug ^[103]
• XW-10508 (oral esketamine conjugate prodrug) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[104]

Preclinical

• 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BETR-001, TD-0148A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and other actions ^{[105] [106] [107]}
• ACD856 (ACD-856) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC positive allosteric modulator ^{[108] [109]}
• ALTO-202 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[110]
• Brexpiprazole (long-acting injectable; MTD-211) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[111]
• CB-03 (CB-04; CB-003; CB03-154) – KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 potassium channel stimulant ^[112]
• CRHR1 antagonist therapeutic (HMNC Brain Health) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[113]
• Duloxetine (oral suspension) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[114]
• ENX-104 – presynaptic dopamine D₂ and D₃ autoreceptor antagonist (at low doses) ^{[115] [116] [117] [118]}
• ENX-105 – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_2A receptor agonist (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[119] [117] [118]}
• Etifoxine deuterated (GRX-917) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant) ^[120]
• GABA positive allosteric modulator (CS Bay Therapeutics) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[121]
• INV-88 – macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor ^[122]
• ITI-333 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, μ-opioid receptor biased partial agonist, α_1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and dopamine D₁ receptor antagonist ^[123]
• ITI-1549 – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist ^{[124] [125] [126]}
• Ketamine (depot; ALA-3000) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[127]
• Lithium cocrystal (AL-001; LiProSal; lithium salicylate L-proline ionic cocrystal) – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer (improved formulation of lithium) ^[128]
• LPH-5 – selective serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor partial agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[129] [130] [131]}
• LPCN-1154 (LPCN1154; oral brexanolone) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^{[132] [133]}
• Lucid-PSYCH (Lucid-201) – undefined mechanism of action and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[134] [135] [136] [137]}
• Mebufotenin (5-MeO-DMT; 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; LSR-1019) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[138]
• Midomafetamine (microneedle transdermal patch; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) ^[139]
• Nezavist – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[140]
• NLX-101 (F-15599) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist ^[141]
• PSIL-001 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[142] [143]}
• PSIL-002 (DMT analogue) – serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor modulator (non-hallucinogenic) ^{[144] [143] [145]}
• Psylo-4001 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^{[146] [147]}
• SYT-510 – endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor ^[148]
• TF-0066 – undefined mechanism of action ^[149]

Research

• BHV-5000 – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[150]
• NP-10679 – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[151]
• Psilocybin (MYCO-001; MYCO-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[152]
• Small molecule therapeutic - Rugen Therapeutics – undefined mechanism of action ^[153]

Phase unknown

• Amuxetine – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^{[154] [155]}
• EDG-005 – undefined mechanism of action ^[156]
• EDG-006 – undefined mechanism of action ^[157]
• Iloperidone (Fanapt; Fanaptum; Fiapta; HP-873; ILO-522; VYV-683; Zomaril) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[158]
• INV-407 – undefined mechanism of action ^[159]
• Ketamine (intravenous/oral; Braxia) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[160]
• SK-2110 (buprenorphine implant) – μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, κ-opioid receptor antagonist, and δ-opioid receptor antagonist – under development in China ^{[161] [162]}
• Venlafaxine (controlled-release) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[163]

Not under development

Development suspended

• BVF-045 (bupropion/undisclosed serotonin reuptake inhibitor) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^{[164] [165] [166]}
• Dexmedetomidine (BXCL-501; Igalmi; KalmPen) – α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[167]
• ETX-155 – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[168]
• Ganaxolone (CCD-1042; Ztalmy) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid ^[169]

No development reported

• AAG-561 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[170]
• Adinazolam (Deracyn; U-41123; U-41123F) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine ^[171]
• Amitifadine (DOV-21947; EB-1010) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[172]
• AN-788 (NSD-788) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[173]
• ANAVEX 1-41 (blarcamesine analogue) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulator, and sodium and chloride channel modulator ^[174]
• Aripiprazole (transdermal; AQS-1301) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[175]
• Arketamine (HR-071603; (R)-ketamine nasal spray) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[176]
• AZD-8108 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[177]
• BCI-632 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[178]
• BCI-838 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[179]
• BMS-866949 (CSTI-500) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[180]
• BNC-210 (IW-2143) – α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[181]
• Bryostatin 1 (MW-904) – protein kinase C (PKC) stimulant ^[182]
• BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) – nociceptin receptor antagonist ^[183]
• Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination ^[184]
• Cericlamine (JO-1017) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[185]
• Citalopram/pipamperone (PipCit; PNB-01) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and typical antipsychotic combination ^[186]
• Depression therapy - Genopia Biomedical – undefined mechanism of action ^[187]
• (R)-Desmethylsibutramine ((+)-desmethylsibutramine; or (R)-desmethylsibutramine/(+)-didesmethylsibutramine) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[188]
• Dipraglurant (ADX-48621; mGluR5-NAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[189]
• Erteberel (LY-500307; SERBA-1) – estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist ^[190]
• Esketamine (esketamine DPI; Falkieri; PG061; S-ketamine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[191]
• Eszopiclone (Lunesta) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and Z-drug ^[192]
• EVT-101 (ENS-101) – NR2B subunit-containing ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[193]
• Fananserin (RP-62203) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist and dopamine D₄ receptor antagonist ^[194]
• Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) – fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) agonist ^[195]
• Filorexant (MK-6096) – orexin OX₁ and OX₂ receptor antagonist ^[196]
• GEA-857 (alaproclate analogue) – potassium conductance putative blocker ^[197]
• GSK-588045 – serotonin 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_1B, and 5-HT_1D receptor antagonist ^[198]
• GSK-1360707 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[199]
• HS-10353 – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator ^{[200] [201]}
• Hypidone – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₆ receptor agonist ^[202]
• Igmesine (CI-1019; JO-1784) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist ^[203]
• Imiloxan (RS-21361) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[204]
• IN-ASTR-001 – undefined mechanism of action ^[205]
• Ketamine (transdermal patch; SHX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[206]
• Ketamine (sublingual; ketamine wafer; SLS-003; Wafermine) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[207]
• KFM-19 – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonist ^[208]
• LSM-6 (3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine) – undefined mechanism of action (adrenergic and serotonergic agent; constituent of Limacia scanden Lour.) – was under development in Malaysia ^{[209] [210]}
• Lumateperone deuterated (ITI-1284) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[211]
• Midomafetamine (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA; ecstasy) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) ^[212]
• Mitizodone (HEC-113995) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1B receptor partial agonist ^{[213] [214] [215]}
• Nivacortol (nivazole; NEBO-174; novozola) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist ^[216]
• Omiloxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[217]
• Oxitriptan (5-hydroxytryptophan; 5-HTP; EVX-301) – serotonin precursor ^[218]
• Pseudohypericin – undefined mechanism of action (constituent of St John's wort) ^[219]
• Psilocybin (CYB-001; INT0052/2020) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[220]
• Psilocybin (biosynthetic psilocybin; PB-1818) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[221]
• QRX-002 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[222]
• RG-7351 – trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ^[223]
• Riluzole (sublingual; BHV-0223; Nurtec) – complex mechanism of action or glutamatergic modulator ^[224]
• Risperidone (Risperdal) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[225]
• SAR-102779 (SAR-10279) – neurokinin NK₂ receptor antagonist ^[226]
• SD-254 (deuterated venlafaxine) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[227]
• SEP-378614 – undefined mechanism of action ^[228]
• SNA-1 – undefined mechanism of action ^[229]
• SPL-801-B ((2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine; 6-HNK) – non-hallucinogenic ketamine derivative/metabolite ^[230]
• TrkB receptor antagonist (Celon Pharma) – tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkB antagonist ^[231]
• YDP-2225 – undefined mechanism of action ^[232]

Development discontinued

• ABT-436 – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[233]
• Adatanserin (WAY-SEB-324; WY-50324; SEB-324) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[234]
• ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ receptor modulator ^[235]
• Amesergide (LY-237733) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and other actions ^[236]
• Amibegron (SR-58611; SR-58611A) – β₃-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[237]
• Aprepitant (MK-869) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^{[238] [239] [240]}
• ARA-014418 (AR-A014418; GSK-3β Inhibitor VIII) – glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β inhibitor ^[241]
• Armodafinil (CEP-10953; Nuvigil; (R)-modafinil) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[242]
• Atipamezole (antisedan; MPV-1248) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[243]
• Atomoxetine (LY-139603; Strattera; Tomoxetine) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[244]
• AZD-2066 – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonist ^[245]
• AZD-2327 – δ-opioid receptor agonist ^[246]
• AZD-7268 – δ-opioid receptor agonist ^[247]
• AZD-8129 (AR-A000002; AR-A2XX; AR-A2) – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor antagonist ^[248]
• Basimglurant (NOE-101; RG-7090; RO-4917523) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonist ^[249]
• Befloxatone (MD-370503) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[250]
• BMS-181101 (BMY-42569) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist ^[251]
• Buspirone (transdermal; BuSpar Patch) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[252]
• Casopitant (GW-679769; GW679769) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^[253]
• Centpropazine – unknown mechanism of action ^{[254] [255]}
• Cibinetide (ARA-290) – erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) agonist ^[256]
• Citalopram (controlled-release) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[257]
• Clavulanic acid (RX-10100; Serdaxin; Zoraxel) – β-lactamase inhibitor and unknown mechanism of action (glutamate transporter GLT1 expression enhancer, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin modulator, possibly via Munc18-1 and Rab4 interactions) ^{[258] [259] [260] [261] [262] [263]}
• Clovoxamine (DU-23811) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[264]
• Coluracetam (BCI-540; MKC-231) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis enhancer, and racetam ^{[265] [266] [267] [268]}
• CP-316311 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[269]
• Crinecerfont (NBI-74788; SSR-125543; SSR-125543A) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[270]
• CRL-41789 – undefined mechanism of action ^[271]
• Cutamesine (AGY-94806; Msc-1; SA-4503) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist ^[272]
• CX157 (KP157; TriRima; Tyrima) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[273]
• Dapoxetine (LY-210448; Priligy) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[274]
• Dasotraline (DSP-225289; SEP-225289; SEP-0225289; SEP-289) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[275]
• DDP-225 – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ^[276]
• Decoglurant – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₂ and mGlu₃ receptor antagonist ^[277]
• Delequamine (RS-15385; RS-15385197) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[278]
• Delucemine (NPS-1506) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor polyamine site antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[279]
• Dexmecamylamine (AT-5214; NIH-11008; S-mecamylamine; TC-5214) – α₃β₄ and α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[280]
• Dexnafenodone (LU-43706) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[281]
• DMP-695 – corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitor ^[282]
• DOV-216303 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[283]
• DPC-368 – undefined mechanism of action ^[284]
• DSP-1200 – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, and α_2A-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[285]
• Edivoxetine (EDP-125; LY-2216684) – norepinephrine reuptake inhbitor ^[286]
• Elzasonan (CP-448187) – serotonin 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D receptor antagonist ^[287]
• Emapunil (AC-5216; XBD-173) – translocator protein (TSPO; peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) agonist (neurosteroidogenesis stimulant) ^[288]
• Emicerfont (GW-876008; GW-876008X) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[289]
• Eplivanserin (Ciltyri; Sliwens; SR-46349; SR-46349B; SR-46615A) – serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist ^[290]
• Eptapirone (F-11440) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor full agonist ^[291]
• Esreboxetine ((S,S)-Reboxetine; AXS-14; PNU-165442G) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[292]
• Esuprone (LU-43839) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^[293]
• Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Ethyl-EPA) – omega-3 fatty acid ^[294]
• Farampator (CX-691; ORG-24448) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[295]
• Fasoracetam (AEVI-001; LAM-105; MDGN-001; NFC-1; NS-105) – unknown mechanism of action (metabotropic glutamate receptor modulator) and racetam ^{[296] [297] [266]}
• FCE-25876 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[298]
• Flerobuterol (CRL-40827) – β-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[299]
• Flesinoxan (DU-29373) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[300]
• Flibanserin (Addyi; BIMT-17; Girosa) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, and dopamine D₄ receptor antagonist ^[301]
• (R)-Fluoxetine – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[302]
• Fluparoxan (GR-50360; GR-50360A) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[303]
• Gaboxadol (LU-02030; LU-2-030; MK-0928; OV-101; THIP) – GABA_A receptor agonist ^[304]
• Girisopam (EGIS-5810; GYKI-51189) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine ^[305]
• GYKI-52895 – dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[306]
• Haloperidol (CLR-3001) – typical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator; low-dose withdrawal therapy) ^{[307] [308]}
• HT-2157 (SNAP-37889) – galanin GAL₃ receptor antagonist ^[309]
• ICI-170809 (ZM-170809) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[310]
• Idazoxan – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[311]
• Ipsapirone (BAY-Q-7821; TVX-Q-7821) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[312]
• IRFI-165 – adenosine A₁ receptor antagonist ^[313]
• Istradefylline (KW-6002; Nourianz; Nouriast) – adenosine A₂ receptor antagonist ^[314]
• JNJ-18038683 – serotonin 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist ^[315]
• JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[316]
• JNJ-26489112 – unknown mechanism of action (topiramate successor) ^[317]
• JNJ-39393406 – α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[318]
• Lanicemine (AZD-6765) – low-trapping ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[319]
• LB-100 (LB-1) – protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor ^[320]
• Levoprotiline (CGP-12103; CGP-12103A; CGS-12103; R(–)-oxaprotiline; R(–)-hydroxymaprotiline) – histamine H₁ receptor antagonist, other actions, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^{[321] [322]}
• Lithium – unknown mechanism of action and mood stabilizer ^[323]
• Litoxetine (IXA-001; SL-810385) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and weak serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist ^[324]
• Losmapimod (FTX-1821; GS-856553; GSK-856553; GW-856553; GW-856553X) – p38-α/β mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor and double homeobox 4 (DUX4) inhibitor ^[325]
• LU-AA34893 (LU-AA-34893) – serotonin receptor modulator ^[326]
• LU-AA39959 (LU-AA-39959) – ion channel modulator ^[327]
• Lubazodone (SM-50C; YM-35992; YM-992) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist ^[328]
• Masitinib (AB-07105; AB-1010; Alsitek; Masican; Masipro; Masiviera) – tyrosine kinase inhibitor and other actions ^[329]
• Mecamylamine (Inversine; Tridmac) – nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[330]
• MIN-117 (WF-516) – serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, and α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[331]
• MK-1942 – undefined mechanism of action ^{[332] [333]}
• ML-105 – undefined mechanism of action ^[334]
• Naloxone/tianeptine (TNX-601; TNX-601-CR; TNX-601-ER) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, tricyclic antidepressant, and μ-opioid receptor antagonist combination ^{[335] [336] [337]}
• Naluzotan (PRX-00023) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and sigma σ₁ receptor antagonist ^[338]
• NB-415 – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[339]
• Neboglamine (nebostinel; CR-2249; XY-2401) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site positive allosteric modulator ^[340]
• Nefiracetam (BRN 6848330; CCRIS 6729; DM 9384; DMPPA; DN-9384; DZL-221; HL-0812; HPI-001; Motiva; Translon) – unknown mechanism of action (voltage-gated calcium channel potentiator, α₄β₂ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor potentiator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor potentiator (possible glycine site partial positive allosteric modulator), ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor potentiator, and GABA_A receptor agonist) and racetam ^{[341] [342] [343] [344] [345] [266]}
• Nemifitide (INN-00835) – unknown mechanism of action ^[346]
• NS-2359 (GSK-372475) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[347]
• NS-2389 (GW-650250; GW-650250A) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[348]
• ORM-10921 – α_2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[349]
• Orvepitant (GW-823296; GW-823296X; GW823296) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^{[350] [351]}
• Osanetant (ACER-801; SR-142801; SR-142806) – neurokinin NK₃ receptor antagonist ^[352]
• Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[353]
• PF-04455242 – κ-opioid receptor antagonist ^[354]
• PT-150 (ORG-34517; SCH-900636) – glucocorticoid receptor antagonist and androgen receptor antagonist ^[355]
• Radafaxine (GW-353162; (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[356]
• Ramelteon (Rozerem; TAK-375) – melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[357]
• Rapastinel (BV-102; GLYX-13; TPPT-amide) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor glycine site partial agonist ^[358]
• RG-7166 – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[359]
• Ritanserin (R-55667) – serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist ^[360]
• Robalzotan (AZD-7371; NAD-299) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor antagonist
• Rolipram (ME-3167; ZK-62711) – phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor ^[361]
• Sabcomeline (BCI-224; CEB-242; Memric; SB-202026) – muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor agonist ^[362]
• Saredutant (SR-48968) – neurokinin NK₂ receptor antagonist ^{[363] [364]}
• SB-236057 – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor inverse agonist ^[365]
• SB-245570 – serotonin 5-HT_1B receptor antagonist ^[366]
• Sibutramine (Aoquqing; BTS-54524; Ectiva; KES-524; Meridia; Reductase; Reductil; Reduxade; Sibutral) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[367]
• Siramesine (LU-28179) – sigma σ₂ receptor agonist ^[368]
• Sirukumab (CNTO-136; Plivensia) – interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitor ^[369]
• SKL-10406 (SKL-DEP) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[370]
• SKL-PSY (FZ-016) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[371]
• Sodium phenylbutyrate (slow-release; LU-901; Lunaphen) – histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ^[372]
• SSR-149415 (SR-149415) – vasopressin V_1b receptor antagonist ^[373]
• SSR-241586 – neurokinin NK₂ and NK₃ receptor antagonist ^[374]
• Tandospirone (metanopirone; Sediel; SM-3997) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[375]
• Tasimelteon (BMS-214778; Hetlioz; VEC-162) – melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[376]
• Tedatioxetine (LU-AA24530) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, and α_1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[377]
• Tianeptine (JNJ-39823277; TPI-1062) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^{[378] [336] [337]}
• TS-111 – undefined mechanism of action ^[379]
• Tulrampator (CX-1632; S-47445) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[380]
• Vanoxerine (boxeprazine; GBR-12909) – atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[381]
• Verucerfont (GSK-561679; NBI-77860) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF₁) antagonist ^[382]
• Vestipitant (GW-597599; GW-597599B) – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^{[383] [253]}
• Viloxazine (Qelbree) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[384]
• VN-2222 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist ^[385]
• VUFB-17649 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[386]
• VUFB-18285 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[387]
• ZD-4974 – neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist ^[388]
• Zelatriazin (TAK-041; NBI-1065846; NBI-846) – G protein-coupled receptor 139 (GPR139) agonist ^[389]
• Ziprasidone (Geodon) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[390]

Preregistration submission withdrawal

• Aripiprazole/sertraline (ASC-01) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^[391]

Formal development never or not yet started

• Mevidalen (LY-3154207; D1 PAM) – dopamine D₁ receptor positive allosteric modulator – under development for Lewy body disease ^{[392] [393]}
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O; "laughing gas") – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist – being studied for depression but doesn't seem to be being formally developed towards approval ^{[394] [395] [396] [364]}

Clinically used drugs

Main article: List of antidepressants

Approved drugs

• Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – serotonin 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist and melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[397]
• Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn ^[398]
• Amisulpride (Solian) – atypical antipsychotic (dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT_2B and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist) ^[399]
• Amitriptyline (Elavil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Amoxapine (Asendin) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^{[364] [398]}
• Aripiprazole (Abilify) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[400]
• Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; SAGE-547; SGE-102; Zulresso) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression ^[401]
• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[402]
• Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator ^[403]
• Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – sigma σ₁ receptor agonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor negative allosteric modulator, ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions, and CYP2D6 inhibitor combination ^[404]
• Butriptyline (Evadyne) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) – discontinued ^[398]
• Cariprazine (Vraylar) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[405]
• Citalopram (Celexa) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[406]
• Desipramine (Norpramin) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^{[407] [408]}
• Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; Khedezla) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn ^[409]
• Desvenlafaxine (extended-release; WIP-DF17) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor – registered in South Korea ^{[410] [411] [412]}
• Dosulepin (dothiepin; Prothiaden) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[398]
• Doxepin (Sinequan) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Duloxetine (Cymbalta; Drizalma Sprinkle) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^{[413] [414]}
• Escitalopram (Lexapro) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[415]
• Esketamine (Spravato) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[416]
• Fluoxetine (Prozac; Sarafem) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^{[417] [418]}
• Fluvoxamine (Luvox) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[364]
• Gepirone (Exxua) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[419]
• Hypericum extract (LI-160; St John's wort) – undefined mechanism of action ^[420]
• Imipramine (Tofranil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Iproniazid (Marsilid) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor – withdrawn ^[421]
• Isocarboxazid (Marplan) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor ^{[364] [421]}
• Levomilnacipran (Fetzima) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[422]
• Levosulpiride (L-sulpiride; Levobren; Levopraid; Levosulpride; RV-12309; Sulpepta) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist and serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor agonist ^[423]
• Lofepramine (Lomont) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[398]
• Lumateperone (Caplyta) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[424]
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[425]
• Maprotiline (Ludiomil) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[398]
• Mianserin (Tolvon) – tetracyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[398]
• Milnacipran (Dalcipran; Ixel; Savella) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[426]
• Mirtazapine (Remeron) – α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor inverse agonist, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^[427]
• Moclobemide (Aurorix; Manerix) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A reversible inhibitor ^{[428] [421]}
• Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and other actions – mostly withdrawn ^[429]
• Nomifensine (Merital; Alival) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn ^[398]
• Nortriptyline (Aventyl) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[430]
• Olanzapine/fluoxetine (OFC; Symbyax; ZypZac) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor combination ^[431]
• Opipramol (Ensidon; G-33040; Insidon; Nisidana) – sigma σ₁ and σ₂ receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor antagonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^[432]
• Paroxetine (Paxil; Seroxat) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^{[433] [434]}
• Phenelzine (Nardil) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor ^{[364] [421]}
• Protriptyline (Vivactil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[398]
• Quetiapine (Seroquel) – atypical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) ^[435]
• Reboxetine (Edronax) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[436]
• Selegiline (Emsam) – monoamine oxidase MAO-B irreversible inhibitor, catecholaminergic activity enhancer, and weak norepineprhine releasing agent (via metabolites) ^[437]
• Sertraline (Zoloft; Lustral) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[438]
• Setiptiline (Tecipul; Tesolon) – serotonin receptor antagonist, α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and tetracyclic antidepressant ^[439]
• Tianeptine (Coaxil; Stablon; Tatinol) – weak and atypical μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions, and tricyclic antidepressant ^{[440] [336] [337]}
• Toludesvenlafaxine (ansofaxine; 4-methylbenzoate desvenlafaxine; desvenlafaxine prodrug; LPM-570065; LY-03005; Ruoxinlin) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor ^[441]
• Tranylcypromine (Parnate) – monoamine oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B irreversible inhibitor ^{[364] [421]}
• Trazodone (Oleptro; Trittico) – serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and other actions ^[442]
• Trimipramine (Surmontil) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and/or receptor modulator) ^[364]
• Venlafaxine (Effexor) – serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[443]
• Vilazodone (Viibryd) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist ^[444]
• Viloxazine (Vivalan) – norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ^[398]
• Vortioxetine (Trintellix) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT_1B receptor agonist, and serotonin 5-HT_1D, 5-HT₃, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist ^[445]
• Zimelidine (Zelmid) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor – withdrawn ^[398]
• Zuranolone (BIIB-125; S-812217; SAGE-217; SGE-797; Zurzuvae) – GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – approved for postpartum depression ^[446]

See also

• List of antidepressants
• List of investigational drugs

References

1. "Buprenorphine/samidorphan - Alkermes - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
2. Taylor NP (4 February 2019). "FDA rejects Alkermes' depression drug ALKS 5461". Fierce Biotech. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
3. "Aticaprant - Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
4. "CYB 003 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
5. "Delving into the Latest Updates on CYB-003 with Synapse". synapse.patsnap.com.
6. Palfreyman M, Krakowsky J, Morgan M, Canal C, Pathare P, Avery K, et al. (December 2022). "ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P361. In Vitro and In Vivo Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder" (PDF). Neuropsychopharmacology. 47 (Suppl 1): 220–370 (271). doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0. PMC   9714399 . PMID   36456694.
7. Inamdar A, Morgan M, Krakowsky J, Reichelt A, Canal C, Mueller T, et al. (December 2022). "ACNP 61st Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P271-P540: P362. Pharmacokinetic Profile of CYB003: A Novel, Deuterated Psilocybin Analog for the Potential Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder" (PDF). Neuropsychopharmacology. 47 (Suppl 1): 220–370 (271–272). doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01485-0. PMC   9714399 . PMID   36456694.
8. "Cycloserine/lurasidone - NRx Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
9. "Esmethadone - Relmada Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
10. "Ketamine - NRx Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
11. "Navacaprant - Neumora Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
12. "Pimavanserin - ACADIA Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
13. "Psilocybin - COMPASS Pathways - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
14. Najib J (August 2024). "The role of psilocybin in depressive disorders". Curr Med Res Opin. 40 (10): 1793–1808. doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2396536. PMID   39177339.
15. "Seltorexant - Janssen Research & Development/Minerva Neurosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
16. "SEP 4199 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
17. "SNG 12 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
18. "Solriamfetol - Jazz Pharmaceuticals/SK Biopharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
19. "YKP 10A - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
20. Abad VC, Guilleminault C (December 2018). "Solriamfetol for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea". Expert Rev Respir Med. 12 (12): 1007–1019. doi:10.1080/17476348.2018.1541742. PMID   30365900. Solriamfetol hydrochloride, previously known as JZP-110, SKLN05, ARL-N05, YKP-10A, R-228060, ADX-N05, was initially developed by the SK Group as YKP-10A, a drug to treat depression. SK Group licensed rights outside of 11 countries in Asia to Aerial BioPharma in 2011. [...]
21. "Ulotaront - Otsuka Pharmaceutical/Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
22. "PRAX 114 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
23. "AV 101 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
24. "Ademetionine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
25. "ALTO 100 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
26. "NSI 189 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
27. "ALTO 203 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
28. "Apimostinel - AbbVie - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
29. "Arketamine - ATAI Life Sciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
30. "Azetukalner - Xenon Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
31. "BHV 7000 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
32. "BI 1358894 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
33. Grimm S, Keicher C, Paret C, Niedtfeld I, Beckmann C, Mennes M, et al. (December 2022). "The effects of transient receptor potential cation channel inhibition by BI 1358894 on cortico-limbic brain reactivity to negative emotional stimuli in major depressive disorder". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 65: 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.009. hdl: 2066/286079 . PMID   36343427.
34. "ANC 501 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
35. "Centanafadine - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
36. "Deudextromethorphan - Avanir Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
37. "N,N-Dimethyltryptamine - Biomind Labs - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
38. "UE 2343 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
39. "Esketamine - Clexio Biosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
40. "FKB 01MD - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
41. "GM 1020 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
42. Klein AK, Austin EW, Cunningham MJ, Dvorak D, Gatti S, Hulls SK, et al. (May 2024). "GM-1020: a novel, orally bioavailable NMDA receptor antagonist with rapid and robust antidepressant-like effects at well-tolerated doses in rodents". Neuropsychopharmacology. 49 (6): 905–914. doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01783-1. PMC   11039472 . PMID   38177696.
43. "GM 2505 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
44. "Itruvone - VistaGen Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
45. "JNJ 54175446 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
46. "JNJ 55308942 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
47. "Ketamine extended release - Douglas Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
48. "Ketamine intranasal - Seelos Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
49. "Ketamine prolonged release oral - Ketabon - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
50. "Liafensine - Denovo Biopharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
51. "Lisdexamfetamine - Shionogi/Takeda - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
52. "Lysergic acid diethylamide - MindBio Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
53. "Mebufotenin - Beckley Psytech - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
54. "Mifepristone - Corcept Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
55. "NBI 1070770 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
56. "Brexanolone prodrug - Gerbera Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
57. "Onabotulinum toxin A - AbbVie - AdisInsight".
58. "Onfasprodil - Novartis - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
59. "OPC 64005 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
60. "TAK 653 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
61. "OSU 6162 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
62. Canal CE, Morgan D (2012). "Head-twitch response in rodents induced by the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine: a comprehensive history, a re-evaluation of mechanisms, and its utility as a model". Drug Test Anal. 4 (7–8): 556–576. doi:10.1002/dta.1333. PMC   3722587 . PMID   22517680. Regardless, a more parsimonious explanation is that certain 5-HT2 receptor-activating compounds, such as DOI and psilocin, cause specific conformations of 5-HT2 receptors that lead to LSD-like psychedelic effects.[94,232] Moreover, although the 5-HT2 agonists mCPP, lorcaserin, and quipazine, are often considered 'non-hallucinogenic', they actually do produce perceptual, cognitive, and emotional changes that may be considered 'hallucinogenic'.[15,233,234] These effects, however, are generally not considered LSD-like. Finally, it is noteworthy that novel, partial 5-HT2A/D2 receptor agonists also attenuate the DOI-elicited HTR.[235,236]
63. Mirchandani-Duque M, Choucri M, Hernández-Mondragón JC, Crespo-Ramírez M, Pérez-Olives C, Ferraro L, et al. (April 2024). "Membrane Heteroreceptor Complexes as Second-Order Protein Modulators: A Novel Integrative Mechanism through Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions". Membranes. 14 (5): 96. doi: 10.3390/membranes14050096 . PMC   11122807 . PMID   38786931. This concept is also supported by experiments on OSU-6162, a selective Sigma 1R ligand in low doses [176]. This Sigma1R ligand produced in the nucleus accumbens shell substantial increases in the density of the D2R–Sigma1R and A2AR–D2R heterocomplexes, supporting the existence of A2AR–D2R–Sigma1R trimeric complexes in which the Sigma1R agonist can strongly enhance the antagonistic allosteric A2AR–D2R interaction. This mechanism may mediate the enhanced antagonistic A2AR–D2R interaction, causing marked inhibition of cocaine reward, leading to cocaine addiction.
64. Carlsson ML, Burstein ES, Kloberg A, Hansson S, Schedwin A, Nilsson M, et al. (November 2011). "I. In vivo evidence for partial agonist effects of (-)-OSU6162 and (+)-OSU6162 on 5-HT2A serotonin receptors". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 118 (11): 1511–1522. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0704-8. PMID   21874578.
65. Burstein ES, Carlsson ML, Owens M, Ma JN, Schiffer HH, Carlsson A, et al. (November 2011). "II. In vitro evidence that (-)-OSU6162 and (+)-OSU6162 produce their behavioral effects through 5-HT2A serotonin and D2 dopamine receptors". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 118 (11): 1523–1533. doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0701-y. PMID   21866391.
66. Sahlholm K, Århem P, Fuxe K, Marcellino D (January 2013). "The dopamine stabilizers ACR16 and (-)-OSU6162 display nanomolar affinities at the σ-1 receptor". Mol Psychiatry. 18 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.3. PMID   22349783.
67. Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, Wydra K, Zhou Z, Suder A, Filip M, et al. (February 2020). "OSU-6162, a Sigma1R Ligand in Low Doses, Can Further Increase the Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration on Accumbal D2R Heteroreceptor Complexes". Neurotox Res. 37 (2): 433–444. doi:10.1007/s12640-019-00134-7. PMC   6989596 . PMID   31782100.
68. "PDC 1421 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
69. "Pegipanermin - INmune Bio - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
70. "Pramipexole - Chase Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
71. "Pregnenolone methyl ether - Mapreg - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
72. "Ralmitaront - Roche - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
73. "RE 104 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
74. "Rislenemdaz - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
75. "Ropanicant - Suven Life Sciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
76. "SP 624 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
77. "NV 5138 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
78. "JNJ 61393215 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
79. "Tildacerfont - Spruce Biosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
80. "Tramadol controlled release - e-Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
81. "TS 161 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
82. "Zelquistinel - Gate Neurosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
83. "PT 00114 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
84. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=9
85. Wang K, Chen F, Wang J, Liu H (2024). "Drug discovery targeting thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ) for the treatment of liver diseases and other medical indications". Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.07.025 .
86. "ALTO-300". Carilion Clinic. Retrieved 2024-08-09. ALTO-300 is a 25 mg formulation of the atypical antidepressant agomelatine, which targets the melatonin and serotonin signaling systems and has been shown to modulate mood and circadian rhythms. This medication is approved for the treatment of depression in several countries outside of the United States.
87. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=10
88. Carlini SV, Osborne LM, Deligiannidis KM (December 2023). "Current pharmacotherapy approaches and novel GABAergic antidepressant development in postpartum depression". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 25 (1): 92–100. doi:10.1080/19585969.2023.2262464. PMC   10557560 . PMID   37796239. BRII-296 is an extended-release injectable aqueous suspension formulation of brexanolone. Phase 1 trials in 116 subjects testing 6 dose regimens are complete with the sponsor reporting that a single intramuscular injection of 600 mg achieved dose linearity, early drug absorption, and gradual and extended-release profiles without the need for dose titration or tapering, however results have not been published (Brii Biosciences Limited 2023b).
89. "Brilaroxazine - Reviva Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
90. "Carbidopa/oxytriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
91. "Crisdesalazine - GNT Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
92. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=11
93. "Viage Therapeutics". Viage Therapeutics. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2024. DGX-001, Viage's clinical drug candidate, represents a first-in-class oral drug candidate targeting the gut-brain axis. The proposed mechanism of action of DGX-001 is to modulate the vagus nerve through specific receptor interactions on enteroendocrine cells in the gut, resulting in a regulation of brain cell activity.
94. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=15
95. "DLX 1 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
96. "Delix Therapeutics completes dose study for DLX-001". PharmaTimes. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
97. "Ebselen - Sound Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
98. "Icalcaprant - Cerevel Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
99. "KAR 2618 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
100. "PIPE 307 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
101. "SAL 0114 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
102. "Scopolamine - Repurposed Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
103. "Traneurocin - NeuroActiva - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
104. "XW 10508 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
105. "BETR 001". AdisInsight. 29 August 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
106. "Delving into the Latest Updates on Bromolysergide with Synapse". Synapse. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
107. Lewis V, Bonniwell EM, Lanham JK, Ghaffari A, Sheshbaradaran H, Cao AB, et al. (March 2023). "A non-hallucinogenic LSD analog with therapeutic potential for mood disorders". Cell Rep. 42 (3): 112203. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112203. PMC   10112881 . PMID   36884348.
108. "ACD 856 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
109. Dahlström M, Madjid N, Nordvall G, Halldin MM, Vazquez-Juarez E, Lindskog M, et al. (July 2021). "Identification of Novel Positive Allosteric Modulators of Neurotrophin Receptors for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction". Cells. 10 (8): 1871. doi: 10.3390/cells10081871 . PMC   8391421 . PMID   34440640.
110. "ALTO 202 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
111. "Brexpiprazole long-acting injectable - Biodexa Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
112. "CB 03 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
113. "CRHR1 antagonist therapeutic - HMNC Brain Health - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
114. "Duloxetine oral suspension - OWP Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
115. "ENX 104 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
116. "Engrail Therapeutics Initiates ENX-104 Clinical Program for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder Characterized by Anhedonia". markets.businessinsider.com.
117. Bayer M (19 March 2024). "Engrail closes $157M series B, fueled by investors' renewed interest in neuropsychiatry". Fierce Biotech.
118. "Corporate Summary" (PDF). Engrail Therapeutics, Inc. 2024.
119. "Delving into the Latest Updates on ENX-105 with Synapse". synapse.patsnap.com.
120. "Etifoxine deuterated - GABA Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
121. "GABA positive allosteric modulator - CS Bay Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
122. "INV 88 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
123. "ITI 333 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
124. "ITI 1549". AdisInsight. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
125. "Delving into the Latest Updates on ITI-1549 with Synapse". Synapse. 12 October 2024. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
126. Davis R, Dutheil SS, Zhang L, Lehmann E, Awadallah N, Yao W, et al. (December 2023). "ACNP 62nd Annual Meeting: Poster Abstracts P251 - P500: P358. Discovery and Characterization of ITI-1549, a Novel Non-Hallucinogenic Psychedelic for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Neuropsychopharmacology. 48 (Suppl 1): 211–354 (272–273). doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01756-4. PMC   10729596 . PMID   38040810.
127. "Ketamine depot - Alar Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
128. "Lithium cocrystal - Alzamend Neuro - AdisInsight".
129. "LPH 5 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
130. M Ro Rsted E, Jensen AA, Smits G, Frydenvang K, Kristensen JL (May 2024). "Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylpiperidines as Selective Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor Agonists". J Med Chem. 67 (9): 7224–7244. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00082. PMC   11089506 . PMID   38648420.
131. Jensen AA, Cecchi CR, Hibicke M, Bach AH, Kaadt E, Märcher-Rørsted E, et al. (22 April 2024). "The selective 5-HT 2A receptor agonist LPH-5 induces persistent and robust antidepressant-like effects in rodents". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590212.
132. https://phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Refresh/Report-PDFs/M-O/2023-MID_Mental-Illness_Drug-List_010323.pdf#page=12
133. Lipocine Inc. (25 June 2024). "Lipocine Announces LPCN 1154 Meets Bioequivalence with IV Brexanolone in Pivotal Study". PR Newswire. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
134. "Lucid PSYCH - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
135. "Mental health disorders | Neurodegenerative disorders | Toronto". Archived from the original on 2022-05-31.
136. "Our Science". Archived from the original on 2023-06-05.
137. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1771885/000115752321001089/a52478064_ex991.htm
138. "5 methoxy N, N dimethyltryptamine - Lusaris Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
139. "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine microneedle patch - PharmaTher/Revive Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
140. "Alcohol-use disorder and depression therapeutic - Lohocla Research - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
141. "NLX 101 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
142. "PSIL 001 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
143. "Psilera's New Compounds Show Potential for Significant Treatment Improvement in Depression and Neurodegenerative Disorders". Psychedelic Alpha. August 10, 2022.
144. "PSIL 002 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
145. "Psilera Confirms PSIL-002, A New DMT Derivative, is Well-Tolerated and Non-Hallucinogenic from in Vi - BioFlorida, Inc".
146. "Psylo 4001 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
147. "PSYLO - Next generation neuroscience for transformative treatments". PSYLO. October 28, 2024.
148. "SYT 510 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
149. "TF 0066 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
150. "BHV 5000 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
151. "NP 10679 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
152. "Psilocybin - Mydecine Innovations Group - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
153. "Small molecule therapeutic - Rugen Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
154. "Amuxetine hydrochloride - CSPC Pharmaceutical Group - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
155. "20241Q.pdf" (PDF). May 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
156. "EDG 005 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
157. "EDG 006 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
158. "Iloperidone - Vanda Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
159. "INV 407 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
160. "Ketamine - Braxia Scientific - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
161. "SK 2110 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
162. "8741810.PDF" (PDF). Retrieved 7 August 2024. [SK2110 - Buprenorphine implant for the treatment of major depressive disorder SK2110 is an implant of buprenorphine hydrochloride for patients with major depression and refractory depression who cannot be relieved by taking at least two drugs. Buprenorphine hydrochloride was developed by Indivior and is a KOR1 antagonist and MOR1 agonist. Currently, the highest development stage of the drug is approval for marketing, which is used to treat opioid dependence, chronic pain, pain and substance-related disorders. The company changes the route of administration to prepare an implant, which can reduce the frequency of administration, improve the bioavailability of the drug, improve patient compliance, and maintain a stable blood drug concentration, thereby reducing adverse drug reactions. At the same time, the implanted administration method can also play a role in avoiding drug abuse. At present, the project is conducting laboratory preparation small-scale trial prescription process exploration and preliminary pharmacodynamic studies. SK2110 can take effect quickly and quickly relieve patients' depressive symptoms. It is expected to submit an IND application to my country's drug regulatory authorities in 2024.]
163. "Venlafaxine controlled release - Beijing CoSci Med Tech - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
164. "Research programme: antidepressants - Biovail Corporation - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
165. "Disappointment for Biovail bupropion plans". outsourcing-pharma.com. July 24, 2007.
166. "Biovail Corporation Responds to Investor Enquiries". BioSpace. July 23, 2007.
167. "Dexmedetomidine - BioXcel Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
168. "ETX 155 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
169. "Ganaxolone - Marinus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
170. "AAG 561 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
171. "Adinazolam - Solvay - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
172. "Amitifadine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
173. "AN 788 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
174. "ANAVEX 1 41 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
175. "Aripiprazole transdermal - Aequus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
176. "Arketamine - Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
177. "AZD 8108 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
178. "BCI 632 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
179. "BCI 838 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
180. "BMS 866949 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
181. "BNC 210 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
182. "Bryostatin 1 - Synaptogenix - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
183. "BTRX 246040 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
184. "Bupropion/naltrexone - Currax Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
185. "Cericlamine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
186. "Citalopram/pipamperone - PharmaNeuroBoost - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
187. "Depression therapy - Genopia Biomedical - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
188. "R-sibutramine metabolite - Sepracor - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
189. "Dipraglurant - Addex Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
190. "Erteberel - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
191. "Esketamine - Celon Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
192. "Eszopiclone - Sumitomo Pharma America - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
193. "EVT 101 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
194. "Fananserin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
195. "Fibroblast growth factor 1 - Zhittya Genesis Medicine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
196. "Filorexant - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
197. "GEA 857 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
198. "GSK 588045 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
199. "GSK 1360707 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
200. "HS 10353 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
201. Shen Q, Li M, Li Y, Zhang R, Lin H, Yang F, et al. (2023). "Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HS-10353 in healthy adults and patients with major depressive disorder: a phase 1 study". Neuroscience Applied. 2: 102911. doi: 10.1016/j.nsa.2023.102911 .
202. "Hypidone hydrochloride - Shanghai Synergy Pharmaceutical Sciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
203. "Igmesine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
204. "Imiloxan - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
205. "IN ASTR 001 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
206. "Ketamine transdermal patch - Shenox Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
207. "Ketamine sublingual - iX Biopharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
208. "KFM 19 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
209. "LSM 6 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
210. Hwi KK, Lay WB (September 1998). "Pharmacological, electrophysiological and toxicity studies of Limacia scanden Lour. (Menispermaceae)". J Ethnopharmacol. 62 (2): 137–148. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00045-2. PMID   9741886.
211. "Lumateperone deuterated - Intra-Cellular Therapies - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
212. "Methylenedioxymetamfetamine - Mindmed - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
213. "Mitizodone phosphate - Sunshine Lake Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
214. https://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2024/0510/2024051001146.pdf
215. "Delving into the Latest Updates on Mitizodone Phosphate with Synapse". Synapse. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
216. "Nivazole - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
217. "Omiloxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
218. "Oxitriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
219. "Pseudohypericin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
220. "Psilocybin - Cybin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
221. "Psilocybin - PsyBio Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
222. "QRX 002 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
223. "RG 7351 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
224. "Riluzole sublingual - Biohaven Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
225. "Risperidone - Janssen - AdisInsight".
226. "SAR 102779 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
227. "SD 254 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
228. "SEP 378614 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
229. "SNA 1 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
230. "SPL 801 B - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
231. "Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor antagonist - Celon Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
232. "YDP 2225 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
233. "ABT 436 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
234. "Adatanserin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
235. "ADX 71149 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
236. "Amesergide - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
237. "Amibegron - sanofi-aventis - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
238. Rupniak NM, Kramer MS (December 2017). "NK1 receptor antagonists for depression: Why a validated concept was abandoned". J Affect Disord. 223: 121–125. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.042. PMID   28753469.
239. Keller M, Montgomery S, Ball W, Morrison M, Snavely D, Liu G, et al. (February 2006). "Lack of efficacy of the substance p (neurokinin1 receptor) antagonist aprepitant in the treatment of major depressive disorder". Biol Psychiatry. 59 (3): 216–223. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.013. PMID   16248986.
240. "Aprepitant Completed Phase 3 Trials for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Treatment". DrugBank Online. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
241. "ARA 014418 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
242. "Armodafinil - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
243. "Atipamezole - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
244. "Atomoxetine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
245. "AZD 2066 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
246. "AZD 2327 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
247. "AZD 7268 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
248. "AZD 8129 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
249. "Basimglurant - Noema Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
250. "Befloxatone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
251. "BMS 181101 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
252. "Buspirone transdermal - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Elan - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
253. Trist DG, Ratti E, Bye A (December 2013). "Why receptor reserve matters for neurokinin1 (NK1) receptor antagonists". J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 33 (6): 333–7. doi:10.3109/10799893.2013.843194. PMID   24106886.
254. "Centpropazine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
255. Ashrafuzzaman M, Ji SH, Ahn H, Chung HW, Choi D, Park JJ, et al. (29 March 2023). "Identification of 1-phenoxy-3-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-2-ol derivatives as novel triple reuptake inhibitors". Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. 44 (7). Wiley: 596–599. doi: 10.1002/bkcs.12693 . ISSN   1229-5949. Centpropazine, possessing the 1-aryloxy-3-(piperazin-1-yl)propan-2-ol scaffold is an antidepressant, only marketed in India, and has never been clinically approved likely due to its low bioavailability (Figure 2).10 To the best of our knowledge, the exact modes of action of centpropazine are unclear. The fact that centpropazine possesses antidepressant effects is remarkable. Although its efficacy in treating depressive symptoms has been previously investigated,11-13 its pharmacological studies of the specific monoamines affected have not been reported.
256. "Cibinetide - Araim Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
257. "Citalopram controlled release - Lundbeck A/S/Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
258. "Clavulanic acid - Opus Genetics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
259. Balcazar-Ochoa LG, Ventura-Martínez R, Ángeles-López GE, Gómez-Acevedo C, Carrasco OF, Sampieri-Cabrera R, et al. (January 2024). "Clavulanic Acid and its Potential Therapeutic Effects on the Central Nervous System". Arch Med Res. 55 (1): 102916. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102916. PMID   38039802.
260. Ochoa-Aguilar A, Ventura-Martinez R, Sotomayor-Sobrino MA, Gómez C, Morales-Espinoza MR (2016). "Review of Antibiotic and Non-Antibiotic Properties of Beta-lactam Molecules". Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem. 15 (1): 3–14. doi:10.2174/1871523015666160517114027. PMID   27185396.
261. Connolly KR, Thase ME (March 2012). "Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 17 (1): 105–126. doi:10.1517/14728214.2012.660146. PMID   22339643.
262. Riesenberg R, Rosenthal J, Moldauer L, Peterson C (June 2012). "Results of a proof-of-concept, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of RX-10100 (Serdaxin®) in subjects with major depressive disorder". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 221 (4): 601–610. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2604-x. PMID   22203317.
263. Kost GC, Selvaraj S, Lee YB, Kim DJ, Ahn CH, Singh BB (October 2011). "Clavulanic acid increases dopamine release in neuronal cells through a mechanism involving enhanced vesicle trafficking". Neurosci Lett. 504 (2): 170–175. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.032. PMC   3195833 . PMID   21964384.
264. "Clovoxamine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
265. "Coluracetam - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
266. Malykh AG, Sadaie MR (February 2010). "Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders". Drugs. 70 (3): 287–312. doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000. PMID   20166767.
267. Schifano F, Catalani V, Sharif S, Napoletano F, Corkery JM, Arillotta D, et al. (April 2022). "Benefits and Harms of 'Smart Drugs' (Nootropics) in Healthy Individuals". Drugs. 82 (6): 633–647. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01701-7. hdl:2299/25614. PMID   35366192.
268. Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R (March 2017). "Ketamine: translating mechanistic discoveries into the next generation of glutamate modulators for mood disorders". Mol Psychiatry. 22 (3): 324–327. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.249. PMC   5641407 . PMID   28070122. Because AMPA appeared critical to ketamine's antidepressant effects, researchers reasoned that AMPA positive modulators—also known as AMPAkines—could positively influence mood. Previous studies evaluating AMPAkines in mood disorders achieved mixed results, potentially due to low bioavailability and toxicity profile.20 To overcome the issue of low bioavailability, other AMPAkines were recently developed and tested in initial Phase 1 and 2 studies, particularly coluracetam (BCI-540)21 and ORG-26576.22 Both agents showed preliminary therapeutic effects in major depressive disorder when tested in small samples.23,24
269. "CP 316311 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
270. "Crinecerfont - Neurocrine Biosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
271. "CRL 41789 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
272. "Cutamesine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
273. Borbély É, Simon M, Fuchs E, Wiborg O, Czéh B, Helyes Z (March 2022). "Novel drug developmental strategies for treatment-resistant depression". Br J Pharmacol. 179 (6): 1146–1186. doi:10.1111/bph.15753. PMC   9303797 . PMID   34822719.
274. "Dapoxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
275. "Dasotraline - Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
276. "DDP 225 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
277. "Decoglurant - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
278. "Delequamine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
279. "Delucemine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
280. "Dexmecamylamine - Atacama Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
281. "Dexnafenodone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
282. "DMP 695 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
283. "DOV 216303 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
284. "DPC 368 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
285. "DSP 1200 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
286. "Edivoxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
287. Dale E, Pehrson AL, Jeyarajah T, Li Y, Leiser SC, Smagin G, et al. (April 2016). "Effects of serotonin in the hippocampus: how SSRIs and multimodal antidepressants might regulate pyramidal cell function". CNS Spectr. 21 (2): 143–161. doi:10.1017/S1092852915000425. PMC   4825106 . PMID   26346726. The 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist elzasonan (CP-448187) was recently under development for the treatment of MDD and was tested in several phase-2 clinical trials, but its development program was also discontinued.140
288. "Emapunil - Dainippon Sumitomo/Novartis - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
289. "Emicerfont - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
290. "Eplivanserin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
291. "Eptapirone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
292. "Esreboxetine - Axsome Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
293. "Esuprone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
294. "Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid - Amarin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
295. "Farampator - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
296. "Fasoracetam - Avalo Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
297. Connolly JJ, Glessner JT, Elia J, Hakonarson H (September 2015). "ADHD & Pharmacotherapy: Past, Present and Future: A Review of the Changing Landscape of Drug Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". Ther Innov Regul Sci. 49 (5): 632–642. doi:10.1177/2168479015599811. PMC   4564067 . PMID   26366330.
298. "FCE 25876 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
299. "Flerobuterol - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
300. "Flesinoxan - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
301. "Flibanserin - Sprout Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
302. "R-fluoxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
303. "Fluparoxan - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
304. "Gaboxadol - Lundbeck A/S - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
305. "Girisopam - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
306. "GYKI 52895 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
307. "CLR 3001 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
308. Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P, Placenza F, Hudson CJ, Seeman P, Seeman MV (September 2014). "Depression treatment by withdrawal of short-term low-dose antipsychotic, a proof-of-concept randomized double-blind study". J Affect Disord. 166: 139–143. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.014. PMID   25012422.
309. "HT 2157 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
310. "ICI 170809 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
311. "Idazoxan - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
312. "Ipsapirone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
313. "IRFI 165 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
314. "Istradefylline - Kyowa Kirin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
315. "JNJ 18038683 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
316. "JNJ 19567470 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
317. "JNJ 26489112 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
318. "JNJ 39393406 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
319. "Lanicemine - AstraZeneca - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
320. "LB 100 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
321. "Levoprotiline - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
322. Noguchi S, Inukai T (May 1992). "Repeated treatment with levoprotiline, a novel antidepressant, up-regulates histamine H1 receptors and phosphoinositide hydrolysis response in vivo". Jpn J Pharmacol. 59 (1): 31–35. doi: 10.1254/jjp.59.31 . PMID   1324374.
323. "Lithium - Columbia Northwest Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
324. "Litoxetine - IXALTIS - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
325. "Losmapimod - Fulcrum Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
326. "LU AA34893 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
327. "LUAA 399599 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
328. "Lubazodone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
329. "Masitinib - AB Science - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
330. "Mecamylamine - Targacept - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
331. "MIN 117 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
332. "MK 1942 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
333. "Delving into the Latest Updates on MK-1942 with Synapse". Synapse. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
334. "ML 105 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
335. "Naloxone/tianeptine - Tonix Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
336. Edinoff AN, Sall S, Beckman SP, Koepnick AD, Gold LC, Jackson ED, et al. (October 2023). "Tianeptine, an Antidepressant with Opioid Agonist Effects: Pharmacology and Abuse Potential, a Narrative Review". Pain Ther. 12 (5): 1121–1134. doi:10.1007/s40122-023-00539-5. PMC   10444703 . PMID   37453966.
337. Alamo C, García-Garcia P, Lopez-Muñoz F, Zaragozá C (2019). "Tianeptine, an atypical pharmacological approach to depression". Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed). 12 (3): 170–186. doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2018.09.001. PMID   30612921.
338. "Naluzotan - Proximagen - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
339. "NB 415 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
340. "Neboglamine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
341. "Nefiracetam - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
342. Narahashi T, Moriguchi S, Zhao X, Marszalec W, Yeh JZ (November 2004). "Mechanisms of action of cognitive enhancers on neuroreceptors". Biol Pharm Bull. 27 (11): 1701–1706. doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1701. PMID   15516710.
343. Yoshii M, Watabe S, Murashima YL, Nukada T, Shiotani T, Nishizaki T (2001). "Neuronal Ca 2+ Channels and Nicotinic ACh Receptors as Functional Targets of the Nootropic Nefiracetam". Psychogeriatrics. 1 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2001.tb00071.x. ISSN   1346-3500.
344. Gualtieri F, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Ghelardini C (2002). "Design and study of piracetam-like nootropics, controversial members of the problematic class of cognition-enhancing drugs". Curr Pharm Des. 8 (2): 125–38. doi:10.2174/1381612023396582. PMID   11812254. In general, piracetam-like nootropics show no affinity for the most important central receptors (Ki > 10 μM). A modest affinity for muscarinic receptors is shown by aniracetam (Ki = 4.4 μM [58]) and nebracetam (Ki = 6.3 μM [61]). Nefiracetam is the only one showing affinity in the nanomolar range (Ki = 8.5 nM on the GABAA receptor [58]). [...] Nefiracetam (chart (1)) is awaiting approval. It presents a variety of pharmacological actions as it is reported to activate the cholinergic, GABAergic and other monaminergic systems and to modulate N-type calcium channels [78-81].
345. Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). "Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics". Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6. PMID   8061686. As mentioned above, no commonly accepted mechanism for the racetam nootropics has yet been established, They do not seem to act on any well characterised receptor site with the exception of nefiracetam which has high affinity for GABA, receptors (see Table 1). [...] Receptor: GABA_A. Receptor ligand: [³H]muscimol^A. Compound: nefiracetam. IC₅₀: 8.5 nM^B. Refs.: 222. [...] From Table 1 it is, however, evident that the piracetam-like nootropics do not exhibit high affinity for any of the receptor types tested so far (except for nefiracetam, which shows some activity at GABAA receptors)
346. "Nemifitide - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
347. "NS 2359 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
348. "NS 2389 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
349. "ORM 10921 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
350. "Orvepitant - NeRRe therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
351. Ratti E, Bettica P, Alexander R, Archer G, Carpenter D, Evoniuk G, et al. (May 2013). "Full central neurokinin-1 receptor blockade is required for efficacy in depression: evidence from orvepitant clinical studies". J Psychopharmacol. 27 (5): 424–434. doi:10.1177/0269881113480990. PMID   23539641.
352. "Osanetant - Acer Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
353. "Pexacerfont - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
354. "PF 4455242 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
355. "PT 150 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
356. "Radafaxine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
357. "Ramelteon - Takeda - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
358. "Rapastinel - Gate Neurosciences - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
359. "RG 7166 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
360. "Ritanserin - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
361. "Rolipram - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
362. "Sabcomeline - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
363. Quartara L, Altamura M, Evangelista S, Maggi CA (December 2009). "Tachykinin receptor antagonists in clinical trials". Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 18 (12): 1843–1864. doi:10.1517/13543780903379530. PMID   19938899.
364. Namiot ED, Smirnovová D, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB (July 2024). "Depression clinical trials worldwide: a systematic analysis of the ICTRP and comparison with ClinicalTrials.gov". Transl Psychiatry. 14 (1): 315. doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03031-6. PMC   11291508 . PMID   39085220.
365. "SB 236057 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
366. "SB 245570 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
367. "Sibutramine - Abbvie - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
368. "Siramesine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
369. "Sirukumab - Janssen Biotech - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
370. "SKL 10406 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
371. "SKL PSY - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
372. "Sodium phenylbutyrate slow-release - LUNAMeD AG - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
373. "SSR 149415 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
374. "SSR 241586 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
375. "Tandospirone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
376. "Tasimelteon - Vanda Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
377. "Tedatioxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
378. "Tianeptine oral - Johnson & Johnson - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
379. "TS 111 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
380. "Tulrampator - RespireRx Pharmaceuticals/Servier - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
381. "Vanoxerine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
382. "Verucerfont - GlaxoSmithKline - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
383. "Vestipitant - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
384. "Viloxazine hydrochloride - Supernus Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
385. "VN 2222 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
386. "VUFB 17649 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
387. "VUFB 18285 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
388. "ZD 4974 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
389. "TAK 041 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
390. "Ziprasidone - Pfizer - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
391. "Aripiprazole/sertraline - Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
392. "Mevidalen - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
393. Svensson KA, Hao J, Bruns RF (2019). "Positive allosteric modulators of the dopamine D1 receptor: A new mechanism for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuropsychotherapeutics. Adv Pharmacol. Vol. 86. pp. 273–305. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.06.001. ISBN   978-0-12-816668-0. PMID   31378255. The close structural analog of DETQ, LY3154207, is currently in phase 2 testing for Lewy Body dementias, including patients with Parkinson's disease.
394. Sakurai H, Yonezawa K, Tani H, Mimura M, Bauer M, Uchida H (July 2022). "Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry". Pharmacopsychiatry. 55 (4): 193–202. doi:10.1055/a-1714-9097. PMC   9259184 . PMID   35045580.
395. Brenna CT, Goldstein BI, Zarate CA, Orser BA (August 2024). "Repurposing General Anesthetic Drugs to Treat Depression: A New Frontier for Anesthesiologists in Neuropsychiatric Care". Anesthesiology. 141 (2): 222–237. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000005037 . PMID   38856663.
396. Jiang Y, Dong Y, Hu H (July 2024). "The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypothesis of ketamine's antidepressant action: evidence and controversies". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 379 (1906): 20230225. doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0225. PMC   11343275 . PMID   38853549.
397. "Agomelatine - Servier - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
398. Sharma H, Santra S, Dutta A (2015). "Triple reuptake inhibitors as potential next-generation antidepressants: a new hope?". Future Med Chem. 7 (17): 2385–406. doi:10.4155/fmc.15.134. PMC   4976848 . PMID   26619226.
399. "Amisulpride - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
400. "Aripiprazole - Bristol-Myers Squibb/Otsuka Pharmaceutical - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
401. "Brexanolone - Sage Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
402. "Brexpiprazole - Lundbeck/Otsuka - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
403. "Bupropion - Biovail Corporation - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
404. "Bupropion/dextromethorphan - Axsome Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
405. "Cariprazine - Gedeon Richter - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
406. "Citalopram orally disintegrating tablets - Bausch Health Companies - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
407. "Desvenlafaxine - Pfizer - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
408. "Desvenlafaxine - extended release - Alembic - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
409. "Desvenlafaxine extended-release - RVL Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
410. "WIP DF17 - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
411. "인하대병원 임상시험센터". 인하대병원 (in Korean). 15 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
412. "[환인제약][정정]분기보고서(일반법인)". 대한민국 대표 기업공시채널 KIND (in Korean). Retrieved 8 August 2024.
413. "Duloxetine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
414. "Duloxetine delayed-release capsules - Sun Pharma Global FZE - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
415. "Escitalopram - Lundbeck A/S - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
416. "Esketamine - Johnson & Johnson - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
417. "Fluoxetine - Eli Lilly - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
418. "Fluoxetine - Edgemont Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
419. "Gepirone - Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
420. "Hypericum extract - Lichtwer Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
421. Yáñez M, Padín JF, Arranz-Tagarro JA, Camiña M, Laguna R (2012). "History and therapeutic use of MAO-A inhibitors: a historical perspective of MAO-A inhibitors as antidepressant drug". Curr Top Med Chem. 12 (20): 2275–2282. doi:10.2174/156802612805220011. PMID   23231399.
422. "Levomilnacipran - AbbVie/Pierre Fabre - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
423. "Levosulpiride - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
424. "Lumateperone - Intra-Cellular Therapies - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
425. "Lurasidone - Sumitomo Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
426. "Milnacipran - Pierre Fabre - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
427. "Mirtazapine - Merck & Co - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
428. "Moclobemide - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
429. "Nefazodone - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
430. "Olanzapine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
431. "Olanzapine/fluoxetine - Eli Lilly and Company - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
432. "Opipramol - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
433. "Paroxetine - Novo Nordisk - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
434. "Paroxetine hydrochloride - Italfarmaco - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
435. "Quetiapine - AstraZeneca - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
436. "Reboxetine - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
437. "Selegiline transdermal - Somerset Pharmaceuticals - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
438. "Sertraline - Pfizer - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
439. "Setiptiline - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
440. "Tianeptine - Servier - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
441. "Toludesvenlafaxine extended release - Luye Pharma - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
442. "Trazodone - Angelini Group/Labopharm - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
443. "Venlafaxine - Pfizer - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
444. "Vilazodone - AbbVie - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
445. "Vortioxetine - Lundbeck - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.
446. "Zuranolone - Biogen/SAGE Therapeutics - AdisInsight". adisinsight.springer.com.

Further reading

• Brady LS, Lisanby SH, Gordon JA (2023). "New directions in psychiatric drug development: promising therapeutics in the pipeline". Expert Opin Drug Discov. 18 (8): 835–850. doi:10.1080/17460441.2023.2224555. PMID   37352473.
• PhRMA. "2023 Medicines in Development – Mental Illness" (PDF). PhRMA. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

External links

• AdisInsight - Springer