List of military figures by nickname

Last updated

Contents

This is a list of military figures by nickname.

0-9

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)</span> United States Army military decoration

The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Field marshal</span> Most senior military rank

Field marshal is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army, and as such, few persons are ever appointed to it. It is considered as a five-star rank (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries. Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general. However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and also as a brigade command rank. Examples of the different uses of the rank include Afghanistan, Austria-Hungary, Pakistan, Prussia/Germany, India and Sri Lanka for an extraordinary achievement; Spain and Mexico for a divisional command ; and France, Portugal and Brazil for a brigade command.

<i>Pour le Mérite</i> Kingdom of Prussias highest order of merit

The Pour le Mérite, also informally known as the Blue Max, is an order of merit established in 1740 by King Frederick II of Prussia. The Pour le Mérite was awarded as both a military and civil honour and ranked, along with the Order of the Black Eagle, the Order of the Red Eagle and the House Order of Hohenzollern, among the highest orders of merit in the Kingdom of Prussia. The order of merit was the highest royal Prussian order of bravery for officers of all ranks.

Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances. It originated as a term used by the Allies during World War I, and is currently used only within NATO for Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Supreme Allied Commander Transformation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)</span> Military award of the US Armed Forces

The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. The medal was established on July 2, 1926, and is currently awarded to any persons who, after April 6, 1917, distinguish themselves by single acts of heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight. Both heroism and extraordinary achievement are entirely distinctive, involving operations that are not routine. The medal may be awarded to friendly foreign military members in ranks equivalent to the U.S. paygrade of O-6 and below in combat in support operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernest J. King</span> US Navy Fleet admiral (1878–1956)

Ernest Joseph King was a fleet admiral in the United States Navy who served as Commander in Chief, United States Fleet (COMINCH) and Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) during World War II. He was the U.S. Navy's second-most senior officer in World War II after Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, who served as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief. He directed the United States Navy's operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Combined Chiefs of Staff.

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1942:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas C. Kinkaid</span> United States Navy admiral (1888–1972)

Thomas Cassin Kinkaid was an admiral in the United States Navy, known for his service during World War II. He built a reputation as a "fighting admiral" in the aircraft carrier battles of 1942 and commanded the Allied forces in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. He was Commander Allied Naval Forces and the Seventh Fleet under General of the Army Douglas MacArthur in the Southwest Pacific Area, where he conducted numerous amphibious operations, and commanded an Allied fleet during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle of World War II and the last naval battle between battleships in history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hans-Georg von Friedeburg</span> German navy officer, U-boat commander, Admiral in the Kriegsmarine (1895–1945)

Hans-Georg von Friedeburg was a German admiral, the deputy commander of the U-boat Forces of Nazi Germany and the second-to-last Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine. He was the only representative of the armed forces to be present at the signing of the German instruments of surrender in Luneburg Heath on 4 May 1945, in Reims on 7 May and in Berlin on 8 May 1945. Von Friedeburg committed suicide shortly afterwards, upon the dissolution of the Flensburg Government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allies of World War I</span> Opposing side to the Central Powers

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

Mustang is a military slang term used in the United States Armed Forces to refer to a commissioned officer who began their career as an enlisted service member. A mustang officer is not a temporary or brevet promotion but is a commissioned officer who receives more pay according to their rank of O1-E, O2-E, etc., but has no more command responsibilities than those of any commissioned officer of the same grade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Five-star rank</span> Senior military rank used by some nations armed forces

A five-star rank is the highest military rank in many countries. The rank is that of the most senior operational military commanders, and within NATO's standard rank scale it is designated by the code OF-10. Not all armed forces have such a rank, and in those that do the actual insignia of the five-star ranks may not contain five stars. For example: the insignia for the French OF-10 rank maréchal de France contains seven stars; the insignia for the Portuguese marechal contains four gold stars. The stars used on the various Commonwealth of Nations rank insignias are sometimes colloquially referred to as pips, but in fact either are stars of the orders of the Garter, Thistle or Bath or are Eversleigh stars, depending on the wearer's original regiment or corps, and are used in combination with other heraldic items, such as batons, crowns, swords or maple leaves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allied leaders of World War II</span> Political and military leaders of the Allied nations during World War II

The Allied leaders of World War II listed below comprise the important political and military figures who fought for or supported the Allies during World War II. Engaged in total war, they had to adapt to new types of modern warfare, on the military, psychological and economic fronts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German surrender at Lüneburg Heath</span> Surrender of German armed forces in Belgium, Denmark, and northwest Germany on 4 May 1945

On 4 May 1945, at 18:30 British Double Summer Time, at Lüneburg Heath, south of Hamburg, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery accepted the unconditional surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands, northwest Germany including all islands, in Denmark and all naval ships in those areas. The surrender preceded the end of World War II in Europe and was signed in a carpeted tent at Montgomery's headquarters on the Timeloberg hill at Wendisch Evern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">December 1916</span> Month in 1916

The following events occurred in December 1916:

The Ministry of War was responsible for war affairs in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman land forces were subordinate to this ministry. Within the ministry there were offices for procurement, combat arms, peacetime military affairs, mobilization, and for promotions.

References

  1. 1 2 Jones, Ken (1959). Destroyer Squadron 23: combat exploits of Arleigh Burke's gallant force. Philadelphia: Chilton Co., Book Division. OCLC   1262893.
  2. 1 2 "Yedi Sekiz Hasan Paşa Kimdir? | Kim Kimdir? Biyografi Bankası" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  3. 1 2 "Cem Ersever". biyografi.net. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Blair, Clay Jr. (1975). Silent victory: the U.S. submarine war against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott. ISBN   978-0-397-00753-0. OCLC   821363.
  5. 1 2 Bekker, Cajus. Hitler's Naval War (New York City: Kensington Publishing Corp. {Zebra Books}, 1974; reprints Gerhard Stalling Verlag's 1971 Verdammte See), p. 178.
  6. "Askerin gönlünde şehit generalin lakabı..." www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  7. Carver, Michael (1976). The War lords: military commanders of the twentieth century. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN   978-0-297-77084-8. OCLC   2410407.
  8. "Woods, Pasha, Adm. Sir Henry Felix, (18 July 1843–18 Feb. 1929), Admiral (retired) in Imperial Ottoman Navy", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u219457 , retrieved 2024-06-22
  9. "Dodge, John Vilas, (25 Sept. 1909–23 April 1991), Senior Editorial Consultant, Encyclopædia Britannica, since 1972; Chairman, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica Publishers, since 1977", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 , retrieved 2024-06-22
  10. Foxley-Norris, Christopher (2 February 1996). "OBITUARY: Wing Cdr Roderick Learoyd VC". The Independent. London.
  11. 1 2 "No.3: 'Soarer' Campbell". Generals' Nicknames. Centre for First World War Studies, University of Birmingham. January 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  12. Džaja, Srećko M.; Weiss, Günter, eds. (1995). Austro-Turcica, 1541-1552: diplomatische Akten des habsburgischen Gesandtschaftsverkehrs mit der Hohen Pforte, im Zeitalter Süleymans des Prächtigen. Südosteuropäische Arbeiten. München: R. Oldenbourg. ISBN   978-3-486-56167-8.
  13. 1 2 Granatstein, J. L. (2002). Canada's army: waging war and keeping the peace. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-0-8020-4691-8. OCLC   48941226.
  14. Prange, Gordon W.; Donald M Goldstein; Katherine V. Dillon (1988). December 7, 1941: the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.  23. ISBN   978-0-07-050682-4. OCLC   15793660.
  15. "Vice Admiral Al Konetzni". BBC Two.
  16. Maclear, Michael. The Ten Thousand Day War (London: Thames/Methuen, 1982), p.94.
  17. Caddick-Adams, Peter (2019). Sand & Steel: A New History of D-Day. London: Hutchinson. p. 158. ISBN   978-1-84794-8-281.
  18. Carroll, Rory (25 June 2001). "Italy's bloody secret". The Guardian. London.
  19. Regan, Geoffrey (1993). The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders. Enfield: Guinness Publishing. ISBN   978-0-85112-728-6. OCLC   59946018.
  20. Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram (New York: NEL Mentor, 1967), p.78.
  21. 1 2 Barnett, Correlli (1960). Desert Generals . New York: Ballantine. OCLC   1027319.
  22. Farago, Patton
  23. Dupuy, Trevor N., colonel, United States Army (rtd), editor. Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography (Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 1992), p.633.
  24. Saward, Dudley (1984). "Bomber" Harris: the story of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Arthur Harris, Bt, GCB, OBE, AFC, LLD, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bomber Command, 1942–1945. London: Buchan & Enright. OCLC   11082290.
  25. 1 2 Johnson, Johnny E. (1964). Full Circle: The Story of Air Fighting. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 26. OCLC   2486377.
  26. Bekker, p. 130.
  27. Hastings, Max (1979). Bomber Command . New York: Dial Press/James Wade. OCLC   5170758.
  28. "'Butcher of Bosnia' Ratko Mladic goes on trial over slaughter at Srebrenica". NBC News. 16 May 2012.
  29. "Col. Charlie Beckwith, 65, Dies; Led Failed Rescue Effort in Iran". The New York Times. June 13, 1994. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  30. Legion Magazine, 5-6/2014, p.58.
  31. Margaritis, Peter (2019). Countdown to D-Day: The German perspective. Oxford, UK & PA, USA: Casemate. p. 29. ISBN   978-1-61200-769-4.
  32. Grady, Alan.When Good Men Do Nothing: The Assassination of Albert Patterson. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003).
  33. Bekker, Cajus. Hitler's Naval War (New York City: Kensington Publishing Corp. {Zebra Books}, 1974; reprints Gerhard Stalling Verlag's 1971 Verdammte See), pp.104-5.
  34. Molesworth, Carl (2003). P-40 Warhawk Aces of the Pacific . Oxford: Osprey. pp.  50–54. ISBN   978-1-84176-536-5. OCLC   51992611.
  35. 郝勇 (2006-01-01). 中_古代用人故事大_ (in Chinese). 飛翔時代.
  36. "7th Armoured Division Site". Archived from the original on 2012-08-02.
  37. Allen, Hubert Raymond "Dizzy" (1974). Who Won the Battle of Britain?. London: Barker. ISBN   978-0-213-16489-8. OCLC   1092232.
  38. 1 2 Manchester, William Raymond (1978). American Caesar, Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN   978-0-316-54498-6. OCLC   3844481.
  39. BBC - Hereford and Worcestershire Features - William Tennant - hero of Dunkirk
  40. ""En Fit Dede"Den Yeni Rekor". Haberler (in Turkish). 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  41. "Istanbul Gelisim University - IGU Sports Education Advisor Namık Ekin's New World Record". IGU - İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi - Istanbul Gelisim University - IGU Sports Education Advisor Namık Ekin's New World Record (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  42. Wood, Michael (1998). In search of the Trojan War (1. California paperb. print ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-21599-3.
  43. 1 2 3 Beach, Edward L. "Ned" (1952). Submarine!. New York: H. Holt. OCLC   396382.
  44. Garrison, Webb B. (1992). Civil War trivia and fact book. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN   978-1-55853-160-4. OCLC   25410905.
  45. Farago, Ladislas (1962). The Tenth Fleet. New York: Paperback Library. OCLC   11651418.
  46. Prange, Gordon W., Dillon, Katherine V., and Goldstein, Donald M. At Dawn We Slept (New York: Penguin, 1991), p.597
  47. Blair, Clay Jr. (1975). Silent victory: the U.S. submarine war against Japan. Philadelphia: Lippincott. p.  73. ISBN   978-0-397-00753-0. OCLC   821363.
  48. 1 2 3 Ken Burns, director (1990). The Civil War . ISBN   978-0-7806-3887-7. OCLC   52791424.
  49. Gunn, Roger. Raymond Collishaw and the Black Flight (Toronto: Dundurn, 2013), p. 206
  50. 1 2 3 Holmes, Wilfrid J. (1979). Double-edged secrets: U.S. naval intelligence operations in the Pacific during World War II . Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-162-1. OCLC   5195347.
  51. Mahan, Alfred T. (1890). The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–1783. London: Sampson, Low, Marston. OCLC   12225848.
  52. West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. Robert Baden-Powell (illust.). Brewer, Warren and Putnam. OCLC   1710834.
  53. Prange. December 7h, 1941?
  54. Brayley, Martin; Ramiro Bujeiro (2001). World War II Allied Women's Services. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. ISBN   1-84176-053-6.
  55. "Benton, William, (1 April 1900–17 March 1973), Chairman and Publisher, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., since 1943", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u152251 , retrieved 2024-06-22
  56. Baumgardner, Randy W.; Tailhook Association (November 1997). Tailhook Association: Eagles in Flight. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN   1-56311-403-8.
  57. Stockdale, James B.; Sybil Stockdale (1984). In love and war: the story of a family's ordeal and sacrifice during the Vietnam years . Harper & Row. ISBN   0-06-015318-0.
  58. Duncan, Mike (18 September 2016). "5.15 The Centaur of the Plains". Revolutions (Podcast). Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  59. 1 2 Robertson, Terence (1955). The Golden Horseshoe: The Wartime Career of Otto Kretschmer, U-Boat Ace. London: Evans Bros. OCLC   2162924.
  60. Holwitt, Joel I. "Execute Against Japan", Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, p. 327.
  61. Keegan, John (2000). Churchill's generals. London: Abacus. ISBN   978-0-349-11317-3. OCLC   43501320.
  62. "Enver Paşa | Ottoman General & WWI Architect | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  63. "Enver Paşa (1882-1922)". Atatürk Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  64. Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2018-05-04), "World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order", A History of the Modern Middle East, Sixth edition. | Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 2017.: Routledge, pp. 139–159, doi:10.4324/9780429495502-11, ISBN   978-0-429-49550-2 , retrieved 2024-06-22{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  65. World Encyclopedia (1 ed.). Philip's. 2004-01-01. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-19-954609-1 . Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  66. "Kemal Ataturk | Biography, Reforms, Death, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  67. "Biography of Atatürk". www.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  68. "Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey : Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK". www.tccb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  69. Powell, J.B. (1929). The China Monthly Review. Volume 47. December 1928 – February 1929. Shanghai: Millard Publishing. p. 486.
  70. "This Day in Jewish History / The Navy's 'Kindly Old Gentleman' is Born". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 Apr 2014.
  71. Prange, Gordon W.; Donald M Goldstein; Katherine V. Dillon (1988). December 7, 1941: the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.  78. ISBN   978-0-07-050682-4. OCLC   15793660.
  72. Davis, Richard Harding (1906). Real Soldiers of Fortune. London: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC   853901.
  73. "KUT'ÜL AMARE ZAFERİ VE HİLAL-İ AHMER - KIZILAY TARİH - Belge ve Arşiv Yönetimi Müdürlüğü". kizilaytarih.org. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  74. "'Halil Kut'un şanssızlığı Enver Paşa'nın amcası olması'". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  75. 1 2 Wong, Betty (2012). Jewel of the Kingdom. Trafford Publishing. p. 27. ISBN   978-1-4669-3745-1.
  76. 1 2 Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt; Curt Johnson; David L. Bongard (1992). Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0-06-270015-5. OCLC   25026255.
  77. "IS members arrested in Kuwait, warrants issued for others – Suspects accused of funding, promoting, fighting with radical group". Kuwait Times. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  78. Flint Whitlock; Ron Smith; Albert Konetzni. The Depths of Courage: American Submariners at War with Japan, 1941–1945. Penguin Group. p. 355.
  79. Treneman, Ann (May 5, 1999). "The shaming of a hero". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  80. "1982: Seychelles coup leader guilty of hijack". BBC. July 27, 1982. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  81. Kakırman Yıldız, Asiye (2015-03-09). "Yahya Araz, 16. Yüzyıldan 19. Yüzyıl Başlarına: Osmanlı Toplumunda Çocuk Olmak, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2013, 196 s., ISBN 978-605-105-118-5". Osmanlı Araştırmaları: 414–418. doi:10.18589/oa.570032. ISSN   0255-0636.
  82. "Cast a Giant Shadow" review in VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever Guide 2007, ed. by Jim Craddock (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006), p.168.
  83. Rabinowitch, Abe. The Boats of Cherbourg.
  84. Helfers, John. "Caught Napping, or Hitler's Greatest Gamble", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. How to Lose World War II (New York: Harper 2010), p.216.
  85. "Order of Battle – Pearl Harbor – 7 December 1941". Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  86. Farago, Ladislas (1963). Patton: ordeal and triumph. New York: I. Obolensky. OCLC   405969.
  87. Prange, Gordon W., Dillon, Katherine V., and Goldstein, Donald M. At Dawn We Slept (New York: Penguin, 1991), p.621
  88. Mason, Pablo; Pablo's War - Bloomsbury Publishing, 12 Aug 1992, ISBN   0-7475-1234-5
  89. Boyington, Gregory (1958). Baa baa, black sheep. New York: Putnam. OCLC   2124961.
  90. David Petraeus#Personal life
  91. Prange, Gordon W.; Donald M Goldstein; Katherine V. Dillon (1988). December 7, 1941: the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.  20. ISBN   978-0-07-050682-4. OCLC   15793660.
  92. "American Experience | Bataan Rescue | People & Events". PBS . Archived from the original on 2003-10-12.
  93. Peniakoff, Vladimir. Popski's Private Army (Garden City, NY: Nelson Doubleday, 1980)
  94. William Raborn
  95. 1 2 Deighton, Len (1977). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . London: Cape. ISBN   978-0-224-01422-9. OCLC   3388095.
  96. Commander Sharkey Ward (1992). Sea Harrier Over the Falklands: A Maverick at War. Leo Cooper. ISBN   978-0-85052-305-8.
  97. Newsweek's history of our times, Volume 2 p. 36
  98. Willmott, Hedley Paul (1983). The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies, February to June 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN   978-0-87021-092-1. OCLC   9828511.
  99. Coventry Evening Telegraph, "'Terror' Quinan Dies", 15 Nov 1960
  100. "National Museum of the USAF - Photos". www.nationalmuseum.af.mil. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  101. Prange, Gordon W.; Donald M Goldstein; Katherine V. Dillon (1988). December 7, 1941: the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.  22. ISBN   978-0-07-050682-4. OCLC   15793660.
  102. "Liu Haisu: Artistic Rebel". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  103. Listed General [ permanent dead link ], City of Sydney Library, accessed July 2009
  104. Prange, Gordon W., Dillon, Katherine V., and Goldstein, Donald M. At Dawn We Slept (New York: Penguin, 1991), p. 279
  105. Koca, Serhat; Ozeke, Ozcan; Cay, Serkan; Ozcan, Firat; Arisoy, Fazil; Alyan, Omer; Topaloglu, Serkan; Aras, Dursun (2017). "Dynamic T-wave Changes with Hump Appearance from a Higher Intercostal Space in a Short QT Syndrome". European Journal of Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology. 03 (1): 21. doi:10.17925/ejae.2017.03.01.21. ISSN   2058-3869.