List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education

Universities attended by British prime ministers

University	Number of prime ministers
University of Oxford	31
University of Cambridge	14
No university	8
University outside UK	5
Other university in UK	4
University of Edinburgh	3
University of Glasgow	3

A bar chart of universities attended by British prime ministers.

A list of prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the educational institutions they attended. As of July 2024 ^[update] , of the 58 prime ministers to date, 31 were educated at the University of Oxford (including 13 at Christ Church), and 14 at the University of Cambridge (including six at Trinity College). Three attended the University of Edinburgh, three the University of Glasgow, two Mason Science College, a predecessor institution of the University of Birmingham, and one – the incumbent prime minister Keir Starmer – the University of Leeds. John Major was (as of 2025) the last of the eight living prime ministers who did not attend university after leaving secondary education. A number of the prime ministers who attended university never graduated. Oxford gained its 29th prime-ministerial alumnus when Liz Truss succeeded Boris Johnson in September 2022, and its 30th – and fifth consecutive – a month later in Rishi Sunak. ^[1] Starmer followed his undergraduate degree at Leeds with a postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law degree at Oxford.

Twenty prime ministers were schooled at Eton College, of whom nine were educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, including all three who held office between 1880 and 1902 (Gladstone, Salisbury, Rosebery). Seven were educated at Harrow School and six at Westminster School. Rishi Sunak was the second to be educated at Winchester College. Eleven prime ministers to date have been educated at only non-fee-paying schools; these include all five who held office between 1964 and 1997 (Wilson, Heath, Callaghan, Thatcher, Major). Theresa May was educated at both independent and grammar schools. Three did not receive (primary or secondary) school education and were homeschooled during childhood.

Sixteen Prime ministers trained as barristers at the Inns of Court, including 12 at Lincoln's Inn (although not all were called to the bar). Two (Wellington and Churchill) completed officer training at military academies.

Although William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath (in 1746) and James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave (in 1757) briefly attempted to form governments, neither is usually counted as prime minister. They are not listed below.

• 
  The Earl of Bute (Groningen & Leiden): the first prime minister to graduate from a university outside the UK
• 
  William Pitt the Younger (Pembroke, Cambridge): home schooled; went to Cambridge aged 14, graduated at 17, MP at 21, prime minister at 24. MP for Cambridge University
• 
  W. E. Gladstone (Eton; Christ Church, Oxford; Lincoln's Inn): attended the three institutions with most alumni prime ministers. MP for Oxford University
• 
  Margaret Thatcher (Somerville, Oxford): the first female PM, educated at an all-female school and college; studied chemistry, the only PM with a science degree
• 
  Gordon Brown (Edinburgh): the only prime minister to complete a PhD. Served as university rector 1972–75, while still a student

List of British prime ministers by education

Prime Minister	Term of office	School	University	Degree	Professional training
Walpole, Robert Robert Walpole	1721–1742	Eton College	Cambridge (King's Coll.)	1696–98, did not graduate (LL.D. 1728) [2]
Compton, Spencer Spencer Compton Earl of Wilmington	1742–1743	St Paul's School	Oxford (Trinity Coll.)	1690–?, did not graduate (D.C.L. 1730) [3]	Inns of Court: Middle Temple
Pelham, Henry Henry Pelham	1743–1754	Westminster School	Cambridge (King's Coll.)	1709–10 [4]
			Oxford (Hart Hall)	1710–?, did not graduate [5]
Pelham-Holles, Thomas Thomas Pelham-Holles Duke of Newcastle	1754–1756 1757–1762	Westminster School	Cambridge (Clare Coll.)	1710–?, did not graduate (LL.D. 1728) [6]
Cavendish, William William Cavendish Duke of Devonshire	1756–1757	— [7]	—	—
Stuart, John John Stuart Earl of Bute	1762–1763	Eton College	Groningen University	Civil law 1730–32 [8]
			Leiden University	Civil law 1732–34, graduated 1734 [9]
Grenville, George George Grenville	1763–1765	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	1730–?, did not graduate [10]	Inns of Court: Inner Temple
Watson-Wentworth, Charles Charles Watson-Wentworth Marquess of Rockingham	1765–1766 1782	Westminster School	— [11]	—
Pitt, William 1 William Pitt the Elder Earl of Chatham	1766–1768	Eton College	Oxford (Trinity Coll.)	1727–28, did not graduate [12]
			Utrecht University	1728 [13]
FitzRoy, Augustus Augustus FitzRoy Duke of Grafton	1768–1770	Westminster School	Cambridge (Peterhouse)	1751–53, M.A. 1753 [14]
North, Frederick Frederick North	1770–1782	Eton College	Oxford (Trinity Coll.)	1749–50, M.A. 1750 [15]
			Leipzig University	1751–52 [16] [17]
Petty, William William Petty (FitzMaurice) Earl of Shelburne	1782–1783	— [18]	Oxford (Christ Church)	1755–57, did not graduate [19] [20]
Cavendish-Bentinck, William William Cavendish-Bentinck Duke of Portland	1783 1807–1809	Westminster School	Oxford (Christ Church)	1755–57, M.A. 1757 [21]
Pitt, William 2 William Pitt the Younger	1783–1801 1804–1806	— [22]	Cambridge (Pembroke Coll.)	1773–76, M.A. 1776 [23]
Addington, Henry Henry Addington	1801–1804	Winchester College	Oxford (Brasenose Coll.)	1774–78, B.A. 1778 (M.A. 1780) [24]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Grenville, William William Grenville Lord Grenville	1806–1807	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	1776–80, B.A. 1780 [25]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Perceval, Spencer Spencer Perceval	1809–1812	Harrow School	Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	1780–82, M.A. 1782 [26]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Jenkinson, Robert Robert Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool	1812–1827	Charterhouse School	Oxford (Christ Church)	1787–90, M.A. 1790 [27]
Canning, George George Canning	1827	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	1787–91, B.A. 1791 (M.A. 1794) [28]
Robinson, Frederick John Frederick J. Robinson Viscount Goderich	1827–1828	Harrow School	Cambridge (St John's Coll.)	1799–1802, M.A. 1802 [29]
Wellesley, Arthur Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington	1828–1830 1834	Eton College	—	—	French Royal Academy of Equitation, Angers
Grey, Charles Charles Grey Earl Grey	1830–1834	Eton College	Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	1781–83, did not graduate [30]
Lamb, William William Lamb Viscount Melbourne	1834 1835–1841	Eton College	Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	1796–99, M.A. 1799 [31]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
			Glasgow University	Resident pupil of Prof. John Millar 1799–1801 [32]
Peel, Robert Robert Peel	1834–1835 1841–1846	Harrow School	Oxford (Christ Church)	Classics and Mathematics 1805–08, B.A. 1808 (M.A. 1814) [33]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Russell, John John Russell Earl Russell	1846–1852 1865–1866	Westminster School	Edinburgh University	Resident pupil of Prof. John Playfair 1809–12 [34]
Smith-Stanley, Edward Edward Smith-Stanley Earl of Derby	1852 1858–1859 1866–1868	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	Classics 1817–20, did not graduate [35] [36]
Hamilton-Gordon, George George Hamilton-Gordon Earl of Aberdeen	1852–1855	Harrow School	Cambridge (St John's Coll.)	1800–04, M.A. 1804 [37]
Temple, Henry John Henry John Temple Viscount Palmerston	1855–1858 1859–1865	Harrow School	Edinburgh University	Resident pupil of Prof. Dugald Stewart 1800–03 [38] [39]
			Cambridge (St John's Coll.)	1803–06, M.A. 1806 [40]
Disraeli, Benjamin Benjamin Disraeli Earl of Beaconsfield	1868 1874–1880	Dr Cogan's School, Walthamstow	—	—	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Gladstone, William William Ewart Gladstone	1868–1874 1880–1885 1886 1892–1894	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	Classics and Mathematics 1828–32: B.A. 1832 (M.A. 1834) [41]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Gascoyne-Cecil, Robert Robert Gascoyne-Cecil Marquess of Salisbury	1885–1886 1886–1892 1895–1902	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	Mathematics 1847–50, B.A. 1850 (M.A. 1853), Fellow of All Souls Coll. 1853 [42]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Primrose, Archibald Archibald Primrose Earl of Rosebery	1894–1895	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	1866–68, did not graduate [43] [44]
Balfour, Arthur Arthur Balfour	1902–1905	Eton College	Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	Moral Sciences 1866–70, B.A. 1870 (M.A. 1874) [45]
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry Henry Campbell-Bannerman	1905–1908	High School of Glasgow	Glasgow University	Greek and Logic 1851–53 [46]
			Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	Classics 1854–58, B.A. 1858 (M.A. 1861) [47]
Asquith, Herbert Henry H. H. Asquith	1908–1916	City of London School	Oxford (Balliol Coll.)	Classics 1870–74, B.A. 1874, Fellow 1874–82 [48]	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Lloyd George, David David Lloyd George	1916–1922	Llanystumdwy National School	—	—	Solicitor
Law, Bonar Bonar Law	1922–1923	High School of Glasgow	Glasgow University	Extramural student 1879–80 [49]
Baldwin, Stanley Stanley Baldwin	1923–1924 1924–1929 1935–1937	Harrow School	Cambridge (Trinity Coll.)	History 1885–88, B.A. 1888 (M.A. 1892) [50]
			Mason College	Metallurgy
Macdonald, Ramsay Ramsay MacDonald	1924 1929–1935	Drainie Parish School	Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution	Extramural student 1886–87 [51] [52]
Chamberlain, Neville Neville Chamberlain	1937–1940	Rugby School	Mason College	Metallurgy 1887–89 [53]
Churchill, Winston Winston Churchill	1940–1945 1951–1955	Harrow School	—	—	RMC Sandhurst
Attlee, Clement Clement Attlee	1945–1951	Haileybury College	Oxford (University Coll.)	Modern History 1901–04, B.A. 1904 (M.A.) [54]	Inns of Court: Inner Temple
Eden, Anthony Anthony Eden	1955–1957	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	Persian and Arabic 1919–22, B.A. 1922 (M.A.)
Macmillan, Harold Harold Macmillan	1957–1963	Eton College	Oxford (Balliol Coll.)	Classics 1912–14, did not graduate
Douglas-Home, Alec Alec Douglas-Home Earl of Home	1963–1964	Eton College	Oxford (Christ Church)	Modern History 1922–25, B.A. 1925 (M.A.)
Wilson, Harold Harold Wilson	1964–1970 1974–1976	Royds Hall Grammar School; Wirral Grammar School for Boys	Oxford (Jesus Coll.)	PPE (transferred from Modern History) [55] 1934–37, B.A. 1937 (M.A.) Fellow of University Coll. 1938–45 [56]
Heath, Edward Edward Heath	1970–1974	Chatham House Grammar School	Oxford (Balliol Coll.)	PPE 1935–39, B.A. 1939 (M.A.)
Callaghan, James James Callaghan	1976–1979	Northern Secondary School, Portsmouth	—	—	Civil Service: Inland Revenue
Thatcher, Margaret Margaret Thatcher	1979–1990	Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School	Oxford (Somerville Coll.)	Chemistry 1943–47, B.A. 1947 (M.A. 1950)	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Major, John John Major	1990–1997	Rutlish School	—	—	Correspondence course in banking
Blair, Tony Tony Blair	1997–2007	Fettes College	Oxford (St John's Coll.)	Law 1972–75, B.A. 1975 (M.A.)	Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn
Brown, Gordon Gordon Brown	2007–2010	Kirkcaldy High School	Edinburgh University	History 1967–82, M.A. 1972, Ph.D. 1982, [57] University Rector 1972–75 [58]
Cameron, David David Cameron	2010–2016	Eton College	Oxford (Brasenose Coll.)	PPE 1985–88, B.A. 1988 (M.A.)
May, Theresa Theresa May	2016–2019	Holton Park Girls' Grammar School	Oxford (St Hugh's Coll.)	Geography 1974–77, B.A. 1977 (M.A.)
Johnson, Boris Boris Johnson	2019–2022	Eton College	Oxford (Balliol Coll.)	Classics 1983–87, B.A. 1987 (M.A.)
Truss, Liz Liz Truss	2022	Roundhay School	Oxford (Merton Coll.)	PPE 1993–96, B.A.
Rishi Sunak	2022–2024	Winchester College	Oxford (Lincoln Coll.)	PPE 1998–2001, B.A.
			Stanford University	Business administration 2004–06, M.B.A. 2006 [59]
Keir Starmer	2024–present	Reigate Grammar School	Leeds University	Law 1982–85, LL.B. 1985	Inns of Court: Middle Temple
			Oxford (St Edmund Hall)	Law 1985–86, B.C.L. 1986
Prime Minister	Term of office	School	University	Degree	Professional training

University offices held

Chancellor

The following Prime Ministers served as Chancellor of their university:

Cambridge:

• Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1748–1768)
• Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (1768–1811)
• Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl Balfour (1919–1930)
• Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1930–1947)

Oxford:

• Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1772–1792)
• William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland (1792–1809)
• William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville (1809–1834)
• Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1852–1869)
• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1869–1903)
• Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (1960–1986)

Member of Parliament

The following Prime Ministers served as MP for the university constituency for their university:

Cambridge:

• William Pitt the Younger (1784–1806)
• Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1811–1831)

Oxford:

• Robert Peel (1817–1829)
• William Ewart Gladstone (1847–1865)

See also

• List of presidents of the United States by education
• List of prime ministers of Australia by education
• List of prime ministers of Canada by academic degrees
• List of presidents of the Philippines by education
• List of first ministers of Scotland by education

References

1. "Rishi Sunak set to be PM as penny Mordaunt drops out of leadership race". BBC News. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
2. "Walpole, Robert (WLPL695R)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
3. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Compton, Spencer"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
4. "Pelham, Henry (PLHN709H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
5. Foster, Joseph (1891). "Pelham, Henry (2)"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
6. "Pelham, Thomas (PLHN709T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
7. Thompson, Andrew, History of Government: William Cavendish Duke of Devonshire: "Initially educated at home by tutors, he, like many young aristocrats of the period, completed his education by undertaking the Grand Tour to France and Italy."
8. "Schotse oud-student werd premier van Engeland". Groninger Gezinsbode (in Dutch). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
9. Gillan, Caroline (2018). Lord Bute and eighteenth-century science and patronage. NUI Galway: PhD Theses (Thesis). NUI Galway. p. 44. Retrieved 29 June 2019. He left Eton College in 1730, and subsequently travelled to the Netherlands where he too pursued civil law, first attending Groningen University, before moving to Leiden University in 1732. After spending two years in Leiden, Bute left in March 1734 with a degree in civil law.
10. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Grenville, George"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
11. Rigg, J. M. (1899). "Watson-Wentworth, Charles"  . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 60. London: Smith, Elder & Co. — has Rockingham attending St John's College, Cambridge. However, there is no mention of him in Alumni Cantabrigienses , and the DNB is not followed in this detail by the Oxford DNB .
12. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Pitt, William (1)"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
13. Williams, Basil (2014-01-14). The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN   978-1-136-62559-6 . Retrieved 27 June 2019. In the following year [1728] he went to Utrecht, where he probably acquired the knowledge he afterwards displayed of Grotius and other writers on international law and diplomacy. How long he studied at Utrecht is not known; he was certainly there during the first quarter of 1728, in company with his cousin Lord Villiers and Lord Buchan and two other Erskines.
14. "FitzRoy, Augustus Henry (FTSY751AH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
15. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "North, Frederick (2)"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
16. North, Lord (May 1903). "Lord North, the Prime Minister". The North American Review. 176 (556): 781. JSTOR   25119408. At Leipzig he made a long stay for a course of studies under the celebrated Mascow, whose lectures on the "Present State of Europe in Respect to Politics" gave him especial interest.
17. Whiteley, Peter (1996). Lord North: The Prime Minister Who Lost America. A & C Black. pp. 11–14. ISBN   978-1-85285-145-3 . Retrieved 27 June 2019.
18. Bloy, Dr Marjorie, A Web of English History: "He appears not to have had much education: in his autobiography, he noted, "From the time I was four years old till I was fourteen, my education was neglected to the greatest degree". He was sent to an ordinary school and then was taught by a tutor until he went to Christ Church, Oxford in 1755."
19. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "FitzMaurice, William"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
20. "Petty, William Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737–1805)". University of Toronto Libraries. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
21. Foster, Joseph. "Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, Marquis of Titchfield (1)"  . Alumni Oxonienses  – via Wikisource.
22. Pitt the Younger was tutored at home, until entering Cambridge a month before turning 14.
23. "Pitt, Hon. William (PT773W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
24. Foster, Joseph. "Addington, Henry (1)"  . Alumni Oxonienses  – via Wikisource.
25. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Grenville, William (Wyndham)"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
26. "Perceval, Hon. Spencer (PRCL780S)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
27. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Jenkinson, Robert Bankes"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
28. Foster, Joseph. "Canning, George (1)"  . Alumni Oxonienses  – via Wikisource.
29. "Robinson, Hon. Frederick John (RBN799FJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
30. "Grey, Charles (GRY781C)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
31. "Lamb, Hon. Henry William (LM796HW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
32. Torrens, William McCullach (1878). Memoirs of the Right Honourable William, Second Viscount Melbourne. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. p. 39. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
33. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Peel, (Sir) Robert (Bart.) (1)"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
34. Reid, Stuart J. (1895). Lord John Russell. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
35. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Stanley, Edward Geoffrey Smith"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
36. Hawkins, Angus (2007). The Forgotten Prime Minister: The 14th Earl of Derby. Vol. I: Ascent, 1799–1851. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22. ISBN   978-0-19-920440-3 . Retrieved 26 June 2019.
37. "Gordon, George Hamilton (Lord Haddo) (GRDN800GH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
38. "Viscount Palmerston (1784 – 1865)". University of Edinburgh. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
39. Thomas, Amanda J. (2010). The Lambeth Cholera Outbreak of 1848-1849. McFarland. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-7864-5714-4 . Retrieved 28 June 2019. Palmerston had gone to Edinburgh to study under Duglad Stewart (1753–1828), professor of moral philosophy; Palmerston had also lodged with him.
40. "Palmerston, Henry John (Temple), Viscount (PLMN803HJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
41. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Gladstone, William Ewart"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
42. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
43. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Primrose, Archibald Philip, Baron Dalmeny"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
44. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of"  . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
45. "Balfour, Arthur James (BLFR866AJ)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
46. "Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman". University of Glasgow: The University of Glasgow Story. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
47. "Campbell [post Campbell Bannerman], Henry (CMBL854H)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
48. Foster, Joseph (1888–1891). "Asquith, Herbert Henry"  . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 . Oxford: James Parker – via Wikisource.
49. "Andrew Bonar Law". University of Glasgow: The University of Glasgow Story. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
50. "Baldwin, Stanley (BLDN885S)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
51. "Notable Birkbeckians". Birkbeck, University of London. Retrieved 23 June 2019. Ramsay MacDonald studied science, botany, agriculture, mathematics, and physics at Birkbeck in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
52. "Radical Beginnings, Inspiring Traditions". Google Arts & Culture: Birkbeck, University of London. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Ramsay MacDonald was a student at Birkbeck from 1886-1887, forging a lifelong passion for the arts.
53. Self, Robert (2017). Neville Chamberlain: A Biography. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-351-91516-8 . Retrieved 29 June 2019. After Rugby, his father decided that Neville should attend Mason College, the forerunner of Birmingham University, undertaking a course of metallurgy, mathematics and engineering for two years as a preparation for a career in the Birmingham metal industry.
54. "Clement Attlee Memorial Lecture 2019". University College, Oxford. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
55. Moore, Peter G. (1996). "Obituary: James Harold Wilson 1916-95". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 159 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.1996.tb00710.x. JSTOR   2983476.
56. "Harold Wilson proclamation". University College, Oxford. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
57. Brown, Gordon (1982). The Labour Party and political change in Scotland 1918–1929: the politics of five elections (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl: 1842/7136 .
58. "The Rector of the University". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
59. Riley, Oriana (24 October 2022). "Former Stanford MBA student selected UK's next prime minister". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2022.