Historical considerations
More often than not, football clubs have played in more than one top-tier competition. It is therefore possible that teams relegated at one point in their history, but have not done so in the competition in which they currently compete. This is the case for multiple teams in countries where football was played in regional leagues prior to the creation of a unified national league. In such countries, a national champion was previously declared by means of a play-off tournament between teams that qualified through their regional tournaments. In Germany, for instance, seven teams have never been relegated from the Bundesliga (some joining more recently), but three of them found themselves expelled from the older Oberligen . Hamburg played continuously in the top tier of the German football system from the end of World War I until 2018. [1] [2] In the Netherlands, football used to be organised in regional competitions as well. The unified Eredivisie was born in 1956, and four teams have continuously played at this highest national level since then. [3]
Even before the establishment of regional competitions, football was played in league systems. The very first football championships in Europe were often organised on a local level. Taking these smaller competitions into account, Austria Wien and Rapid Wien can claim to have played at the highest possible level since competition began in Austria in 1911. [1] At that time however, the only organised football was played in the league of Lower Austria, [4] which was then located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and only teams from Vienna took part. [5] Later, Austrian teams competed in the German football system for several years, which made it possible for Rapid Wien to become German champion in 1941. [6] The current Austrian Bundesliga was only established in 1974, [7] and to this point a total of five teams have never been relegated from that competition. [8]
In Greece and Turkey, competitive football was organised in even smaller leagues. In both countries, city-leagues were the highest level for quite some time. [9] [10] In 1959, a unified Hellenic league was founded, and Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and PAOK have played in every season of it. [1] However, there was a Panhellenic Championship from 1927 to 1959, a top-tier that connected the city-leagues, and titles won in that are considered valid and equal to the modern league by the Hellenic Football Federation. Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray were also in city-leagues before the unified Turkish league was founded in 1959, but there was no clear and undisputed top-flight like the Panhellenic Championship in Greece, and the Turkish Football Federation does not recognise pre-1956 titles, while the recognised Federation Cup from 1956 to 1958 was a knockout competition. [1]
In Russia, football too was first played at city-level. The St. Petersburg Football League was established in 1901, and its Moscovite counterpart followed in 1909. Many years later, in 1936, the Soviet Top League was formed. This competition ceased to exist when the Soviet Union fell, and new leagues were formed in the fifteen successor states. As a result, many teams entered a top division for the first time in their history. In Estonia, for example, the new Meistriliiga was composed of clubs that never participated in the top flight before. [11] [12] As these are relatively new competitions, many clubs can claim to have never been relegated from the top-level, but only Dynamo Kyiv and Dinamo Tbilisi have always played at the highest possible level. [1] On the other hand, Dynamo Moscow played in every season of the Soviet Top League but was relegated from the Russian Premier League in the 2015–16 season.
Besides the Soviet, also the Czechoslovak and Yugoslav football leagues split into multiple competitions in the early 1990s. A total of eight teams have not been relegated from the national championships of the Czech Republic [13] and Slovakia, [14] but no team managed to achieve this in Czechoslovak times. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, football became divided alongside ethnic lines and competition was held in three different leagues, before the establishment of a national division in 2000. In Kosovo, a national league also exists, although it was not recognised by UEFA or FIFA until 2016. In all, three clubs – Red Star Belgrade, Partizan Belgrade and Dinamo Zagreb – have played at the highest level since the creation of socialist Yugoslavia, whilst Hajduk Split have never been relegated since they first played in the championship of the now long gone Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. [1]
In many instances, new top-tier leagues were created to replace existing national championships. In England, six teams have been present in every season of the Premier League, which was founded in 1992. [15] None of them had an uninterrupted run in the preceding First Division. [16] Thus, a great number of teams can claim to have never been relegated from newer competitions. In Northern Ireland, the teams of Cliftonville, Glentoran and Linfield have played at the top-tier for 135 years, [1] but another five have been present in every season of the NIFL Premiership, which was established in 2008. [17]
In Scotland, Aberdeen [18] and Celtic have never been relegated. Until 2012 Rangers had participated in every top-tier season since 1890, [1] but were removed and admitted to the fourth tier of Scottish football amid a financial crisis (climbing back to the top by 2016), so do not have an unbroken run but have never been relegated due to on-field performance, remaining the only Scottish club to never finish below 6th. This contrasts with Celtic and Aberdeen, remaining at the top continuously despite the former finishing below 6th seven times and the latter finishing bottom twice.
Many leagues have been running for a long time. Unsurprisingly, fewer clubs manage to stay on top the longer a competition runs. The Spanish Primera División was born in 1929, and only Athletic Bilbao, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid have been present ever since. The same year the Italian Serie A became a round-robin tournament, and only Inter Milan has continuously played at the highest level from that moment forward – even doing so since 1909 (though Juventus FC, since its debut in the top-tier league in 1900, only ever spent a single season outside of it due to an administrative decision in 2006). Out of the FIFA World Cup-winning nations, France is the only one that has no unrelegated clubs from the current top-tier league, despite the latter having existed since 1930 (though Paris Saint-Germain, since its creation in 1970, was only ever relegated from Ligue 1 due to an administrative decision in 1972). Similarly, no team that plays in the Swiss Super League – established in 1897 – has not been relegated at one point in their history. [1]
