Mucoid plaque

Last updated
Mucoid plaque
ClaimsClaimed to be a harmful material coating the gastrointestinal tract.
Related scientific disciplines Medicine
Year proposedEarly 20th century
Original proponentsRichard Anderson
(Overview of pseudoscientific concepts)

Mucoid plaque (or mucoid cap or rope) is a pseudoscientific term used by some alternative medicine advocates to describe what is claimed to be a combination of harmful mucus-like material and food residue that they say coats the gastrointestinal tract of most people. The term was coined by Richard Anderson, a naturopath and entrepreneur, who sells a range of products that claim to "cleanse" the body of such purported plaques. [1]

Contents

Many such "colon cleansing" products are promoted to the public on websites that have been described as making misleading medical claims. [2] The presence of laxatives, bentonite clay, and fibrous thickening agents in some of these "cleansing agents" has led to suggestions that the products themselves produce the excreted matter regarded as the plaque. [2] [3] The concept of a 'mucoid plaque' has been dismissed by medical experts as having no anatomical or physiological basis. [4] [5] [6]

History

Various forms of colon cleansing were popular in the 19th and early 20th century. [7] In 1932, Bastedo wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association about his observation of mucus masses being removed during a colon irrigation procedure: "When one sees the dirty gray, brown or blackish sheets, strings and rolled up wormlike masses of tough mucus with a rotten or dead-fish odor that are obtained by colon irrigations, one does not wonder that these patients feel ill and that they obtain relief and show improvement as the result of the irrigation." [8]

While colonic irrigation enjoyed a vogue in the early 20th century as a possible cure for numerous diseases, subsequent research showed that it was useless and potentially harmful. [9] With the scientific rationale for "colon cleansing" disproven, the idea fell into disrepute as a form of quackery, with a 2005 medical review stating that "there is no evidence to support this ill-conceived theory that has been long abandoned by the scientific community." [10] Similarly, in response to claims that colon cleansing removes "toxins", Bennett Roth, a gastroenterologist at the University of California, stated that "there is absolutely no science to this whatsoever. There is no such thing as getting rid of quote-unquote 'toxins.' The colon was made to carry stool. This is total baloney." [11] The preoccupation with such bowel management products has been described as a "quaint and amusing chapter in the history of weird medical beliefs." [12] Nevertheless, interest in colonic "autointoxication" as a cause of illness, and in colonic irrigation as a cure, enjoyed a revival in alternative medicine at the end of the 20th century. [9]

The term "mucoid plaque" was coined and popularized by naturopath and entrepreneur Richard Anderson, who sells a range of products that claim to cleanse the body of such purported plaques by causing them to be eliminated. [1] Anderson describes a mucoid plaque as a rubbery, ropey, generally green gel-like mucus film that covers the epithelial cells of the hollow organs, particularly of the alimentary canal. Anderson also claims the plaque can impair digestion and the absorption of nutrients, hold pathogens, and cause illnesses such as diarrhea, bowel cancer, allergies and skin conditions. Based on these claims, he promotes efforts to remove the plaque, and sells a range of products to this end. [3] [13]

Though Anderson argues that his beliefs are backed by scientific research, his claims are primarily supported by anecdotal evidence rather than empirical data, and doctors have noted the absence of mucoid plaques. Anderson claims this is due to medical textbooks failing to cover the concept, which results in doctors not knowing what to look for. [1]

Medical evaluation

Practicing physicians have dismissed the concept of mucoid plaque as a hoax and a "non-credible concept". [4] A pathologist at the University of Texas School of Medicine addressed Anderson's claims directly, saying that he has "seen several thousand intestinal biopsies and have never seen any 'mucoid plaque.' This is a complete fabrication with no anatomic basis." [1] [5]

Another pathologist, Edward Friedlander, noted that, in his experience, he has never observed anything resembling a "toxic bowel settlement", and that some online photographs actually depict what he recognises as a blood clot. [6] Commenting on claims that waste material can adhere to the colon, Douglas Pleskow, a gastroenterologist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, stated, "that is the urban legend. In reality, most people clear their GI tract within three days." [11]

In a review of websites promoting products that claim to remove 'mucoid rope' or plaque from consumers' intestines, Howard Hochster of New York University wrote that these websites are "abundant, quasi-scientific, and unfortunately convincing to a biologically uneducated public." He noted that although such sites are entertaining, they are disturbing in that they promote a belief that has no basis in physiology. [2]

Hochster also noted that a preparation marketed to remove mucoid plaque contains laxatives and bulky fibrous ingredients. Thus, the rope-like fecal material expelled from people who consume this product "certainly is a result of the figs and senna in this preparation," rather than any sort of pathologic 'plaque'. [2] Other 'colon cleanser' products contain bentonite clay that, when ingested, would also result in production of bulky stools. [3]

In many cases, customers purchase supplement products that are said to help the body excrete the so-called 'mucoid plaque'. The customer may consume a number of pills, and then within 12–48 hours, will pass a rope-like fecal material in their subsequent bowel movements. This fecal material is said to be the 'mucoid plaque'. However, analysis of supplements consumed by the customer shows that the active ingredient is very similar to that of clay used in clumping cat litter. This clay takes a negative mould of the large intestine which is then excreted during the customer's next bowel movement. [14]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dietary fiber</span> Portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely digested

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defecation</span> Expulsion of feces from the digestive tract

Defecation follows digestion, and is a necessary process by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material known as feces from the digestive tract via the anus or cloaca. The act has a variety of names ranging from the common, like pooping or crapping, to the technical, e.g. bowel movement, to the obscene (shitting), to the euphemistic, to the juvenile. The topic, usually avoided in polite company, can become the basis for some potty humor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enema</span> Injection of fluid into rectum, typically en route to the colon

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constipation</span> Bowel dysfunction

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laxative</span> Agents that relax and loosen the bowels and stools

Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fecal incontinence</span> Inability to refrain from defecation

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anal plug</span> Medical device sometimes used to treat fecal incontinence

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Colon cleanses thrive despite scant proof". The Georgia Straight . Retrieved 2008-11-05.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Hochster H. (2007). ""Colon Health" Websites". Current Colorectal Cancer Reports. 2 (3): 105–106. doi:10.1007/s11888-006-0027-6. S2CID   195301831.
  3. 1 2 3 Joe Schwarcz (April 5, 2008). "I have a gut feeling something's wrong here". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012.
  4. 1 2 Soergel, Dagobert; Tony Tse; Laura Slaughter (2004). "Helping Healthcare Consumers Understand: An "Interpretive Layer" for Finding and Making Sense of Medical Information" (PDF). MedInfo2004. 107 (Pt 2). IOS Press, Amsterdam: 931–5. PMID   15360949. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-31.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. 1 2 Uthman, Edward (7 January 1998). "Mucoid Plaque". Quackwatch . Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  6. 1 2 Friedlander, Ed. "Ed's Guide to Alternative Therapies: Colonics" . Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  7. ↑ Sullivan-Fowler M (July 1995). "Doubtful theories, drastic therapies: autointoxication and faddism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries". J Hist Med Allied Sci. 50 (3): 364–90. doi:10.1093/jhmas/50.3.364. PMID   7665877.
  8. ↑ Bastedo WA (1932). "Colonic irrigations: their administration, therapeutic application and dangers". 98. JAMA: 736.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. 1 2 Ernst, E (June 1997). "Colonic irrigation and the theory of autointoxication: a triumph of ignorance over science". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology . 24 (4): 196–198. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199706000-00002 . PMID   9252839.
  10. ↑ Müller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, Wald A (January 2005). "Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (1): 232–42. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40885.x. PMID   15654804. S2CID   8060335.
  11. 1 2 Foreman, Judy (June 30, 2008). "Beware of colon cleansing claims". Los Angeles Times .
  12. ↑ Grady, Denise (May 23, 2000). "Cult of the Colon: From Little Liver Pills to Big Obsessions". New York Times .
  13. ↑ Anderson, Richard (2000). Cleanse & Purify Thyself, Books One and Two. Christobe Publishing.
  14. ↑ "The Detoxification Myth".
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