Oslo Metro

Last updated
Oslo Metro
Oslo T-bane Logo.svg
MX3000-90 V Majorstuen.jpg
MX3000 on the Furuset Line
Overview
Native nameT-banen i Oslo
Owner Sporveien (main owner)
Ruter (administration, management and ticketing)
Oslo Vognselskap (rolling stock)
Locale Oslo, Bærum, Norway
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines5 in operation
1 under construction
Number of stations101
Daily ridership323,000 (2016)
Annual ridership118,000,000 (2016) [1]
Operation
Began operation31 May 1898 as suburban tram
28 June 1928 as underground tram
22 May 1966 as T-bane
Operator(s) Sporveien T-banen
Rolling stock 115 × 3-car MX3000
Technical
System length85 km (53 mi) [2]
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification 750 V DC third rail

The Oslo Metro (Norwegian : Oslo T-bane or Oslo Tunnelbane or simply T-banen) is the rapid transit system of Oslo, Norway, operated by Sporveien T-banen on contract from the transit authority Ruter. The network consists of five lines that all run through the city centre, with a total length of 85 kilometres (53 mi), [2] serving 101 stations of which 17 are underground or indoors. In addition to serving 14 out of the 15 boroughs of Oslo, two lines run to Kolsås and Østerås, in the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. In 2016, the system had an annual ridership of 118 million. [1]

Contents

The first rapid transit line, the Holmenkollen Line, opened in 1898, with the branch Røa Line opening in 1912. It became the first Nordic underground rapid transit system in 1928, when the underground line to Nationaltheatret was opened. After 1993 trains ran under the city between the eastern and western networks in the Common Tunnel, followed by the 2006 opening of the Ring Line. All the trains are operated with MX3000 stock. These replaced the older T1000 stock between 2006 and 2010.

History

Holmenkoll Line tram at Nationaltheatret in 1928 Nationaltheatret stasjon with tram.jpeg
Holmenkoll Line tram at Nationaltheatret in 1928

Suburban lines in the west

Rail transport in Oslo started in 1854, with the opening of Hoved Line to Eidsvoll, through Groruddalen. In 1872, Drammen Line, going through Oslo West, and in 1879, Østfold Line going through Nordstrand opened, offering a limited rail service to those parts of the city. [3] By 1875, Kristiania Sporveisselskab (KSS) opened the first horsecar trams. [4] In 1894 electric trams were in service by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei (KES). [5]

The first suburban tram line was the Holmenkollen Line that was opened by Holmenkolbanen in 1898; like all the later suburban tram line these were electric trams with a grade-separated right-of-way and proper stations instead of tram stops, making it the first rapid transit in Oslo. Unlike the other suburban tram lines that were built later, the Holmenkollen Line was not extended into the city as a streetcar—instead passengers had to change at Majorstuen to the streetcars, though the system did not take into use wider suburban stock (3.1 metres (10 ft 2 in)) until 1909. [6] A branch line was opened in 1912, to Smestad, [7] and in 1916 the Holmenkollen Line was extended to Tryvann, with the last part from Frognerseteren single track and used for freight, [8] and removed in 1939. [9]

T2000 stock at Majorstuen 10 969 Bf Majorstuen, ET2008 Ri Frognerseteren (Holmenkollen).jpg
T2000 stock at Majorstuen

In 1912, the construction of the first underground railway in the Nordic Countries started, when A/S Holmenkolbanen started construction of an extension of their line from Majorstuen to Nationaltheatret. The 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi) line was opened in 1928, with one intermediate station at Valkyrie Plass, giving the two suburban lines access to the central business district of Oslo. [10] In retrospect, it is seen as een early premetro example. [11] It was the second underground railway to be opened in the Nordic countries after Boulevardtunnlen in Copenhagen which opened in July 1918. [12]

The success of the suburban lines tempted KES to extend their streetcar service west from Skøyen as a suburban line; the Lilleaker Line opened to Lilleaker in 1919, to Avløs in 1924 and to Kolsås in 1930. A new section from Jar to Sørbyhaugen opened in 1942, connecting the line from Jar to Kolsås to Nationaltheatret, and making it a rapid transit and the replacement of stock with wide suburban standard. [13] [14] This service remained part of the municipal Oslo Sporveier, that had bought all the streetcar companies in 1924. [15]

Compensation for large amounts of damage to houses along the route during construction, along with higher construction costs than calculated was a heavy burden on the company, and in 1934, the municipality of Aker took over the common stock, though the preferred stock remained listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange until 1975, as Oslo Sporveier gradually took over the operation of the western suburban lines. Akersbanerne opened the connecting Sognsvann Line in 1934. [10]

Metro

T1000 stock at Forskningsparken on the Sognsvann Line Forskningsparken tbane.jpg
T1000 stock at Forskningsparken on the Sognsvann Line

The first idea to launch a citywide rapid transit was launched in 1912 with the construction of the Ekeberg Line; constructed with the same width profile as the Holmenkollen Line, the plan was to build a tunnel under the city center and run through trains, but large cost expenditures on the first section of the Common Tunnel ceased the plans. As part of the rebuilding after World War II a planning office for a T-bane was established in 1949, with the first plans launched in 1951; in 1954, the city council decided to build the T-bane network in Eastern Oslo with four branches. The system would feature improvements over the suburban lines in having a third rail power supply, cab signaling with Automatic Train Protection, stations long enough for six-car trains and level crossings replaced by bridges and underpasses—specifications christened metro standard. [16]

At the time there were two suburban tramways on the east side, the Ekeberg Line (opened in 1919) [5] and the Østensjø Line (1923). [17] Only the latter would be connected to the T-bane; the Ekeberg Line would remain a tramway, but three new lines were to be built—the Grorud Line on the north side and the Furuset Line on the south side of Groruddalen and the Lambertseter Line on the east of Nordstrand. These areas were all chosen as new suburbs for Oslo, and would quickly need a good public transport system; suburban lines would first be built out extending from the existing tramway, and later a final section with tunnel to the central station would be built. The Lambertseter Line was opened in 1957, from Brynseng to Bergkrystallen while the Østensjø Line was extended to Bøler in 1958. [16]

The metro opened on 22 May 1966, when the Common Tunnel opened from Brynseng to the new downtown station of Jernbanetorget, located beside the Oslo East Railway Station. In October the Grorud Line opened to Grorud while the Østensjø Line was connected to the system in 1967 when the line also was extended to Skullerud. In 1970, the Furuset Line opened to Haugerud and extended to Trosterud in 1974, at the same time as the Grorud Line was extended to Vestli. By 1981, the Furuset Line had reached Ellingsrudåsen. [18] The metro took delivery of T1000 rolling stock from Strømmens Værksted; from 1964 to 1978, 162 cars in three-car configurations were delivered for the eastern network.

One tunnel

Jernbanetorget station in the Common Tunnel TogJernbanetorget.JPG
Jernbanetorget station in the Common Tunnel

The eastern network was extended from Jernbanetorget to Sentrum in 1977. This station was forced to close in 1983, due to water leakage, and when it opened again in 1987, renamed Stortinget, the west network tunnel had also been extended there. Through services were not possible at the time because of incompatibility of signaling and power equipment. Not until 1993 did the first trains run through the station, after the Sognsvann Line had been rebuilt to "metro standard"; the Røa Line followed in 1995. [19] The Holmenkollen and Kolsås Lines remained non-metro, using dual mode trains that switch to overhead lines at Frøen and Montebello. [20] The western network took delivery of 33 T1300 cars in 1978–81, with an additional 16 converted from T1000. In 1994 twelve T2000 cars were delivered for the Holmenkollen Line. [21]

In 2003 the Ring Line opened, connecting Ullevål stadion to Storo. [14] The following year, construction work caused a tunnel to collapse on the Grorud Line—the system's busiest—forcing a shutdown of the line until December, and creating a havoc of overcrowded replacement buses. [22] In 2006 the ring was completed, to Carl Berners plass. [14] At the same time the Kolsås Line was closed for upgrade to metro standard. [14] In 2003 the section of the Kolsås Line in Bærum closed due to budget disagreements between the two counties; after a year of unpopular replacement buses, the line was reopened, only to close again in 2006 for upgrade to metro standard. Disagreements between the two counties meant the upgrade would be done separately on the two sides of the municipal boundary, with the Oslo side opening first. [23] In 2006 the replacement of existing rolling stock with new MX3000 units commenced. [24] The history of the metro and public transport in Oslo is celebrated at the Oslo Tramway Museum in Majorstuen. [25]

Network

Schematic map of the metro (as of April 2016) Oslo Metro Map.svg
Schematic map of the metro (as of April 2016)

The current route network was introduced on 3 April 2016, with the opening of the connection tunnel from Økern to Sinsen and the new Løren station.

The Oslo Metro operates in all fifteen boroughs of Oslo, as well as reaching a bit inside the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. There are five lines, numbered 1 to 5, each colour-coded. They all pass through the Common Tunnel, serving eight branch lines. In addition two lines operate to the Ring Line. Two branches are served by two lines each: the Grorud branch is served by both lines 4 and 5, while the Lambertseter branch has full-time service by line 4 and limited service by line 1. [26]

The Grorud and Furuset Line head northeast into Groruddalen, while the other two eastern branches head south into Nordstrand. On the west side, the Holmenkoll and Sognsvann Line cover the northern boroughs of Oslo, along with the Ring Line that connects the northeastern and northwestern parts of town. The Kolsås and Røa Line reach deep into the neighbouring municipality of Bærum. [14] All the lines run through the Common Tunnel before reaching out to different lines, or into the Ring. All lines have a base service of four trains per hour while line 2 and the eastern section of line 3 have eight trains per hour weekdays 07:00–19:00. The eastern section of line 2 also has eight trains per hour Saturdays 10:00–19:00. A reduced half-hourly service operates on all lines during early weekend mornings. Trains run from about 05:00 (06:00 at weekends) to 01:00 the next morning. [26]

Lines

Line 1

Line 1: Frognerseteren – Stortinget – Helsfyr (– Bergkrystallen)

Line 2

Line 2: Østerås – Stortinget – Ellingsrudåsen

Line 3

Line 3: Kolsås – Stortinget – Mortensrud

Line 4

Line 4: Vestli – Storo – Stortinget – Bergkrystallen

Line 5

Line 5: Sognsvann – Stortinget – Storo – Stortinget – Vestli

Line 6 (under construction)

Line 6: Majorstuen-Skøyen-Lysaker-Fornebu

A new metro line that will extend from Majorstuen to Fornebu is under construction as of December 2020, aiming to be completed in 2027. [27]

An agreement has been reached and signed between the Oslo city government and the Norwegian state that would share the cost of 13 billion NOK equally between the city and the national government. [28]

Line 7 (proposed)

Line 7: Majorstuen-Bislett-Grunerløkka-Tøyen-Helsfyr-Bryn

Stations

Nydalen on the Ring Line opened in 2003. Nydalen T-banestasjon med T1300.jpg
Nydalen on the Ring Line opened in 2003.

The system consists of 101 stations, of which 17 are underground or indoors. [29] [30] [31] [32] The only underground station on the pre-metro western network was Nationaltheatret, and most of the underground station are in the common tunnel under the city center, or in shorter tunnel sections on the eastern network; in particular the Furuset Line runs mainly underground, with all but Haugerud built in or at the opening of a tunnel. [33]

Stations in the city center are located close to large employment centers as well as connection possibilities to other modes of transport, such as tram, rail and bus. All stations can be identified at ground level by signs with a blue T in a circle. Stations outside the center are unmanned since the 1995, with ticket machines for fare purchase; [14] some stations feature kiosks. A system of turnstiles have been installed, but will never be activated due to security issues. All stations have step-free accessibility through at least one entrance (except the inbound platform at Frøen), and the platform height is aligned with the train cars. [34]

Intermodality

Blindern on the Ring and Sognsvann Line serves the main campus of the University of Oslo. Blindern stasjon.jpg
Blindern on the Ring and Sognsvann Line serves the main campus of the University of Oslo.

The metro is integrated into the public transport system of Oslo and Akershus through the agency Ruter, allowing tickets to also be valid on the Oslo Tramway, city buses, ferries, and the Oslo Commuter Rail operated by Vy. [35] A new, wireless ticketing system, Reisekort, has in the recent years been implemented. [36] As of June 2022, a single ticket for one zone (the entire metro system is in zone 1) costs NOK 39 for adults (a surcharge of 20 NOK is added if you buy onboard within zone 1); [37] a 30-day ticket costs NOK 814 for adults. [38] This includes all means of public transport within the zone where the ticket is first activated (again, for the metro, zone 1). There is a fine of NOK 950, or NOK 1150, for not having a valid ticket, depending on if the fine is paid on location or not. [39]

Oslo maintains a street tram system with six lines, of which two are suburban lines. [40] The street trams operate mostly within the borders of the Ring Line, providing a frequent service in the city centre, with lower average speeds but with more stops. There are major transfer points to the tramway at Majorstuen, Jernbanetorget, Jar, Storo and Forskningsparken. [41] [42]

The commuter train serves suburbs further away from Oslo, though some of the commuter rail services remind of a rapid transit service, in particular line L1 to Lillestrøm and Asker, line L2 to Stabekk and Ski, and line R31 to Jaren with higher service frequency through the continual populated area of Oslo. Transfer to railway services is available at Jernbanetorget (to Oslo S) and Nationaltheatret, the latter with a considerably shorter walk. [43]

Bus services are provided to numerous stations. Most bus services provide feeding to the metro system where possible, and then do not continue into town. However, since the metro operates solely into town, instead of across it, many buses operate between stations on different lines, or provide alternative routes across town. [44]

Future expansion

As part of the political agreement Oslo Package 3, a number of changes and expansions have been proposed for the Oslo Metro. [45] Only one of these, the Fornebu Line, is currently being built [46] - the other projects have been put on hold for it.

Proposed

Under construction

Rolling stock

MX3000 stock on the Ring Line I12 065 Hp Roa, ET 3198.jpg
MX3000 stock on the Ring Line

The trains on the Oslo metro are currently exclusively the MX3000, ordered in 2003 to replace the oldest T1000 stock. Delivery started in 2006, and unlike older stock the MX3000 units are painted white instead of red. 83 three-car units were ordered in 2006; [24] a further 32 were ordered in December 2010. [51]

A number of versions of the T1000 stock have earlier been used on the Oslo metro. This includes 146 cars of the types T1 through T4, that have third-rail only operation, and thus did not run on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås lines. These ran usually in units of three or six (sometimes four or five) cars. Types T5 to T8, 49 in total, delivered with both third-rail and overhead wire equipment, normally ran on the Holmenkollen line (two cars) and Kolsås line (three cars). [21]

When the Holmenkollen Line was connected to the T-bane it was still using old teak cars; to allow through services the T2000, capable of dual-system running, was delivered in 1993. They were not particularly successful and only 12 units were delivered, operating in pairs on the Holmenkollen line sometimes connecting with the Lambertseter line, and scrapped in 2010. [52]

Depots and facilities

Network map

Oslo Metro

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grorud Line</span> Metro line in Oslo, Norway

The Grorud Line is a 13.0-kilometer long (8.1 mi) line on the Oslo Metro between Tøyen and Vestli in Oslo, Norway. Built as a mix of underground, at ground level and as an elevated line, it runs through the northern part of Groruddalen, serving such neighborhoods as Grorud, Romsås and Stovner. Line 5 runs along the entire line four times per hour. Line 4 runs between Vestli and Økern before branching off on the Løren Line to get onto the Ring Line. With 40,000 daily riders, the Grorud Line is the busiest branch of the metro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holmenkollen Line</span> Metro line in Oslo, Norway

The Holmenkollen Line is an 11.4-kilometre-long (7.1 mi) Oslo Metro line which runs between Majorstuen and Nordmarka in Oslo, Norway. Operating as Metro Line 1, it is the route with the fewest passengers and the only one still to have level crossings and short station platforms. The line runs mostly through residential areas of detached houses, and the upper parts of the line principally serve the recreational area of Nordmarka. Holmenkollen Station is located close to Holmenkollen National Arena which hosts international Nordic skiing tournaments. Voksenkollen Station is not far from Oslo Vinterpark (Winter) and the Oslo Sommerpark (Summer).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Røa Line</span> Rapid transit line in Oslo, Norway

The Røa Line is a rapid transit line of the Oslo Metro, Norway, which runs from Majorstuen in Oslo to Østerås in Bærum. It serves neighborhoods such as Smestad, Hovseter, Huseby and Røa in northwestern Oslo, and Grini, Øvrevoll and Østerås in northeastern Bærum. The line is served by Line 2 of the metro, which connects to the city center via the Common Tunnel and onwards along the Furuset Line. The lowest part of the Røa Line, consisting of two stations, is shared with the Kolsås Line, and thus also served by Line 2 of the metro. The Røa Line is owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon, and operated by Oslo T-banedrift on contract with the public transport agency Ruter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Furuset Line</span> Railway line in Norway

The Furuset Line is a 5.6-kilometer (3.5 mi) long line on the Oslo Metro between Hellerud and Ellingsrudåsen in Oslo, Norway. Running mostly underground, it passes through the southern part of Groruddalen, serving neighborhoods in the boroughs of Alna and Furuset. The line is served by Line 2 of the metro with four or eight trains per hour. The line is owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon and operated by Oslo T-banedrift on contract with Ruter using MX3000 trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sognsvann line</span> Rapid transit line in Oslo, Norway

The Sognsvann Line is a rapid transit line on the Oslo Metro of Norway. It branches from the Common Tunnel at Majorstuen and runs 6.0 kilometers (3.7 mi) to Sognsvann. After Ullevål stadion, the Ring Line branches off. The Sognsvann Line serves the northwestern and northern neighborhoods of Oslo, mostly within the borough of Nordre Aker. The line is owned and maintained by Kollektivtransportproduksjon and has nine stations. The western end of line 5 serves the entire line. Line 4 and the eastern end of line 5 serve the southern part of the line up to Ullevål stadion before branching off and continuing along the Ring Line. This gives an average five-minute headway on the southern part and an average fifteen-minute headway on the northern part of the line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Østensjø Line</span> Metro line in Oslo, Norway

The Østensjø Line is a 9.0-kilometre (5.6 mi) line on the Oslo Metro which runs from Brynseng to Mortensrud. It further shares track with the Lambertseter Line along the 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) section from Tøyen to Brynseng. The line runs through the primary residential areas of Bøler, Østensjø and Søndre Nordstrand. The line is served by Line 3 of the metro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kolsås Line</span> Rapid transit line in Norway

The Kolsås Line is a 12.1-kilometer (7.5 mi) line of the Oslo Metro. It branches off from the Røa Line at Smestad Station and runs through western Oslo and Bærum to Kolsås Station. It serves the neighborhoods of Ullernåsen, Øraker, Jar, Bekkestua, Haslum, Gjettum and Kolsås. It is served by Line 3 of the metro at a 15-minute headway. The section from Jar to Bekkestua is built as a dual system with overhead wires, allowing Line 13 of the Oslo Tramway to continue from the Lilleaker Line to Bekkestua every ten minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lambertseter Line</span> Metro line from Brynseng to Bergkrystallen, Norway

The Lambertseter Line is a 5.9-kilometer (3.7 mi) line on the Oslo Metro which runs from Brynseng to Bergkrystallen. It further shares track with the Østensjø Line along the 2.5-kilometer (1.6 mi) section from Tøyen to Brynseng. The line runs through a primary residential area of Nordstrand, serving neighborhoods such as Manglerud, Ryen and Lambertseter. The line is served by Line 4 of the metro, which runs every fifteen minutes. This is supplemented by Line 1 that is extended to Bergkrystallen between 6:30 and 19 on weekdays, giving a combined frequency of eight trains per hour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ring Line (Oslo)</span> Rapid transit line of Oslo Metro

The Ring Line is the newest rapid transit loop line of the Oslo Metro of Oslo, Norway. It connects to the Sognsvann Line in the west and the Grorud Line in the east; along with these two lines and the Common Tunnel, the Ring Line creates a loop serving both the city centre and Nordre Aker borough. The 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi)-long line has three stations: Nydalen, Storo and Sinsen. Four-fifths of the line runs within two tunnels, with the 1.0-kilometer (0.62 mi) section between Storo and Sinsen, including both stations, being the only at-grade part. The line connects to the Grorud Line north of Carl Berners plass and with the Sognsvann Line north of Ullevål stadion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OS T1000</span> Oslo Metro rolling stock type

T1000 and T1300 were two rapid transit train classes used on Oslo Metro in Oslo, Norway. The 197 cars were built by Strømmens Verksted, Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri and AEG between 1960 and 1981. They were the first metro trains used in Oslo, and had remained in active use until being replaced by OS MX3000 trains in 2007. Each car was equipped with a driver's cab at one or both ends and four motors, each with 98 kilowatts. The cars were 17 metres long, 3.2 metres wide and 3.65 metres tall. The trains used 750 V current, and were capable of 70 kilometres per hour. Signaling was provided through automatic train protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common Tunnel</span> Metro tunnel in Oslo, Norway

The Common Tunnel, sometimes called the Common Line, is a 7.3-kilometer (4.5 mi) long tunnel of the Oslo Metro which runs through the city center of Oslo, Norway. The name derives from the fact that all five lines of the metro use the tunnel, which runs from Majorstuen to Tøyen. The section has six stations, including the four busiest on the metro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oslo Sporveier</span>

AS Oslo Sporveier is a defunct municipal owned company responsible for public transport in Oslo, Norway. It was created in 1924 to take over the city's two private tram companies. In 1927 its started with bus transport, including from 1940 to 1968 trolleybuses. Since 1966 rapid transit and from 1985 water buses have also been operated by the company. It was split into two separate companies in 2006; Kollektivtransportproduksjon took over the operation while Oslo Public Transport Administration was responsible for buying the services, fare regulation and marketing. The latter merged into Ruter in 2008, when the Oslo Sporveier brand was discontinued.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OS MX3000</span> Electric multiple unit used on the Oslo Metro

MX3000 is an electric train used on Oslo Metro in Oslo, Norway. The multiple units are produced by Siemens Mobility, who started serial delivery in 2007. Seventy-eight three-car units were ordered by Sporveien, and five by Akershus County Municipality. They replaced the older T1000 and T1300 stock that was used on the Oslo Metro since 1966. By 2010, the last T1000 and T1300 trains had been retired and replaced by 83 three-car units. 32 additional sets were ordered, and the final train set was delivered in 2014, increasing the fleet to 115 units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruter</span> Oslos public transport authority

Ruter AS is the public transport authority for Oslo and Akershus counties in Norway. Formally a limited company – 60% of its shares are owned by the Oslo county municipality and 40% by that of Akershus – it is responsible for the administration, funding, and marketing of public transport in the two counties, including buses, the Oslo Metro, Oslo Trams, and ferry services. Ruter also holds agreements with Entur concerning the regulation of fares on local and regional train services operated within the two counties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationaltheatret metro station</span> Oslo metro station

Nationaltheatret is an underground metro station and tram stop serving Vika and the city center of Oslo, Norway. It is located on the Common Tunnel of the Oslo Metro and on the Briskeby Line of the Oslo Tramway. Also located at the same place is Nationaltheatret Station of the Drammen Line. The station is served by all five lines of the metro, and lines 11 and 13 of the tramway. In addition, several bus services call at the station. It is named for the National Theatre located nearby.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holmenkolbanen</span>

A/S Holmenkolbanen was a company that owned and operated part of the Oslo Tramway and Oslo Metro in Norway from 1898 until 1975 when services were taken over by the majority owner Oslo Sporveier. Holmenkolbanen opened the Holmenkoll Line in 1898, and expanded it to become the first Nordic underground railway in 1928. The company took over operations of the Smestad Line in 1933, the Sognsvann Line in 1934. The company was merged into Oslo Sporveier in 1992.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Oslo Tramway and Metro</span>

The history of the Oslo Tramway and Oslo Metro in Oslo, Norway, starts in 1875, when Kristiania Sporveisselskab (KSS) opened two horsecar lines through the city centre. In 1894, Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei (KES) built the first electric street tramways, which ran west from the city centre. Within six years, all tramways were electric. The city council established Kristiania Kommunale Sporveie (KKS) in 1899, which built three lines before it was sold to KSS six years later. Both KSS and KES were taken over by the municipality in 1924, becoming Oslo Sporveier. The company gradually expanded the city tram network, which reached its peak length in 1939.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oslo Metro rolling stock</span> Rolling stock used in Oslo Metro

The rolling stock of Oslo Metro, Norway, has consisted of three classes: T1000/T1300, T2000 and MX3000. The T1000 was built as 162 single cars from 1964 to 1978. From 1979 to 1985, 33 new T1300 trains were built, followed by the conversion of 16 T1000s. Six two-car T2000 units were delivered in 1994. Since 2005, the first 83 three-car MX3000 units have been replacing the older stock, and the last T1000 was retired in 2007. From 2010, only MX3000-trains are in use. The T1000/T1300 and T2000 were built by Strømmens Værksted, with motors from Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri (NEBB) and AEG, respectively, and the MX3000 were built by Siemens.

References

Inline references

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  2. 1 2 "Årsrapport 2014" [Annual Report 2014](PDF) (in Norwegian). Ruter. 2014. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-10. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  3. ↑ Bjerke and Holom, 2004: 9
  4. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 6
  5. 1 2 Aspenberg, 1994: 7
  6. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 8
  7. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 12
  8. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 14
  9. ↑ Bjerke and Holom, 2004: 347
  10. 1 2 Aspenberg, 1994: 17
  11. ↑ Burtenshaw, D.; Bateman, M.; Ashworth, G. J. (29 June 2021). The European City: A Western Perspective. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN   978-1-000-38316-4.
  12. ↑ "venFakta om Nørreport Station". Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  13. ↑ Bjerke and Holom, 2004: 346
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oslo T-banedrift. "Kort historikk" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  15. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 19
  16. 1 2 Aspenberg, 1994: 29
  17. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 16
  18. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 29–30
  19. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 30
  20. ↑ Oslo Sporveier. "Milepæler 1875–2005". Archived from the original on 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  21. 1 2 Aspenberg, 1994: 62
  22. ↑ Akers Avis Groruddalen (2004-07-28). "Full stopp for Grorudbanen". Archived from the original on 2012-05-13.
  23. ↑ Oslo T-banedrift. "Kolsåsbanen i mai" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  24. 1 2 Oslo T-banedrift (2006). "Nye T-banevoger i prøvedrift" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-26.
  25. ↑ Local Transport Historical Association. "Short about LTF". Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  26. 1 2 Ruter (2016). "Rutetabell for T-banen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  27. ↑ NTB (2020-12-11). "Byggestart for Fornebubanen". finansavisen.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  28. ↑ Berg Bentzrød, Sveinung (January 25, 2017). "Smiler bredt, men vil ikke si når Fornebubanen skal stå ferdig". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  29. ↑ Oslo T-banedrift (2008). "Linjekart" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06.
  30. ↑ Oslo Sporveier. "T-banestasjonene i Øst" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  31. ↑ Oslo Sporveier. "T-banestasjonene i Vest" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  32. ↑ Oslo Sporveier. "Holmenkollbanens stasjoner" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  33. ↑ Aspenberg, 1994: 33
  34. ↑ Ruter. "Tilgjengelighet for alle" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  35. ↑ Ruter. "Transportmidlene" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  36. ↑ Ruter. "Hva er Flexus" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2008-04-27. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  37. ↑ "Single ticket". Ruter. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  38. ↑ "Tickets and prices". Ruter. Archived from the original on 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  39. ↑ Ruter. "Ticket inspections". Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  40. ↑ Bjørn and Holum, 2004: 344
  41. ↑ Oslo Sporvognsdrift (2007). "Trikken 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  42. ↑ Ruter (2013-12-15). "Linjekart med T-banens stasjoner fra 15.12.2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-24.
  43. ↑ Ruter (2007). "Skinne 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-07.[ permanent dead link ]
  44. ↑ Ruter (2007). "Buss Alle 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  45. ↑ Akershus County Municipality (2006-05-29). "Oslopakke 3" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.
  46. 1 2 "The Fornebu Line". Oslo kommune. 2022-03-24. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  47. ↑ "Ny T-banetunnel gjennom Oslo sentrum". Ruter (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-11-01.[ permanent dead link ]
  48. ↑ Bentzrød, Christian Sørgjerd Sveinung Berg. "Foreslår nye T-banestasjoner på Bislett og Grünerløkka". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  49. ↑ NRK (2022-06-23). "Viken vedtok Fornebubanen". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  50. ↑ "Fornebubanen". Oslo kommune (in Norwegian). 2017-09-27. Archived from the original on 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  51. ↑ "Railway Gazette: Oslo orders more metro cars". 2010-12-24. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  52. ↑ Oslo T-banedrift. "T-2000" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  53. ↑ Budstikka.no (23 February 2013). "Avløs: Gammel hall får ny nabo". Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.

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