Prevalence of teenage pregnancy

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The adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years, 2016 Adolescent birth rate in women aged 10-19 years, OWID.svg
The adolescent birth rate in women aged 10–19 years, 2016
The adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 2016 Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19, OWID.svg
The adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15–19, 2016
Teenage birth rates are higher in more unequal rich countries.jpg
Teen pregnancy rates are higher in more unequal US states.jpg
Teen pregnancy rates are higher in more unequal countries and in more unequal US states. Data is from 2009.

Western and non-Western countries have distinctly different rates of teenage pregnancy. In Western countries such as the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, teen parents tend to be unmarried, and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue.

Contents

By contrast, teenage parents in non-Western regions such as Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands are often married, and their pregnancy may be welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause long-term medical problems for both the mother and child. A report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. More than 90% of these births occur to women living in developing countries. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in such areas, as they are the leading cause of mortality among older women.

The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception . [3] Consequently, the statistics do not include women who first became pregnant before their 20th birthdays, if those pregnancies did not end until on or after their 20th birthdays. [3]

Rates by continent

Africa

Adolescent fertility correlates strongly with poverty in African nations. Adolescent Fertility and Poverty in Africa.jpg
Adolescent fertility correlates strongly with poverty in African nations.

The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world—143 per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 years—is in sub-Saharan Africa. [4] Women in Africa, in general, get married at a much younger age than women elsewhere—leading to earlier pregnancies. In Nigeria in 1992, 47% of women aged 20–24 were married before 15, and 87% before 18. 53% of those surveyed had given birth to a child before the age of 18. [5] In 2002, African countries had the highest rates of teenage birth. [6]

In 2015, the highest incidence of births among 15- to 19-year-old girls was in Niger, Mali, Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique. [7] In Mozambique, in 2015, 46% of girls aged 15 to 19 years were already mothers or pregnant, an increase of 9% between results found on the National Demographic Health Survey in 2011 and National Survey on HIV, Malaria and Reproductive Health (IMASIDA) 2015. With the exception of Maputo, the capital city, all provinces presented an increase in the percentage of early pregnancies. The rates are particularly higher in the northern provinces, namely, Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Niassa with 64.9%, 61.3% and 60%, respectively. [8] [9]

A 2004 Save the Children report identified 10 countries where motherhood carried the most risks for young women and their babies. Of these, 9 were in sub-Saharan Africa. Niger, Liberia, and Mali were the nations where girls were the most at-risk. In the 10 highest-risk nations, more than one in six teenage girls between 15 and 19 years old gave birth annually, and nearly one in seven babies born to these teenagers died before the age of one year. [10]

Asia

The rate of early marriage is higher in rural regions than in urbanized areas. Fertility rates in South Asia range from 71 to 119 births with a trend towards increasing age at marriage for both sexes. In South Korea and Singapore, although the occurrence of sexual intercourse before marriage has risen, rates of adolescent childbearing are low at 4 to 8 per 1,000. [ when? ] The rate of early marriage and pregnancy has decreased sharply in Indonesia. However, it remains high in comparison to the rest of Asia.[ citation needed ]

Surveys from Thailand have found that a significant minority of unmarried adolescents are sexually active. Although premarital sex is considered normal behavior for males, particularly with prostitutes, it is not always regarded as such for females. Most Thai youth reported that their first sexual experience, whether within or outside of marriage, was without contraception. The adolescent fertility rate in Thailand is relatively high at 60 per 1,000. 25% of women admitted to hospitals in Thailand for complications of induced abortion are students. The Thai government has undertaken measures to inform the nation's youth about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy.

In 1998, in several Asian countries including Bangladesh and Indonesia, a large proportion (26–37%) of deaths among female adolescents were attributed to maternal causes. [11]

Australia

In 2015, the birth rate among teenage women in Australia was 11.9 births per 1,000 women. [12] The rate has fallen from 55.5 births per 1,000 women in 1971, probably due to ease of access to effective birth control, rather than any decrease in sexual activity. [13]

Europe

The overall trend in Europe since 1970 has been a decrease in the total fertility rate, an increase in the age at which women experience their first birth, and a decrease in the number of births among teenagers.

The rates of teenage pregnancy may vary widely within a country. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the rate of adolescent pregnancy in 2002 was as high as 100.4 per 1000 among young women living in the London Borough of Lambeth, and as low as 20.2 per 1000 among residents in the Midlands local authority area of Rutland.

Teenage birth is often associated with economic and social issues such as alcohol and drug misuse. In 2001, across 13 nations in the European Union, women who gave birth as teenagers were twice as likely to be living in poverty, compared with those who first gave birth when they were over 20. [14]

Bulgaria and Romania

Romania and Bulgaria have some of the highest teenage birth rates in Europe. In 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Romania had a teen birth rate of 34 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. [15] Both countries also have very large Romani populations, who have an occurrence of teenage pregnancies well above the local average. [16] [17] [18]

In recent years, the number of teenage mothers is declining in Bulgaria.

Number of teenage mothers in Bulgaria in the period 1990–2016 [19]
Year199019952000200520102015
All live births in Bulgaria105,18071,96773,67969,88675,51365,950
Mothers aged under twenty22,51816,27812,78710,6258,4116,274
Share of teenage mothersIncrease2.svg 21.4%Increase2.svg22.6%Decrease2.svg 17.4%Decrease2.svg 15.2%Decrease2.svg 11.1%Decrease2.svg 9.5%

Netherlands

The Netherlands has a low rate of births and abortions among teenagers, with 5 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6] Compared with countries with higher teenage birth rates, the Dutch have a higher average age at first intercourse and increased levels of contraceptive use, including the "double Dutch" method of using both a hormonal contraception method and a condom.[ citation needed ]

Nordic countries

Nordic countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, have low rates of teenage birth. Both had 7 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6] Norway's birth rate is slightly higher, at 11 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6] Iceland had a birth rate of 19 per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6] These countries have higher abortion rates than the Netherlands.[ citation needed ]

Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal

In Italy and Spain, the rate of adolescent pregnancy is low, at 6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002 in both countries. [6] These two countries also have low abortion rates, lower than Sweden and the other Nordic countries, [20] and their teenage pregnancy rates are among the lowest in Europe. Greece had 10 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6] Portugal had 17 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2002. [6]

United Kingdom

In 2018, conception rates for under 18-year-olds in England and Wales declined by 6.1%, to 16.8 conceptions per 1,000 women aged 15 to 17 years. [21] Since 1999, conception rates for women aged under 18 years have decreased by 62.7%.

The Americas

Canada

In 2002, the Canadian teenage birth rate was 16 per 1,000. [6] The teenage pregnancy rate was 33.9 per 1,000. The Canadian teenage pregnancy rate declined for both younger (15–17) and older (18–19) teens between 1992 and 2002. [22] Canada's highest teen pregnancy rates occur in small towns located in rural parts of peninsular Ontario. Alberta and Quebec have high teen pregnancy rates as well.

Colombia

In 2016, the Minister of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, Alejandro Gaviria Uribe announced that "teenage pregnancy decreased by two percentage points breaking the growing tendency that had been seen since the nineties". [23]

Jamaica

United States

In 2013, the teenage birth rate in the United States reached a historic low: 26.6 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19. [24] More than three-quarters of these births are to adult women aged 18 or 19. [24] In 2005 in the U.S., 57% of teen pregnancies resulted in a live birth, 27% ended in an induced abortion, and 16% in a fetal loss. [25]

In 2002, the US teen birth rate was 53 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19, [6] the highest in the developed world. [14] If all pregnancies, including those that end in abortion or miscarriage, are taken into account, the total rate in 2000 was 75.4 pregnancies per 1,000 girls. In 2004, Nevada and the District of Columbia had the highest teen pregnancy rates in the US. In 2004, North Dakota had the lowest. [26]

In 2008, over 80% of teenage pregnancies in the U.S. were unintended. [27] In 2008, approximately one third ended in abortion, one third ended in spontaneous miscarriage, and one third continued their pregnancy and kept their baby. [28]

The trend is decreasing. In 1990, the birth rate was 61.8, and the pregnancy rate 116.9 per thousand. This decline has manifested across all races. Teenagers of African-American and Latino descent retain a higher rate, in comparison to that of European-Americans and Asian-Americans. In 2004, the Guttmacher Institute attributed about 25% of the decline to abstinence and 75% to the effective use of contraceptives. [26]

Within the United States teen pregnancy is often brought up in political discourse. The goal to limit teen pregnancy is shared by Republicans and Democrats, though avenues of reduction are usually different. Many Democrats cite teen pregnancy as proof of the continuing need for access to birth control and sexual education, while Republicans often cite a need for returning to conservative values, often including abstinence. [29]

An inverse correlation has been noted between teen pregnancy rates and the quality of education in a state. A positive correlation, albeit weak, appears between a city's teen pregnancy rate and its average summer night temperature, especially in the Southern U.S. (Savageau, compiler, 1993–1995).

In 2022, research organization Child Trends found that teen birth in the United States had vastly reduced in the prior 30 years. [30] [31]

Statistics

World Development Indicator

The birth rate for women aged 15–19 is one of the World Bank's World Development Indicators. The data for most countries and a variety of groupings (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa or OECD members) are published regularly, and can be viewed or downloaded from a United Nations website. [32]

UN Statistics Division, live birth 2009

Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old: [33]

UN Statistics Division, estimates 1995-2010

Per 1,000 women 15–19 years old: [34]

Birth and abortion rates, 1996

Per 1,000 women 15–19 (% aborted = % of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion): [20] [35] [36] [37] [38]

Countrybirth rateabortion ratecombined rate% aborted
Netherlands 7.73.911.633.6
Spain 7.54.912.439.5
Italy 6.96.713.350.4
Greece 12.21.313.59.6
Belgium 9.95.215.134.4
Germany 13.05.318.328.9
Finland 9.89.619.449.5
Ireland 16.74.621.321.6
France 9.413.222.658.4
Denmark 8.215.423.665.3
Sweden 7.717.725.469.7
Norway 13.618.331.957.4
Czech Republic 20.112.432.538.2
Iceland 21.520.642.148.9
Slovakia 30.513.143.630
Australia 20.123.94454.3
Canada 22.322.144.449.8
Israel 32.014.346.330.9
United Kingdom 29.621.350.941.8
New Zealand 33.422.555.940.3
Hungary 29.930.260.150.2
Romania 40.037.977.948.7
United States 55.630.285.835.2

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy</span> Childbirth in human females under the age of 20

Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family planning</span> Planning when to have children

Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth rate</span> Total number of live births per 1,000 divided by time period

Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate is used to calculate population growth. The estimated average population may be taken as the mid-year population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual and reproductive health</span> State of the reproductive system without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life. Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights, to encompass individual agency to make choices about their sexual and reproductive lives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abstinence-only sex education</span> Form of sex education

Abstinence-only sex education is a form of sex education that teaches not having sex outside of marriage. It often excludes other types of sexual and reproductive health education, such as birth control and safe sex. In contrast, comprehensive sex education covers the use of birth control and sexual abstinence.

Adolescent sexuality is a stage of human development in which adolescents experience and explore sexual feelings. Interest in sexuality intensifies during the onset of puberty, and sexuality is often a vital aspect of teenagers' lives. Sexual interest may be expressed in a number of ways, such as flirting, kissing, masturbation, or having sex with a partner. Sexual interest among adolescents, as among adults, can vary greatly, and is influenced by cultural norms and mores, sex education, as well as comprehensive sexuality education provided, sexual orientation, and social controls such as age-of-consent laws.

The sexuality of US adolescents includes their feelings, behaviors and development, and the place adolescent sexuality has in American society, including the response of the government, educators, parents, and other interested groups.

Teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom refers to the rate at which people under 20 fall pregnant in the United Kingdom. As of 2021, the rate of teenage conceptions in the United Kingdom was 5.226% percent of total conceptions, whereas 2.199% of all live births in the United Kingdom were to mothers under 20 years of age. The rate of teenage pregnancy is relatively high when compared with other developed countries; the only other Western countries with higher teenage pregnancy rates are the United States and New Zealand. A report in 2002 found that around half of all conceptions to under-18s were concentrated among the 30% most economically deprived population, with only 14% occurring among the 30% least deprived.

Abortion in Iceland is legal on request until the end of the 22nd week of pregnancy. The abortion rate in Iceland is relatively high, in comparison to other Nordic countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control</span> Method of preventing human pregnancy

Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning, making available, and using human birth control is called family planning. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable.

Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed or unwanted at the time of conception, also known as unplanned pregnancies.

<i>16 and Pregnant</i> American reality television series

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family planning in India</span>

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Abortion in Cuba is legal and available upon request, which is rare in Latin America because of widespread Catholic influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control in Africa</span>

Access to safe and adequate sexual and reproductive healthcare constitutes part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as upheld by the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teenage pregnancy in the United States</span>

Teenage pregnancy in the United States occurs mostly unintentionally and out of wedlock but has been declining almost continuously since the 1990s. In 2022, the teenage birth rate fell to 13.5 per 1,000 girls aged 15 to 19, the lowest on record. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this decline is due to abstinence and the use of contraception.

Abortion is illegal in Bangladesh under most situations, but menstrual regulation is often used as a substitute. Bangladesh is still governed by the penal code from 1860, where induced abortion is illegal unless the woman is in danger.

Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in a girl between the ages of 13 and 19. The term used in everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not yet reached legal adulthood, which in Australia is anyone under the age of 18. At the national level, the teenage birth rate has declined in the last decade. The rate was about 16 babies per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years between 2011 and 2012 but this had fallen to 11.9 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2015, the lowest figure on record. Terminations can be performed up until the 12-week mark. About half of all teenage pregnancies are terminated in Australia.

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References

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