12Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations of the US. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
↑Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights in Israel. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
↑A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
↑Guardianship agreements confer some limited legal benefits in China, including decisions about medical and personal care.
↑Hong Kong provides inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
Gujarat does not recognise same-sex marriages or civil unions. However, live-in relationships are not unlawful in Gujarat. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. State courts have sometimes upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. In 2020, the Gujarat High Court recognised a maitri karār between a same-sex couple.
Marriage in India is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different religions, notably Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955,[1] which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs, the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872,[2] and the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937.[3] In addition, the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 and the Anand Marriage Act, 1909 regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.[4][5] The Special Marriage Act, 1954 (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.[6] Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among interfaith couples, inter-caste couples, and spouses with no religious beliefs.[7] None of these acts explicitly bans same-sex marriage.
On 14 February 2006, the Supreme Court of India ruled in Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar that the states and union territories are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of child marriages, bigamy, cases of domestic violence and unlawful abandonment.[8] Subsequently, GovernorNawal Kishore Sharma signed the Gujarat Registration of Marriages Act, 2006 into law in March 2006. The act provides for the registration of all marriages solemnized in Gujarat irrespective of the religion, caste or creed of the parties. It created local registrars of marriages, which shall issue marriage certificates upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. It does not explicitly ban same-sex marriages, and defines marriage simply as including remarriage. However, the act generally refers to married spouses as "bride" and "bridegroom".[9]
Some same-sex couples have married in traditional marriage ceremonies, though the marriages lack legal status in Gujarat. Several same-sex couples have entered into so-called "friendship agreements" (મૈત્રી કરાર,[10]maitri karār, pronounced[ˈməjtɾiˈkəɾɑɾ]) to legitimise their relationships. A maitri karār is a written document, often registered and notarized, which contains the terms and conditions on which a couple agrees to enter into cohabitation. Traditionally, a maitri karār was most commonly a contract between a married man and his unmarried mistress, used to circumvent the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act which prohibits bigamy.[11] The first maitri karār between a same-sex couple occurred in 1987 in the Chhota Udaipur district.[12] Additionally, media outlets have reported that the local Kutchi culture in Anjar celebrates ritualistic transgender marriages every year during the festival of Holi, a custom that has been followed for over 150 years.[13][14] A famous Gujarati resident to have entered into a same-sex marriage is Prince Manvendra Singh Gohil, probable heir of the honorary Maharaja of Rajpipla, who married his American partner Cecil "DeAndre" Richardson (né Hilton) in Seattle in July 2013.[15]
Live-in relationships
Live-in relationships (Gujarati: સહજીવન સંબંધ,[16]sahjīvan sambandh, pronounced[ˈsəɦdʒiːʋənˈsəmbənd̪ʱ], or લિવ-ઇન રિલેશનશિપ,[17]liva-ina rilēśanaśipa; Hindi: सहजीवन संबंध,[18]sahjīvan sambandh; Sindhi: گڏ رهڻ وارو رشتو, gaḍ rahṇ wāro rishto) are not illegal in Gujarat. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have sometimes upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage.
In June 2020, a lesbian couple from the Mahisagar district filed a petition with the Gujarat High Court seeking police protection from their families and recognition of their right to cohabitation. The couple had entered into a maitri karār as a way to legitimise their relationship; "like in case of a marital union, it had details on property ownership, inheritance and maintenance, in case of separation." The High Court granted their petition on 23 July 2020 and ordered the police to protect the couple.[19] Maya Sharma, an activist with the Vikalp Women's Group, said "such contracts in court cases [are used] in which one of the partners' parents were forcing marriage upon them. It has helped us get judgements in our favour." The High Court ruled similarly in April 2024 when it upheld a habeas corpus petition filed by a woman's same-sex partner, after she had been allegedly taken away by her husband and confined to her home.[20] In Sarvaiya Rajubhai Bachubhai v. State Of Gujarat, the court ruled that the woman had the right to live with her live-in partner and ordered police protection. "Since high court was in the habeas corpus jurisdiction, it just followed the wish of the corpus (plea) and allowed her to go with the petitioner [sic]", said the partner's lawyer.[21] However, the Gujarat High Court has also dismissed similar habeas corpus petitions, generally when one of the live-in partners is already married to a third party. In Bhagwan Rajabhai Chaudhari v. State of Gujarat,[22] Judges Vipul Pancholi and Hemant Prachchhak ruled that a live-in partner could not seek custody of a woman who was legally married to someone else. The court held in March 2023 that since the woman's lawful marriage was not dissolved, her husband's custody could not be treated as "illegal custody", even if the woman and her live-in partner were cohabiting. The court also imposed a cost of ₹5,000 on the petitioner.[23] In addition, in a separate case involving an opposite-sex interfaith couple in October 2023, the High Court described live-in relationships as "timepass" and mere "infatuation".[24]
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