Rhodinia fugax

Last updated

Squeaking silkmoth
usutabiga.jpg
Male
usutabiga.jpg
Female
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Saturniidae
Genus: Rhodinia
Species:
R. fugax
Binomial name
Rhodinia fugax
Butler, 1877

Rhodinia fugax, the squeaking silkmoth, is a moth in the family Saturniidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. It is native to Korea, Japan, China, and the Russian Far East.

Contents

The squeaking silkmoth is known as ウスタビガ (usutabiga, 薄手火蛾) in the Japanese language, 透目大蚕蛾 (tòu mù dà cán'é) in the Chinese language, and 유리산누에나방 (yulisannuenabang) in the Korean language. The Japanese common name translates to "thin hand fire moth", with tabi, "hand fire" being an archaic term for a lantern. The "lanterns" refer to the pupae left behind by the moths after their emergence, which, on defoliated trees in winter, resemble lanterns. The English epithet is derived from the caterpillar's defense mechanism, which consists of an audible squeaking akin to that of a squeak toy. The sound is produced through rapid bodily contraction, which forces air through the spiracles of the larva.

The pupae of R. fugax are separately known as ヤマカマス (yama-kamasu). They were named because of their resemblance to kamasu  [ ja ], folded straw mats used as storage. Cocoons from R. fugax were used historically to treat whooping cough on top of various usages as folk remedies, silk from its cocoons have been used as a type of wild silk.

Description

Rhodinia fugax has a wingspan between 75 and 110 millimeters. [1] R. fugax is sexually dimorphic, with males being smaller than females. Males range in size between 75 and 90 millimeters, and females range in size between 80 and 110 millimeters. [2] Their coloration resembles that of oak leaves during the autumn season to serve as camouflage. [3] Both sexes have translucent eyespots on their wings [3] and have hairy bodies. Their hairy bodies aid in thermoregulation due to their late emergence in autumn. [4]

Males of Rhodinia fugax display a variable appearance compared to the females. They range in color from yellow, orange, brown, and black. Males are always darker in color than the females. Females are always yellow, with the color of their submarginal band varying in thickness and the intensity of its color. [4] Male forewings are more elongated than the rounded forewings of the females. [5]

Life history

Eggs

Eggs overwinter, or enter a state of diapause during the winter, [6] with the process of blastokinesis, embryonic development, occurring during March. Eggs hatch during April as the temperatures rise. [7] The time of hatching is synchronized to the emergence of hostplant leaf development. [4] The eggs are often laid on the surface of cocoons that the moths have previously emerged from. [8] [3] Unlike most Japanese saturniid moths, the moths overwinter as eggs, rather than as a pupa. [8]

Experiments conducted on R. fugax found that eggs kept at 25 degrees Celsius resulted in death. Delayed hatching directly correlated to colder temperatures: with 87 days at 20 °C, 100 days at 15 °C, and 145 days at 10 °C. Larvae would develop within the eggs if kept at 5 °C for a duration of 370 days, but eggs kept at this temperature would result in death prior to hatching. [7]

Larvae

The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of plants. These include: Acer spp., Castanea crenata , Celtis pallida , Celtis sinensis , Fagus spp., Hevea brasiliensis , Ilex verticillata , Phellodendron amurense , Platanus spp., Prunus domestica , Quercus acutissima , Quercus cerris , Quercus cuspidata , Quercus serrata , Quercus variabilis , Salix spp., and Zelkova serrata . [1] [9] In captivity, R. fugax larvae specifically prefer Quercus serrata , Zelkova spp., Phellodendron amurense , and Prunus spp. [4]

A total of five instars occur during the larval development. The first instar is small in size and the body is entirely black and covered in dark hairs. In captivity, the larvae are recommended to be reared on Crataegus buds. [4] Second instars are slightly larger, blue tubercules on the second bodily segment, with a black stripe running down the side of its body. The third instars are bright green, with blue tubercules running down the sides of its body, it has mostly lost the black coloration that the previous two instars display. The fourth instar is entirely green and displaying the same amount of tubercules as the previous instar. [4] The final instar is instantly distinguishable from the previous four, as they lack the spines that the previous instars exhibit. [8] The fourth and fifth instars [4] defend themselves by emitting an audible squeaking sound through ejecting air from their trachea through the spiracles [4] which is described as sounding using the Japanese onomatopoeia "キュー、キュー" (kyu-kyu). The sound that the larvae emit make them popular with children. [8] The larvae are preyed upon by parasitoid wasps, including Gregopimpla ussuriensis (Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) which is a major predator for the larvae. [10]

Pupae

Time lapse of a R. fugax larva undergoing pupation usutabigaJian Zuo riLian Sok .gif
Time lapse of a R. fugax larva undergoing pupation

Larvae begin to enter the pupal stage around June and July. [6] The pupae are bright green to act as camouflage amongst the green foliage, the pupal case sports an open slit at the top to allow the adult moth to emerge. [4] They are hung using a silk thread on tree branches. [8] Empty cocoons can be spotted hung amongst defoliated tree branches during the winter months. [11] [8]

Adults

Adults emerge between the late autumn months of October and November. [1] [3] [2] Adults emerged from 2 PM to 6 PM. [12] Only one generation of moths are produced yearly, thus making R. fugax univoltine. The moth is diurnal, flying during the early mornings, finding its mate during its daytime flight. [4] [3] The adult moths lack mouthparts, thus making their lifespans brief. Male and female moths concentrate their energy as adults to find a mate before they die. [3] Mating begins between 5 AM-8 AM, and ends in the time between 3 PM-6 PM, unlike other saturniid moths such as Antheraea yamamai and Antheraea pernyi which mate during the evening. [12] Virgin females on average lived for 15.1 days, while females who have mated live for only 3.5 days on average. Oviposition occurs during the evening, ending around 6 PM. [12]

Distribution

The squeaking silkmoth is found in Korea, Japan, China, and the Russian Far East. [5] In Japan, it is found throughout the islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. [1] It has been additionally sighted on Sado Island. [2] In China it is known in the provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shandong, and Shanxi. Additional discoveries by Ronald Brechlin in 2007 extends the range within China as far south as the province of Guangdong and as far west as the Tibet Autonomous Region. [13]

The nominate subspecies fugax is found throughout the Japanese main islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Subspecies diana is found on the northern island of Hokkaido. [14] Subspecies diana has also been recorded on Manchuria, [15] and the Russian Far East. [5] [16] Subspecies szechuanensis is known from the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan. [13] Subspecies shaanxiana is found in the Chinese province of Shaanxi. [13] Subspecies jiangxiana is found in the Chinese province of Jiangxi. [13] Subspecies guangdongensis is found in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Hunan. [13] Subspecies flavescens is found in the autonomous region of Tibet, with Brechlin's original description referring to it as "Xizang Zizhiqu". [13]

Habitat

The adults inhabit Satoyama hillsides, flatlands, and mountainous regions. [5]

Interactions with humans

The primary interaction between Rhodinia fugax have been in regards to its cocoons. Humans in Japan have used its cocoons for a variety of purposes, including talismans and folk remedies. [17] [18] R. fugax silk has been researched for its potential in aiding in the production of new forms of biomaterials. [19]

The cocoons of Rhodinia fugax were historically used as a remedy for tumors and lumps by reducing them in whooping cough sufferers. [17] [20] More specifically, the cocoons were used as folk remedies in various parts of Japan. In the vicinity of Fujisawa in Iwate prefecture, boiled cocoons were used as a folk remedy for mouth ulcers. In the region between Fukushima prefecture and northern Tochigi prefecture, cocoons were attached to the throat to prevent colds. [18] Azuki beans placed within the cocoons were used as talismans in Gifu prefecture. In the Hida region, cocoons were attached to injuries and used as finger cots. [18] The pupae have been historically eaten by the people of Nagano prefecture, served as tsukudani. Supplements made from its pupae have been sold as a quack dietary supplement. [18]

Rhodinia fugax produces a type of wild silk, and has been researched for its commercial potential with limited success. [21] Silk from R. fugax showed the lowest temperature needed for thermal degradation from 369 to 371 °C. [22] Researchers have successfully cloned leucine-rich fibroin genes extracted from the silk glands in R. fugax. Further research into fibroin genes from R. fugax can yield new varieties of biomaterials. [19]

A passage within The Pillow Book titled "みのむし、いとあはれなり" refers to a "screaming bagworm". It is likely that this "minomushi"; which directly translates to "bagworm" is the larva of R. fugax. [23]

Etymology

The specific name of fugax means shy in Latin, fugax can also mean swift flight. [24]

Vernacular names

A woven kamasu bag Gamani.jpg
A woven kamasu bag

The English vernacular name for Rhodinia fugax is the Squeaking silkmoth. [4] The name is derived from the caterpillars habit of squeaking when threatened to ward off any potential predators. [25] It has also been referred to as the Pellucid-spotted silk moth in English. [5]

The Japanese name for the imago of R. fugax is ウスタビガ Usutabiga. Usutabiga is written in kanji as 薄手火蛾. The Japanese vernacular name directly translates to "thin hand fire moth", with "hand fire" being an archaic term for a lantern. The name is derived from the emptied cocoons hanging from tree branches resembling lanterns. [11] Subspecies diana is known commonly as ウスタビガ 北海道亜種, or the "Hokkaido subspecies of Usutabiga". [26] Rhodinia fugax is known by the name 유리산누에나방 (yulisannuenabang) in the Korean language, which directly translates to "glass silkworm moth". [27] [28] [29] [30] In the Chinese language it is known by the name 透目大蠶蛾, or 透目大蚕蛾 (Tòu mù dà cán'é) in Simplified Chinese, its common name translates to "transparent large silkmoth". [31]

The silken cocoons are most often called ヤマカマス, yama-kamasu. Kamasu were folded straw mats, frequently used as bags which resemble the folded cocoons that R. fugax larvae produce. [11] They have been alternatively known as ツリカマス tsuri-kamasu and ヤマビシャク yama-bishaku. [5]

Taxonomy

Classification

The genus Rhodinia was of uncertain taxonomic position, with no consensus on Rhodinia's placement within either the tribes Attacini or Saturniini within the Saturniinae. Some researchers, including Bouvier (1936), classify Rhodinia within its own tribe, the Rhodiicae, together with the genus Pararhodia . Chen and colleagues (2021), through genetic analysis determined that the genus Rhodinia belonged in the Attacini rather than Saturniini. [25]

Rhodinia fugax had its entire mitogenome sequenced in 2021 by Dong-Bin Chen et al. The moth had its mitogenome sequenced with 25 separate mitogenomes from multiple families and representative species within the family Saturniidae to determine its broader placement. Chen and colleagues found that the genome in its entirety had a length of 15,334 base pairs, akin to other saturniids such as Actias selene (15,236 base pairs) and Antheraea proylei (15,575 base pairs). [25]

Subspecies

Three subspecies are currently recognized by GBIF. [32]

The National Center for Biotechnology Information recognizes an additional 4 subspecies, all described by Ronald Brechlin in 2007. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moth</span> Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order Lepidoptera

Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is paraphyletic with respect to butterflies and neither subordinate taxa are used in modern classifications. Moths make up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, although there are also crepuscular and diurnal species.

<i>Bombyx mori</i> Moth mainly used in the production of silk

The domestic silk moth is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva of a silk moth. The silkworm is of particular economic value, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other species of mulberry, and even leaves of other plants like the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths are not as commercially viable in the production of silk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luna moth</span> Species of insect

The luna moth, also called the American moon moth, is a Nearctic moth in the family Saturniidae, subfamily Saturniinae, a group commonly named the giant silk moths.

<i>Attacus atlas</i> Species of moth

Attacus atlas, the Atlas moth, is a large saturniid moth endemic to the forests of Asia. The species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturniidae</span> Family of moths

Saturniidae, members of which are commonly named the saturniids, is a family of Lepidoptera with an estimated 2,300 described species. The family contains some of the largest species of moths in the world. Notable members include the emperor moths, royal moths, and giant silk moths.

<i>Eacles imperialis</i> Species of moth

Eacles imperialis, the imperial moth, is a member of the family Saturniidae and subfamily Ceratocampinae. It is found mainly in the East of South America and North America, from the center of Argentina to south Canada. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.

<i>Antheraea polyphemus</i> Species of moth

Antheraea polyphemus, the Polyphemus moth, is a North American member of the family Saturniidae, the giant silk moths. It is a tan-colored moth, with an average wingspan of 15 cm (6 in). The most notable feature of the moth is its large, purplish eyespots on its two hindwings. The eyespots give it its name – from the Greek myth of the cyclops Polyphemus. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. The species is widespread in continental North America, with local populations found throughout subarctic Canada and the United States. The caterpillar can eat 86,000 times its weight at emergence in a little less than two months. Polyphemus moths are considered to be very polyphagous, meaning they eat from a wide variety of plants.

<i>Samia cynthia</i> Species of moth

Samia cynthia, the ailanthus silkmoth, is a saturniid moth, used to produce silk fabric but not as domesticated as the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The moth has very large wings of 113–125 mm (4.4–4.9 in), with a quarter-moon shaped spot on both the upper and lower wings, whitish and yellow stripes and brown background. There are eyespots on the outer forewings. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.

<i>Anisota senatoria</i> Species of moth

Anisota senatoria, the orangestriped oakworm, also known as the orange-tipped oakworm, is a Nearctic moth of the family Saturniidae and subfamily Ceratocampinae. It is one of the more common Saturniids, reaching pest status occasionally in the northern parts of its range. As they are late-season feeders, however, they do little lasting damage to their hosts. It is very similar to A. finlaysoni in southern Ontario and A. peigleri in the southern US. The species was first described by James Edward Smith in 1797.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malaysian moon moth</span> Species of moth

The Malaysian moon moth is a Saturniid in the subfamily Saturniinae from Indomalaya. The male is purplish-brown and yellow, while the larger female is overall light green.

<i>Actias isis</i> Species of moth

Actias isis is a moth of the family Saturniidae first described by Léon Sonthonnax in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturniinae</span> Subfamily of moths

The Saturniinae or saturniines are a subfamily of the family Saturniidae, also known as giant silkmoths. They are commonly known as emperor moths or wild silk moths. They are easily spotted by the eyespots on the upper surface of their wings. Some exhibit realistic eye-like markings, whilst others have adapted the eyespots to form crescent moon or angular shapes or have lost their wing scales to create transparent windows. They are medium to very large moths, with adult wingspans ranging from 7.5 to 15 cm, in some cases even more. They consist of some of the largest sized Lepidoptera, such as the luna moth, atlas moth, and many more. The Saturniinae is an important source of wild silk and human food in many different cultures.

<i>Callosamia promethea</i> Species of moth

Callosamia promethea, commonly known as the promethea silkmoth, is a member of the family Saturniidae, which contains approximately 1,300 species. It is also known as the spicebush silkmoth, which refers to is one of the promethea silkmoth's common host plants, spicebush. C. promethea is classified as a silk moth, which stems from its ability to produce silk, which it does in the formation of its cocoon. C. promethea lives in forests in the eastern U.S. and does not damage the trees on which it lives. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wild silk</span>

Wild silks have been known and used in many countries from early times, although the scale of production is far smaller than that from cultivated silkworms. Silk cocoons and nests often resemble paper or cloth, and their use has arisen independently in many societies.

<i>Antheraea yamamai</i> Species of moth

Antheraea yamamai, the Japanese silk moth or Japanese oak silkmoth is a moth of the family Saturniidae. It is endemic to east Asia, but has been imported to Europe for tussar silk production and is now found in southeastern Europe, mainly in Austria, northeastern Italy, and the Balkans. It seems to be spreading north and a population has been reported near Deggendorf and Passau in Germany. The species was first described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1861. It has been hybridized artificially with Antheraea polyphemus of North America.

<i>Antheraea</i> Genus of moths

Antheraea is a moth genus belonging to the family Saturniidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Several species of this genus have caterpillars which produce wild silk of commercial importance. Commonly called "tussar silk", the moths are named tussar moths after the fabric.

<i>Antheraea assamensis</i> Species of moth

Antheraea assamensis, known as the muga silkworm as a larva and Assam silk moth as an adult, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Johann Wilhelm Helfer in 1837. It is found in Assam in northeast India where 99% of its production occurs.

<i>Antheraea pernyi</i> Species of moth

Antheraea pernyi, the Chinese (oak) tussar moth, Chinese tasar moth or temperate tussar moth, is a large moth in the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1855. Antheraea roylei is an extremely close relative, and the present species might actually have evolved from ancestral A. roylei by chromosome rearrangement.

<i>Antheraea paphia</i> Species of moth

Antheraea paphia, known as the South India small tussore, the tasar silkworm and vanya silkworm is a species of moth of the family Saturniidae found in India and Sri Lanka. The bulk of the literature on this species uses a junior synonym, Antheraea mylitta, rather than the correct name, A. paphia. It is one of a number of tasar silkworms, species that produce Tussar silk, a kind of wild silk that is made from the products of saturniid silkworms instead of the domesticated silkworm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahimsa silk</span> Type of silk obtained without killing and harming silk worms

Ahimsa silk is a method of nonviolent silk breeding and harvesting. Wild silk moths are bred, rather than the domestic variety. It allows the completion of the metamorphosis of the silkworm to its moth stage, whereas most silk harvesting requires the silkworms to be killed in their cocoon stage. No animals suffer or die for the silk to be produced, making it a favorable alternative to normal silk for those who object to harming animals.

References

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  26. ↑ "「種の多様性調査（動物分布調査）対象種一覧」" (PDF). 生物多様性センター. Biodiversity Center of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  27. ↑ "유리산누에나방". 국가생물다양성 정보공유체계 소개. Clearing-House Mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity Korea. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  28. ↑ "[기고] 유리산누에나방 애벌레와의 한집 살이 [열두 번째 이야기]". Gwangyang News (in Korean). 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  29. ↑ "유리산누에나방" (in Korean). 크리스탈. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  30. ↑ "≪ 유리산누에나방 무엇인가?". jdm0777. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  31. ↑ "我国首次发现珍稀蛾类——"喜马拉雅透目大蚕蛾"". www.163.com. China Biotechnology Network. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  32. ↑ "Rhodinia fugax Butler, 1877". GBIF . Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  33. ↑ "Taxonomy browser (Rhodinia fugax)". NCBI taxonomy database. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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