Roscoe Bartlett

Last updated
Roscoe Bartlett
Roscoe Bartlett, Official Portrait, 111th Congress.jpg
Member of the U.S.HouseofRepresentatives
from Maryland's 6th district
In office
January 3, 1993 January 3, 2013

Roscoe Gardner Bartlett Jr. (born June 3, 1926) is an American politician who was U.S. Representative for Maryland's 6th congressional district , serving from 1993 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus. At the end of his tenure in Congress, Bartlett was the second-oldest serving member of the House of Representatives, behind fellow Republican Ralph Hall of Texas.

Contents

Early life and education

Bartlett was born in Moorland, Kentucky, to Martha Minnick and Roscoe Gardner Bartlett. [2] He completed his early education in a one-room schoolhouse. He attended Columbia Union College (now Washington Adventist University) in Takoma Park, Maryland, affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and graduated in 1947 with a B.S. in theology and biology and a minor in chemistry. He had intended to be a Seventh-day Adventist minister, but he was considered too young for the ministry after receiving his bachelor's degree at the age of 21.

Bartlett was encouraged to attend graduate school at the University of Maryland, College Park. He studied anatomy, physiology, and zoology, earning a master's degree in physiology in 1948. Bartlett was then hired as a faculty member of the university and taught anatomy, physiology and zoology while working towards his Ph.D. in physiology, which he earned in 1952. His academic career included lecturing at Loma Linda School of Medicine, also affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, in Loma Linda, California (1952–1954), and serving as an assistant professor at Howard University College of Medicine in Washington, D.C. (1954–1956).

Political career

Elections

Rep. Bartlett (center) (R-MD) joined Sen. Ben Cardin (podium) (D-MD) and Rep. Jo Ann Davis (left) (R-VA) in calling for a study of homeland security needs of the National Capital region, including Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Cardin bartlett davis.jpg
Rep. Bartlett (center) (R-MD) joined Sen. Ben Cardin (podium) (D-MD) and Rep. Jo Ann Davis (left) (R-VA) in calling for a study of homeland security needs of the National Capital region, including Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
1980

In 1980, Bartlett ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate. In the Republican primary, he ranked fourth with 7% of the vote, losing to incumbent Charles Mathias, who won the primary with 55% of the vote. [3]

1982

In 1982, Bartlett ran for Congress in Maryland's 6th congressional district against incumbent Democratic U.S. Congresswoman Beverly Byron. [4] He won the Republican primary with 52% of the vote. [5] In the general election, Byron defeated him 74%–26%. [6]

1992

Bartlett ran again in the newly redrawn 6th congressional district and won the Republican primary with 42% of the vote. [7] Byron was upset by a somewhat more liberal Democrat, State Delegate Thomas Hattery, in the Democratic primary. Many conservative Democrats switched their support to Bartlett in November, as he defeated Hattery 54%–46%. [4] [8]

1994–2006

During this time period, Bartlett repeatedly won re-election with at least 56% of the vote.

2008

According to the Frederick News-Post , Bartlett had under-reported property sales by over $1 million since 2004 on his official financial disclosure forms, and made $299,000 in unreported loans in order to sell his daughter's home, over which he exercised power of attorney. Bartlett said that the under-reporting was an oversight and that he was a "bit player" in the real estate transactions. [9]

2010

As the lone Republican in Maryland's congressional delegation, Bartlett won reelection in 2010 at the age of 84. [10] On June 1, 2009, Democrat and Iraq war veteran Andrew Duck formally announced a campaign for Congressman Bartlett's seat. [11]

2012

Bartlett's district was significantly altered in redistricting plans released in October 2011, which was described as gerrymandering. [1] [12] The new district lines shifted the district slightly to the south, adding some heavily Democratic territory closer to Washington DC. [13]

Specifically, the redistricting plan shifted a mostly Republican section of Frederick County and an even more heavily Republican section of Carroll County to the heavily Democratic 8th district. It also lost heavily Republican sections of Harford and Baltimore counties, as well as another section of Carroll, to the already heavily Republican 1st district. In their place, the legislature added a heavily Democratic section of Montgomery County. While John McCain carried the old 6th with 57 percent of the vote, Barack Obama would have carried the reconfigured 6th with 56 percent of the vote.

Bartlett faced Democrat John Delaney and Libertarian Nickolaus Mueller in his bid for reelection. [14]

In 2012, the Federal Elections Commission fined Bartlett $5,000 for repeatedly failing to submit accurate campaign finance disclosure reports. Bartlett hired an accountant to address any outstanding disclosure issues. [15]

When fellow Congressman Todd Akin made inappropriate comments about female biology, Bartlett immediately repudiated them, adding "There is no room in politics for these types of statements...As a human physiologist I know there is no scientific backing to Todd's claims." [16] He said his view on abortion exceptions has been "the same for twenty years. I'm pro-life, with exceptions for the life of the mother, rape and incest...I'm so avidly pro-life I'm against corporal punishment", later adding that a very small proportion of abortions are a result of rape; however, in 2001 Bartlett had supported a constitutional amendment which did not include the rape and incest exceptions. [17] "The Maryland Democratic Party went after Bartlett", trying to connect Todd Akin's comments to Bartlett. [18]

Bartlett was heavily defeated in the general election by Delaney, taking only 38 percent of the vote to Delaney's 59 percent. [19]

Tenure

Bartlett watches as President George W. Bush signs the Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005 in July 2006 President George W. Bush Signs H.R. 42, the Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005.jpg
Bartlett watches as President George W. Bush signs the Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005 in July 2006

In November 1997, Bartlett was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor a resolution by Bob Barr that sought to launch an impeachment inquiry against President Bill Clinton. [20] [21] The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations. [21] This was an early effort to impeach Clinton, predating the eruption of the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal, which ultimately lead to the impeachment of Clinton in 1998. [22] On October 8, 1998, Bartlett voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open an impeachment inquiry. [23] On December 19, 1998, Bartlett voted in favor of all four proposed articles of impeachment against Clinton (two of which received the needed majority of votes to pass). [24] [25] [26] [27]

In 1993, Bartlett voted against the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act. [28]

In August 2011, Bartlett wrote an op-ed in The New York Times calling for an end to invasive research on primates. [29] Bartlett, who had previously conducted research on primates in connection with the U.S. space program, joined with Senator Maria Cantwell in introducing the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act. [30] It is estimated to save the federal government $300 million over the next 10 years, if passed. [31]

Press reports indicate that Bartlett's Political Action Committee is named Because All Responsible Taxpayers Like Every Truth Told PAC, or BARTLETT PAC for short. [32]

Press reports indicate Bartlett was instrumental in arranging House hearings on the dangers of an electromagnetic pulse attack on the United States. [33]

Bartlett is against the Senate bill to fund the United States Postal Service with an additional 33 billion dollars, calling it an "irresponsible bailout"—though he does claim to support "... maintaining next day delivery standards in rural areas that would keep the Cumberland mail processing facility open." [34]

Bartlett believes in the geologic theory of Peak Oil, and predicts that "the end of cheap oil and natural gas is coming and coming fast" as increasing global demand for energy overwhelms production. [35] In 2005, Bartlett established the Congressional Peak Oil Caucus with Rep. Tom Udall of New Mexico. Bartlett has argued that federal revenues from offshore oil and gas production should be invested in developing renewable energies. [36]

At a town hall meeting in September 2012, Bartlett claimed that federal student loans were unconstitutional and that disregarding the Constitution was a "very slippery slope" towards an event like the Holocaust. Bartlett later apologized for his remarks. [37]

Committee assignments

Earlier photo of Congressman Bartlett. Congressman roscoe bartlett of maryland.jpg
Earlier photo of Congressman Bartlett.

Caucus memberships

Electoral history

YearOfficeElectionSubjectPartyVotes%OpponentPartyVotes%OpponentPartyVotes%
1982 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 35,32125.61 Beverly Byron Democratic 102,59674.39
1992 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 125,56454.13 Thomas Hattery Democratic 106,22445.79
1994 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 122,80965.95 Paul Muldowney Democratic 63,41134.05
1996 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 132,85356.83 Stephen Crawford Democratic 100,91043.16
1998 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 127,80263.42 Timothy McCown Democratic 73,72836.58
2000 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 168,62460.65Donald DeArmon Democratic 109,13639.25
2002 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 147,82566.11Donald DeArmon Democratic 75,57533.8
2004 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 206,07667.38 Kenneth Bosley Democratic 90,10829.46
2006 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 141,20058.97 Andrew Duck Democratic 92,03038.43 Robert Kozak Green 6,0952.55
2008 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 176,06258.18 Jennifer Dougherty Democratic 116,45538.48Gary Hoover Libertarian 10,1013.34
2010 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 144,52061.80 Andrew Duck Democratic 76,96332.90Dan Massey Libertarian 6,6112.80
2012 Congress, 6th district GeneralRoscoe Bartlett Republican 110,84238.2 John Delaney Democratic 169,30358.4Nickolaus Mueller Libertarian 9,3833.2

Personal life

Bartlett and his wife Ellen have 10 children (of whom one, Joseph R. Bartlett, is a former member of the Maryland House of Delegates), 17 grandchildren, and 2 great-grandchildren. [38] Following his defeat for re-election, Bartlett decided with his wife to live "off-the-grid" in the West Virginia mountains. Their cabin lacks electricity, phone service, and municipal plumbing. Bartlett currently works as a senior consultant for Lineage Technologies, a cyber security group that seeks to protect supply chains. [39]

Bartlett is a vegetarian and does not drink alcohol or smoke. He also grows his own organic vegetables. [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bob Stump</span> American politician (1927–2003)

Robert Lee Stump was an American politician who served as a U.S. Congressman from Arizona. He served as a member from the Democratic Party from 1977 to 1983 and then later a member of the Republican Party until the end of his tenure as congressman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Souder</span> American politician (1950–2022)

Mark Edward Souder was an American politician and businessman from Indiana. A Republican, he was a U.S. Representative from 1995 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Todd Tiahrt</span> American politician (born 1951)

William Todd Tiahrt is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Kansas's 4th congressional district from 1995 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected as part of the historic Republican Wave of 1994, defeating 18-year incumbent U.S. Representative Dan Glickman. He ran in 2010 for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Sam Brownback. He lost to fellow Republican U.S. Representative Jerry Moran of Hays, Kansas, 50%–45%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duncan L. Hunter</span> American politician (born 1948)

Duncan Lee Hunter is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from California's 52nd, 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diana DeGette</span> American politician (born 1957)

Diana Louise DeGette is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Colorado's 1st congressional district since 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, her district is based in Denver. DeGette was a Chief Deputy Whip from 2005 to 2019 and is the dean of Colorado's congressional delegation; she served as the Colorado State Representative for the 6th district from 1993 until her election to the U.S. House.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cliff Stearns</span> American businessman and politician (born 1941)

Clifford Bundy Stearns Sr. is an American businessman and politician who was the U.S. representative for Florida's 6th congressional district from 1989 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Mica</span> American politician (born 1943)

John Luigi Mica is an American businessman, consultant and Republican politician who represented Florida's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1993 to 2017. He was defeated by Democrat Stephanie Murphy in the November 8, 2016, general election while serving his 12th term in office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcee Hastings</span> American politician & judge (1936–2021)

Alcee Lamar Hastings was an American politician and former judge from the state of Florida. He was notable for having been impeached and removed from office as a judge for bribery and perjury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Howard Coble</span> American politician (1931–2015)

John Howard Coble was an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for North Carolina's 6th congressional district, serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party. The district includes all or portions of ten counties in the northern-central part of the state, including portions of Greensboro and Durham.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bob Goodlatte</span> American politician (born 1952)

Robert William Goodlatte is an American politician, attorney, and lobbyist who served in the United States House of Representatives representing Virginia's 6th congressional district for 13 terms. A Republican, he was also the Chair of the House Judiciary Committee, which has jurisdiction over legislation affecting the federal courts, administrative agencies, and federal law enforcement entities. Goodlatte's district covered Roanoke and also included Lexington, Lynchburg, Harrisonburg, and Staunton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sam Johnson</span> American politician (1930–2020)

Samuel Robert Johnson was an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 3rd congressional district in Congress from 1991 to 2019. He was a member of the Republican Party. In October and November 2015, he was the acting Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, where he also served as chairman of the Social Security Subcommittee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Price (American politician)</span> American politician (born 1940)

David Eugene Price is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for North Carolina's 4th congressional district from 1997 to 2023, previously holding the position from 1987 to 1995. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented a district covering much of the heart of the Triangle, including all of Orange County and parts of Wake and Durham counties. It included most of Raleigh, parts of Durham, and all of Cary and Chapel Hill. Price was the dean of North Carolina's delegation to the House of Representatives. He had announced that he would retire from Congress in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter B. Jones Jr.</span> American politician (1943–2019)

Walter Beaman Jones Jr. was an American politician who served twelve terms in the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Republican Party for North Carolina's 3rd congressional district from 1995 until his death in 2019. The district encompassed the coastal regions of North Carolina, from the Outer Banks and areas near the Pamlico Sound in the north, southwards to the northern suburbs of Wilmington. Jones's father was Walter B. Jones Sr., a Democratic Party congressman from the neighboring 1st district. Prior to his election to the U.S. House of Representatives, he served ten years in the North Carolina House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party and worked as a business executive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pete Sessions</span> American politician (born 1955)

Peter Anderson Sessions is an American politician from Texas who is the U.S. representative for Texas's 17th congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, he has served in the U.S. House of Representatives for thirteen terms. He chaired the House Rules Committee from 2013 to 2019 and is a former chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee. He was defeated for reelection by Democrat Colin Allred in 2018. On October 3, 2019, Sessions announced that he was running for Congress again in 2020. He was elected to the 17th district congressional seat on November 3, 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joaquin Castro</span> American politician (born 1974)

Joaquin Castro is an American lawyer and Democratic politician who has represented Texas's 20th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2013. The district includes just over half of his native San Antonio. He currently serves on the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alex Mooney</span> American politician (born 1971)

Alexander Xavier Mooney is an American politician serving since 2015 as the U.S. representative from West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, he represented the 3rd district in the Maryland State Senate from 1999 to 2011 and is a former chair of the Maryland Republican Party. He is the first Hispanic person elected to Congress from West Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Amodei</span> American politician (born 1958)

Mark Eugene Amodei is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Nevada's 2nd congressional district since 2011. The only Republican in Nevada's congressional delegation since 2019, Amodei served in the Nevada Assembly from 1997 to 1999 and in the Nevada Senate, representing the Capital District, from 1999 to 2011. Amodei is generally considered a moderate Republican, supporting programs such as DACA throughout his tenure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Carter (Texas politician)</span> American politician (born 1941)

John Rice Carter is the U.S. representative serving Texas's 31st congressional district since 2003. He is a Republican. The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin, as well as Fort Cavazos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lois Frankel</span> American politician & lawyer (born 1948)

Lois Jane Frankel is an American politician and lawyer who has been the United States representative for Florida's 22nd congressional district since 2013. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland</span>

The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012, to elect the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Maryland, one from each of the state's eight congressional districts. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including the quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate.

References

  1. 1 2 Koebler, Jason (January 3, 2014). "The Congressman Who Went Off the Grid". Politico Magazine . Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  2. "Bartlett genealogy". Ancestry.com . The Generations Network. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  3. "Our Campaigns – MD US Senate – R Primary Race – May 13, 1980". ourcampaigns.com.
  4. 1 2 Phillips, Lauren; Teitelbaum, Michael (June 19, 2007). "House Primaries Come Early for Three Maryland Incumbents". CQ Politics . Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  5. "Our Campaigns – MD District 6 – R Primary Race – Sep 14, 1982". ourcampaigns.com.
  6. "Our Campaigns – MD District 6 Race – Nov 02, 1982". ourcampaigns.com.
  7. "Our Campaigns – MD District 6 – R Primary Race – Mar 03, 1992". ourcampaigns.com.
  8. "Our Campaigns – MD District 6 Race – Nov 03, 1992". ourcampaigns.com.
  9. "Bartlett's financial disclosures incomplete". Frederick News-Post . July 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
  10. West, Paul (June 1, 2009). "Roscoe Bartlett going for a tenth term". The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 3, 2009.
  11. "111th U.S. House of Representatives". The Green Papers . Retrieved June 22, 2009.
  12. Kunkle, Fredrick (October 26, 2012). "Redrawn district tests Md. congressman Bartlett". The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  13. "For Maryland Democrats, Redistricting Referendum Forces a Look in the Mirror". The Washington Post. September 30, 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  14. "6th District candidates square off at HCC". The Herald-Mail . October 11, 2012. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  15. Fritze, John (June 24, 2012). "Bartlett struggles with campaign disclosure". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  16. Brown, Matthew Hay (August 21, 2012). "Akin rape comments 'offensive and wrong,' Bartlett says". The Baltimore Sun.
  17. Kaczynski, Andrew (31 August 2012). "Republican Congressman: There Are Very Few Pregnancies From Rape, It Is A Tiny Percentage". BuzzFeed . Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  18. "Rape, abortion debate fuels 6th District race". The Gazette . Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  19. Fritze, John (November 6, 2012). "Delaney defeats Bartlett in the 6th District". The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  20. Pace, David (6 Nov 1997). "17 in House seek probe to impeach president" . Newspapers.com. The Record. The Associated Press. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  21. 1 2 Hutcheson, Ron (17 Nov 1997). "Some House Republicans can't wait for elections" . Newspapers.com. Asheville Citizen-Times. Knight-Rider Newspapers.
  22. Barkham, Patrick (18 November 1998). "Clinton impeachment timeline". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  23. "Roll Call 498 Roll Call 498, Bill Number: H. Res. 581, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". clerk.house.gov. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. 8 October 1998. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  24. "Roll Call 546 Roll Call 546, Bill Number: H. Res. 611, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. 19 December 1998. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  25. "Roll Call 545 Roll Call 545, Bill Number: H. Res. 611, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. 19 December 1998. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  26. "Roll Call 544 Roll Call 544, Bill Number: H. Res. 611, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. 19 December 1998. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  27. Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (19 December 1998). "Roll Call 543 Roll Call 543, Bill Number: H. Res. 611, 105th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved 6 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. "H.R. 3450 (103rd): North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act". GovTrack . November 17, 1993. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  29. Bartlett, Roscoe G. (August 10, 2011). "Stop Using Chimps as Guinea Pigs". The New York Times .
  30. Epstein, Jennifer (August 11, 2011). "Rep. Roscoe Bartlett: Ban research on chimps". Politico .
  31. "Move to Curtail Chimpanzee Research Wins Maryland Support". Patch Media . April 25, 2012.
  32. Cohen, Micah (May 19, 2012). "The Most Powerful Special Interest in Washington: The Acronym". FiveThirtyEight .
  33. Broad, William J. (December 11, 2011). "Gingrich's Electromagnetic Pulse Warning Has Skeptics". The New York Times.
  34. Bieniek, Matthew (May 3, 2012). "Congressman sees Senate postal bill as 'bailout'". Cumberland Times-News .
  35. "Peak Oil : Representative Roscoe Bartlett" (Press release). Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  36. "Rep. Roscoe Bartlett Says Revenues from Oil and Gas in New Off-shore Areas Should be Dedicated to Alternative, Renewables and Shared with Coastal States : Representative Roscoe Bartlett" (Press release). March 31, 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  37. Pershing, Ben (September 6, 2012). "Roscoe Bartlett apologizes for Holocaust remark made as he blasted federal student loans". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  38. "Speech by Bartlett in the U.S. House of Representatives". C-SPAN. May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2022 via YouTube.
  39. Koebler, Jason (January 3, 2014). "The Congressman Who Went Off the Grid". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  40. Mack, Tim (September 20, 2013). "Roscoe Bartlett Goes Off The Grid". Washington Examiner . Retrieved October 18, 2018 via Spectrum.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the  U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 6th congressional district

1993–2013
Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Representative Order of precedence of the United States
as Former US Representative
Succeeded byas Former US Representative