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The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China, as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Buryats, a Mongolic people numbering approximately 500,000, comprise one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts. Majority of the Buryat population lives in their titular homeland, the Republic of Buryatia, a federal subject of Russia near Lake Baikal. Buryats also live in Irkutsk Oblast to the west of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai to the east of Buryatia as well as in northeastern Mongolia and in Inner Mongolia, China. They form the major northern subgroup of the Mongols.
The Mongolic languages are a group of languages spoken in Eastern Europe, North Asia and East Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia. The best-known member of this language family, Mongolian, is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia and the Mongol residents of Inner Mongolia, with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers.
The Republic of Buryatia is a federal subject of Russia, located in Siberia in Asia. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been a part of the Russian Far East since 2018. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. Its area is 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 972,021.
Buryatia is a part of the Russian Federation. One of the country's main instruments is a two-stringed horse-head fiddle called a morin khuur. This is a similar instrument to that found across the region. Other elements of Buryat music, such as the use of fourths both in tuning instruments and in songs, and pentatonic scales, reveal similarities to music from Siberia and Eastern Asia. There traditionally was no polyphony, instead voices and instruments performed the same melody in unison but varied in timing and ornamentation.
Buryat or Buriat, known in Chinese sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of the Mongolian language, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
Sum, sumu, sumon, and somon are a type of administrative division used in China, Mongolia, and Russia.
The Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as Buryat ASSR, was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union.
Gustaf John Ramstedt was a Finnish diplomat and linguist.
A deel is an item of traditional clothing commonly worn since centuries ago among the Mongols and other nomadic tribes of Central Asia, including various Turkic peoples, and can be made from cotton, silk, wool, or brocade. The deel is still commonly worn by both men and women outside major towns, especially by herders. In urban areas, deels are mostly only worn by elderly people, or on festive occasions. The deel appears similar to a caftan or an old European folded tunic. Deels typically reach to below the wearer's knees and fan out at the bottom and are commonly blue, olive, or burgundy, though there are deels in a variety of other colors.
Pan-Mongolism is an irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of Mongols. The proposed territory, called "Greater Mongolia", usually includes the independent state of Mongolia, the Chinese regions of Inner Mongolia and Dzungaria, and the Russian republic of Buryatia. Sometimes Tuva, the Altai Republic and parts of Zabaykalsky Krai and Irkutsk Oblast are included as well. As of 2006, all areas in Greater Mongolia except Mongolia have non-Mongol majorities.
The occupation of Outer Mongolia by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China began in October 1919 and lasted until 18 March 1921, when Chinese troops in Urga were routed by Baron Ungern's White Russian and Mongolian forces. These, in turn, were defeated by the Red Army and its Mongolian allies by June 1921.
Mongolian shamanism, more broadly called the Mongolian folk religion, or occasionally Tengerism, refers to the animistic and shamanic ethnic religion that has been practiced in Mongolia and its surrounding areas at least since the age of recorded history. In the earliest known stages it was intricately tied to all other aspects of social life and to the tribal organization of Mongolian society. Along the way, it has become influenced by and mingled with Buddhism. During the socialist years of the twentieth century it was heavily repressed and has since made a comeback.
Khamnigan is a Mongolic language spoken east of Lake Baikal.
Yellow shamanism is the term used to designate a particular version of shamanism practiced in Mongolia and Siberia which incorporates rituals and traditions from Buddhism. "Yellow" indicates Buddhism in Mongolia, since most Buddhists there belong to what is called the "Yellow sect" of Tibetan Buddhism, whose members wear yellow hats during services. The term also serves to distinguish it from a form of shamanism not influenced by Buddhism, called "black shamanism".
Buddhism in Buryatia—a regional form of Buddhism.
The State of Buryat-Mongolia was a buffer Buryat-Mongolian state, which existed during the Russian Civil War. It was established according to the decision of the first All-Buryat congress on 25 April 1917. The main government body was Burnatskom, the Buryat National Committee.
The Vagindra script is an alphabetic script for the Buryat language developed by Agvan Dorzhiev in the first decade of the 20th century. It was used only briefly.
Mongolian is a Unicode block containing characters for dialects of Mongolian, Manchu, and Sibe languages. It is traditionally written in vertical lines Top-Down, right across the page, although the Unicode code charts cite the characters rotated to horizontal orientation as this is the orientation of glyphs in a font that supports layout in vertical orientation.
Erdem ba Shazhan was an anti-religious magazine in the Buryat-Mongolian language in the Mongolian script. The magazine was published by decision of the regional committee of the RCP(b) of May 8, 1928. It was the central publication of the Republican League of Atheists of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The magazine was published in Verkhneudinsk. In 1928, 3 issues of the magazine were published, in 1929 − 6 issues, in 1930 and 1931 − 9 numbers, in 1932 − 5 numbers, in 1934 − 2 numbers. The organizer and first editor of the magazine was Bato-Dalai Togmitov, who at that time worked as a researcher in the scientific committee of the republic. The magazine published materials explaining the policies of the cultural revolution, the fight against religion and the promotion of atheism among the Buryat population. The magazine published works of Buryat literature. In 1928, Abiduyev’s poem “Airplane” was published in the magazine.
References
- ↑ Matschoulsky SN (1949) On the study of coccidia of rodents of the Southern district of Buryat-Mongolia USSR. Trudy Buryat-Mongolia Zoovetinstituta Veposk 5: 40-56
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