The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story

Last updated

Contents

The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story
American Crime Story season 2 poster.jpg
Promotional poster
Starring
No. of episodes9
Release
Original network FX
Original releaseJanuary 17 (2018-01-17) –
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
Season chronology
Next →
Impeachment
List of episodes

The second season of American Crime Story , titled The Assassination of Gianni Versace, examines the July 1997 assassination of legendary fashion designer Gianni Versace by sociopathic spree killer Andrew Cunanan. It is based on Maureen Orth's book Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace, and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History, [1] [2] and was developed by Tom Rob Smith, after the departure of series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski.

Cable network FX confirmed in October 2016 a season about Versace's murder, which would be the series' third, following an installment about Hurricane Katrina. [1] The story about Katrina was eventually cancelled and The Assassination of Gianni Versace took over as second season, with filming taking place from May to November 2017. Comprising nine episodes, [3] it was broadcast between January 17 and March 21, 2018. [4] The ensemble cast includes Édgar Ramírez, Darren Criss, Ricky Martin, and Penélope Cruz.

The Assassination of Gianni Versace received positive reviews from critics, with praise for most of the performances (particularly from Criss). Among its awards, the season won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV Movie or Limited Series, due to its treatment of LGBT characters and themes. It also won seven Emmy Awards, [5] two Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, and two Critics' Choice Television Awards. Criss won six out of nine nominations for his performance in the season.

Cast

Main

Special guest stars

Recurring

Guest

Episodes

No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.
code		US viewers
(millions)
111"The Man Who Would Be Vogue" Ryan Murphy Tom Rob Smith January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17) [a] 3WAX012.22 [7]
On the morning of July 15, 1997, fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by Andrew Cunanan. Seven years earlier in 1990, Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following day, albeit with most of the details either embellished or fabricated. Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance. In the present, Cunanan flees the scene, evading one of Versace's associates. Versace, meanwhile, is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead. As police collaborate with federal authorities, Versace's sister, Donatella, and brother, Santo, plan the future of their brother's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace's murder with a remorseless expression.
122"Manhunt" Nelson Cragg Tom Rob SmithJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)3WAX021.42 [8]
In March 1994, Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer. Three years later, Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity. He juggles working as a prostitute, giving his earnings to his gay neighbor Ronnie, and feeding his obsession with Versace. Versace, meanwhile, juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio's proposal of a wedding. While at a nightclub one evening, Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd.
133"A Random Killing" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Tom Rob SmithJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)3WAX031.26 [9]
In May 1997, Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage. One week earlier, Miglin invites Cunanan, whom he knows as a gay escort, over to his house after his wife Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand. Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus. In the present, detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin's dead body. Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband's murder was nothing more than a random killing. The authorities later use the car's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan, who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media. He then abandons Miglin's Lexus in Pennsville, New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick-up truck. Marilyn, meanwhile, deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume.
144"House by the Lake" Daniel Minahan Tom Rob SmithFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)3WAX040.98 [10]
In April 1997, Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft-apartment of his former lover, David Madson, and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer. After forcing Madson to remain complicit, Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico, forcing Madson to accompany him. One of Madson's co-workers calls at Madson's apartment when he fails to show up for work and then calls the police. The Minneapolis Police Department discovers Trail's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer. They question Madson's parents, who firmly believe that their son is innocent. When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies, Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City.
155"Don't Ask Don't Tell"Daniel MinahanTom Rob SmithFebruary 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)3WAX050.91 [11]
In June 1995, Versace ignores Donatella's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview. In November 1995, U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected to be gay after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego. Following a suicide attempt, Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan. Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military, during which he "makes the decision" to leave the Navy. Two years later, Cunanan runs into Trail and Madson in Minneapolis. Both men, however, try to avoid him, with Trail staying at his sister's house and Madson stating he has moved on. Abandoned and angry, Cunanan resolves to murder Trail.
166"Descent"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonTom Rob SmithFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)3WAX071.10 [12]
In 1996, Cunanan lives in La Jolla, California with middle-aged businessman Norman Blachford, who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship. During his twenty-seventh birthday party, Cunanan tries to impress Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him. After making more extravagant demands results in Blachford asking him to leave, Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over, only for Madson to cut all ties with him. Cunanan then outs Trail to his father in a postcard, causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis. Following a severe, drug-fueled bout of depression, Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis.
177"Ascent"Gwyneth Horder-PaytonTom Rob SmithMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)3WAX060.92 [13]
In 1992, Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death. Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala, Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover, forcing Donatella to take the reins. That same year, Cunanan, who is living with Mary Ann, starts working as a gay escort for older men. He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston, a close friend of Norman Blachford, only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and Madson spent the night together. Cunanan's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston's brutal murder. Cunanan then moves out of his mother's apartment following an argument and uses Aston's death to develop a relationship with Blachford, who lets him move into his house.
188"Creator / Destroyer" Matt Bomer Tom Rob Smith and Maggie CohnMarch 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)3WAX081.00 [14]
In 1957 Italy, a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother. In 1980, a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto as a result of having to care more for him following Mary Ann's postpartum depression, resulting in him abusing her and neglecting his siblings. Seven years later, Cunanan juggles attending private school at The Bishop's School and secretly dating older men. Modesto, meanwhile, flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI, leaving his family penniless. Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected. Upon returning to the United States, Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy, where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations.
199"Alone"Daniel MinahanTom Rob SmithMarch 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)3WAX091.20 [15]
On the evening of July 15, 1997, Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities. Over the course of the next two days, Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence. As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie, Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished. At the same time, Cunanan's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview, Madson's father insists his son is a victim, and Modesto uses Cunanan's story in an attempt to get attention after Cunanan calls him in a plea for help. On July 22, 1997, as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como, Italy, Donatella tells Antonio he cannot stay in the house. The next morning, the authorities corner Cunanan, and he shoots himself in the mouth. Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide.

Production

Development

The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story was picked up on October 18, 2016, and was announced as the third season of the series, following the season about Katrina. [1] The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season, including the first two, [1] while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere. [6] Following the airing of the first season's finale in April 2016, it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season. [16]

In June 2017, it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018, replacing Katrina as the show's official second installment. [17]

On October 2, 2017, American Horror Story actor Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode, making it his directorial debut. [18] During its production, the working title of the season was American Crime Story: Versace/Cunanan. [19] [20]

In December 2017, after the first public screening, it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes, [3] despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes. [1]

Casting

In February 2017, Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan, respectively. [21] Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false; [22] [23] Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role. [24] In April 2017, it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico, Versace's longtime partner. [25] On April 28, 2017, Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss. [26] On June 21, 2017, it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's since high school, while Nico Evers-Swindell would play her husband, Philip Merrill. [27]

On May 5, 2017, Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting, by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set. [28] On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace, playing Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim. [29]

In November 2017, the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast. [30] [31] In December 2017, the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie, whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin, Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder, Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan, Cody Fern as David Madson, and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin. [32]

Filming

According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 took place at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami and Reggio Calabria. [33] As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13. [34]

Promotion

In September 2017, FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace, showing doves sitting outside Versace's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out. [35] A second teaser was released that same month, depicting Versace's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket. [36] In October, a third teaser was released, depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover, with the name Versace on it, is being closed. [37] The same month, a fourth teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion. [38] On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story: Cult , which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018. [4]

In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first showed Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it. [39] The second depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to see what happened; while a voice-over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni's partner and lover. [40] The third shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror, as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him. [41] The fourth depicts a running sewing machine, which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work. [42]

On November 15, 2017, the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series. It shows moments from Cunanan's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace's assassination. [43] The same day, it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers. [6] On November 28, 2017, FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season: Cruz, Ramírez, Martin and Criss; while a voice-over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace. [44]

In December 2017, more teasers were released. The first opposed Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their pasts. [45] The second featured a Versace fashion show where models start crying, as news reports about the designer's death are heard. [46] The third showed Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace, while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths. [47] The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother's funeral; [48] the fifth showed different rooms of Versace's mansion, with multiple voice-overs by different characters; [49] and the sixth featured a showering Cunanan, surrounding his face with duct tape, as Max Greenfield's Ronnie asks him what he is doing. [50] On December 28, a first look at the series was released, with interviews from the crew and the cast. [51] That same day, a new teaser was also released, depicting Criss-as-Cunanan about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace. [52]

At the start of January 2018, a new teaser was released. It featured Criss-as-Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl, while a voice-over is saying that the police are looking for him and that he is very dangerous. [53] On January 16, 2018, the full red band trailer was released, [54] and a short version premiered the next day. [55]

Reception

Reviews

The second season of American Crime Story received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 88% based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly, moving backward through an intricate (and occasionally convoluted) murder mystery anchored by a career-defining performance from Darren Criss." [56] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [57]

Reaction from individuals involved

In January 2018, the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series. They explained they have "neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever" in the production of the season, before adding that it "should only be considered as a work of fiction." [58] Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was "not a work of fiction" as it is based on a non-fiction book, Maureen Orth's Vulgar Favors, and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work. Comparing it to The People v. O. J. Simpson , Murphy added that the season is "a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements," and not a documentary. [58] Following this answer, the Versace family released a second statement, still slamming the series as "a work of fiction" because "the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation." They also heavily criticized Orth's work, calling it an "effort to create a sensational story" with "second-hand hearsay that is full of contradictions." They gave the example of Gianni Versace's medical condition, as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death. [59]

Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series, deeming some scenes as "ridiculous" and insisting that "so much has been fictionalized". He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it, but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin, who plays his role, got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace. [60]

According to Ryan Murphy, Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role. As Cruz and Versace are friends, Murphy explained that, when he offered her the role, Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it. He also revealed that, while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Versace "very graciously sent [her] a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying 'good luck.'" [58]

Ratings

Viewership and ratings per episode of The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story
No.TitleAir date Rating/share
(18–49)		Viewers
(millions)		DVR
(18–49)		DVR viewers
(millions)		Total
(18–49)		Total viewers
(millions)
1"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"January 17, 20180.72.22 [7] 0.61.761.33.98 [61]
2"Manhunt"January 24, 20180.41.42 [8] 0.71.981.13.40 [62]
3"A Random Killing"January 31, 20180.41.26 [9] 0.71.941.13.20 [63]
4"House by the Lake"February 7, 20180.30.98 [10] 0.61.790.92.77 [64]
5"Don't Ask Don't Tell"February 14, 20180.20.91 [11] TBDTBDTBDTBD
6"Descent"February 28, 20180.31.10 [12] 0.61.580.92.68 [65]
7"Ascent"March 7, 20180.30.92 [13] 0.51.550.82.47 [66]
8"Creator / Destroyer"March 14, 20180.31.00 [14] 0.51.570.82.57 [67]
9"Alone"March 21, 20180.31.20 [15] 0.61.620.92.82 [68]

Accolades

YearAssociationCategoryNominated artist/workResultRef
2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Performance in a Show Darren Criss Nominated [69]
People's Choice Awards The Drama TV Star of 2018Darren CrissNominated [70]
The Bingeworthy Show of 2018The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime StoryNominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime StoryWon [71]
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited/Anthology Series or Movie Darren CrissWon
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited/ Anthology Series or Movie Ricky Martin (For "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")Nominated
Édgar Ramírez (For "Ascent")Nominated
Finn Wittrock (For "Don't Ask, Don't Tell")Nominated
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited/ Anthology Series or Movie Penélope Cruz (For "Ascent")Nominated
Judith Light (For "A Random Killing")Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Limited/Anthology Series or Movie Ryan Murphy (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")Won
Outstanding Writing for a Limited/Anthology Series or Movie Tom Rob Smith (for "House by the Lake")Nominated
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited/ Anthology Series or Movie Courtney Bright and Nicole DanielsWon [5] [72]
Outstanding Contemporary Costumes Lou Eyrich, Allison Leach, Rebecca Guzzi and Nora Pedersen (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")Won
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Chris Clark, Natalie Driscoll, Shay Sanford-Fong and Helena CepedaWon
Outstanding Makeup (Non-Prosthetic) Eryn Krueger Mekash, Robin Beauchesne, Silvina Knight, David Williams, Ana Lozano and Tym BuacharernWon
Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup Eryn Krueger Mekash, Michael Mekash, Silvina Knight, Robin Beauchesne, David LeRoy Anderson and Glen EisnerNominated
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited/ Anthology Series or Movie Chi-Yoon Chung (for "Manhunt")Nominated
Emily Greene (for "Alone")Nominated
Shelly Westerman (for "House by the Lake")Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited/ Anthology Series or Movie Doug Andham, Joe Earle, John Bauman and Judah Getz (for "The Man Who Would Be Vogue")Nominated
TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime StoryWon [73]
Individual Achievement in Drama Darren CrissNominated
American Film Institute Awards Top 10 Television ProgramsThe Assassination of Gianni VersaceWon [74]
Gold Derby AwardsBest MiniseriesThe Assassination of Gianni VersaceWon [75] [76]
Best Miniseries/TV Movie ActorDarren CrissWon
Best Miniseries/TV Movie Supporting Actor Cody Fern Won
Édgar RamírezNominated
Finn WittrockNominated
Best Miniseries/TV Movie Supporting ActressJudith LightWon
Penélope CruzNominated
Best Ensemble of the YearThe Assassination of Gianni VersaceNominated
2019 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Darren CrissWon [77]
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Penélope CruzNominated
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Limited Series The Assassination of Gianni VersaceWon [78]
Best Actor in a Movie/Limited Series Darren CrissWon
Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Limited Series Finn WittrockNominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Limited Series Penélope CruzNominated
Judith LightNominated
Writers Guild of America Awards Long Form – Adapted Maggie Cohn and Tom Rob SmithWon [79]
Satellite Awards Best Miniseries The Assassination of Gianni VersaceWon [80]
Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film Darren CrissWon
Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film Édgar RamírezNominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or TV Film Penélope CruzNominated
Best Ensemble: Television The Assassination of Gianni VersaceWon
Golden Globe Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime StoryWon [81]
Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Darren CrissWon
Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Édgar RamírezNominated
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Penélope CruzNominated
Producers Guild of America Awards David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Limited Series Television Ryan Murphy, Nina Jacobson, Brad Simpson, Alexis Martin Woodall, Tom Rob Smith, Daniel Minahan, Brad Falchuk, Scott Alexander, Larry Karaszewski, Chip Vucelich, Maggie Cohn, Eric Kovtun, Lou Eyrich, and Eryn Krueger MekashWon [82] [83]
GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding TV Movie or Limited Series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime StoryWon [84]

Notes

  1. ↑ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Cunanan</span> American serial killer (1969–1997)

Andrew Phillip Cunanan was an American serial killer who murdered five people over three months from April 27 to July 15, 1997. His victims include Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace and Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin. Cunanan died by suicide on July 23, 1997, eight days after murdering Versace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gianni Versace</span> Italian fashion designer (1946–1997)

Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace was an Italian fashion designer, socialite and businessman. He was the founder of Versace, an international luxury-fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, home furnishings and clothes. He also designed costumes for theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Princess Diana, Whitney Houston, Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, Madonna, Elton John, Tupac Shakur, Joan Collins and many other celebrities, he was one of the first designers to link fashion to the music world. He and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. The place where he was born and raised, Reggio di Calabria, greatly influenced his career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donatella Versace</span> Italian fashion luxury designer (born 1955)

Donatella Francesca Versace, sometimes simply referred to mononymously as Donatella, is an Italian fashion designer, businesswoman, socialite, and model. She is the sister of Gianni Versace, founder of the luxury fashion company Versace, with whom she worked closely on the development of the brand and in particular its combining of Italian luxury with pop culture and celebrity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio D'Amico</span> Italian fashion designer and model (1959–2022)

Antonio D'Amico was an Italian fashion designer and model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maureen Orth</span> American journalist

Maureen Orth is an American journalist, author, and a Special Correspondent for Vanity Fair magazine. She is the founder of Marina Orth Foundation, which has established a model education program in Colombia emphasizing technology, English, and leadership. She is the widow of TV journalist Tim Russert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Miglin</span> American real estate developer (1924–1997)

Lee Albert Miglin was an American business tycoon and philanthropist. After starting his career as a door-to-door salesman and then broker, Miglin became a successful real estate developer. He was an early developer of business parks. His firm, at one point, proposed the construction of the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, which was planned to be the tallest building in the world. Miglin was murdered in his home in May 1997 by Andrew Cunanan, a serial killer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Rob Smith</span> English author, screenwriter, producer (born 1979)

Tom Rob Smith is an English author, screenwriter and producer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darren Criss</span> American actor, singer, and songwriter

Darren Everett Criss is an American actor, singer, and songwriter. He rose to fame starring on the television series Glee (2010–2015) and received Emmy and Golden Globe acting awards for his leading role as spree killer Andrew Cunanan in The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (2018). He has also appeared on Broadway and in film and has released several musical albums.

Joanna P. Adler is an American actress, known for her roles in Off-Broadway plays. She won an Obie Award in 1995. In 2014, she starred in the second season of the Lifetime television series Devious Maids.

<i>Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!</i> American animated television series

Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation as the twelfth incarnation of Hanna-Barbera's Scooby-Doo animated series. In the show, the Scooby-Doo gang decide to travel during their last summer break together, encountering havoc-wreaking monsters along the way. Described as having a more comedic tone than its previous incarnation, Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, the show employs character traits from the original 1969 series on top of redesigned character models.

<i>American Crime Story</i> American true crime anthology television series

American Crime Story is an American true crime anthology series developed by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, who are also executive producers, alongside Brad Falchuk, Nina Jacobson, Ryan Murphy, and Brad Simpson. The series is the second installment in the American Story media franchise, following American Horror Story. Each season is presented as a self-contained miniseries and is independent of the events in other seasons. Alexander and Karaszewski did not return after the first season, but retain executive-producer credits. In the United States, the series is broadcast on FX. In January 2023, the series was renewed for a fourth season.

<i>Baskets</i> (TV series) American television comedy series

Baskets is an American comedy drama television series that premiered on FX on January 21, 2016. The series was co-created by Louis C.K., Zach Galifianakis, and Jonathan Krisel; Krisel is also the showrunner and director. Galifianakis stars in the dual lead role as Chip Baskets, a failed professional clown in Paris, who instead becomes a local rodeo clown in Bakersfield, California, and his twin brother, Dale Baskets. Galifianakis, C.K., M. Blair Breard, Dave Becky, Marc Gurvitz and Andrea Pett-Joseph serve as executive producers, with FX Productions as the production company. In 2017, C.K.'s production company Pig Newton had all ties to the show and FX cut after C.K. admitted to sexual misconduct with five women. On May 24, 2018, FX renewed the show for a fourth and final season, which premiered on June 13, 2019. The series ended on August 22, 2019.

<i>Justice League Action</i> American superhero animated television series

Justice League Action is an American superhero animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero team Justice League. The series is produced by Jim Krieg, Butch Lukic, and Alan Burnett. The show debuted on Cartoon Network UK on November 26, 2016, and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on December 16 the same year. The first season concluded on June 3, 2018, marking an end to the series.

<i>Feud</i> (TV series) American anthology television series

Feud is an American anthology drama television series created by Ryan Murphy, Jaffe Cohen, and Michael Zam, which premiered on FX on March 5, 2017. Conceived as an anthology series, Feud's first season, Bette and Joan, chronicles the well-documented rivalry between Hollywood actresses Joan Crawford and Bette Davis during and after the production of their psychological horror thriller film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). Jessica Lange and Susan Sarandon star as Crawford and Davis, respectively. Judy Davis, Jackie Hoffman, Alfred Molina, Stanley Tucci, and Alison Wright feature in supporting roles. Academy Award–winning actresses Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kathy Bates also appear. Critically acclaimed, with major praise for Lange and Sarandon's performances, the first season garnered several accolades. It received 18 nominations at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards and won two, including Outstanding Hairstyling and Makeup (Non-Prosthetic). Bette and Joan also received six Critics' Choice Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Television Critics Association Awards nominations.

<i>Shameless</i> season 8 Season of television series

The eighth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on December 19, 2016, a day after the seventh season finale. The season, which premiered on November 5, 2017, consisted of a total of 12 episodes.

<i>Nashville</i> season 6 2018 season of American TV series

The sixth and final season of the American television musical drama series Nashville, created by Callie Khouri, premiered on January 4, 2018, on CMT. The season consisted of 16 episodes.

<i>American Story</i> American anthology television franchise

American Story is an American anthology television franchise consisting of several television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk for the cable network FX and FX on Hulu. Each series follows a different genre of fiction, with each individual season conceived as a self-contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a story line with its own "beginning, middle, and end." Some plot elements of each season and series are loosely inspired by true events. Many actors appear in more than one season and series, often playing a new character.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "'American Crime Story' Renewed By FX For Season 3, Will Take On Versace Murder". Deadline Hollywood. October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  2. ↑ Orth, Maureen (1999). Vulgar Favors: Andrew Cunanan, Gianni Versace, and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History (1st; Hardcover ed.). Delacorte Press. ISBN   9780385332866.
  3. 1 2 Littleton, Cynthia (December 11, 2017). "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: 6 Things We Learned From FX's First Screening". Variety . Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  4. 1 2 "American Crime Story: Versace Gets January Premiere Date on FX". November 2017. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  5. 1 2 Koblin, John (September 17, 2018). "2018 Emmys: 'Game of Thrones' and 'Marvelous Mrs. Maisel' Win Top Awards". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 Petski, Denise (November 14, 2017). "'The Assassination Of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story': FX+ Subscribers Get Early Peek At First Episode". Deadline. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  7. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (January 18, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.17.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  8. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (January 25, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.24.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  9. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (February 1, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.31.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (February 8, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.7.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  11. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (February 15, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.14.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  12. 1 2 Metcalf, Mitch (March 1, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.28.2018". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  13. 1 2 Mitch Metcalf (March 8, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals: 3.7.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  14. 1 2 Mitch Metcalf (March 15, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals: 3.14.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  15. 1 2 Mitch Metcalf (March 22, 2018). "SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals: 3.21.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  16. ↑ Sandberg, Bryn (April 6, 2016). "'American Crime Story': 10 Things to Know About Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  17. ↑ Stack, Tim (June 13, 2017). "'The Assassination of Gianni Versace is now officially FX's next American Crime Story'". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  18. ↑ Ausiello, Michael (October 2, 2017). "Matt Bomer Joins American Crime Story: Versace — But There's a Twist". TVLine . Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  19. ↑ Martin, Ricky (May 18, 2017). "Who showed up on set?". Instagram . Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  20. ↑ Martin, Ricky (November 2, 2017). "¡Más escenas! Esto sigue. @americancrimestoryfx January 17th, 2018 DONT MISS IT". Instagram . Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  21. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (February 15, 2017). "Edgar Ramirez & Darren Criss To Star In 'Versace: American Crime Story' On FX". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  22. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (November 4, 2016). "Lady Gaga to Portray Donatella Versace in 'American Crime Story'". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  23. ↑ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (January 12, 2017). "Lady Gaga Will Not Play Donatella Versace in FX's 'American Crime Story'". Variety . Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Penélope Cruz To Play Donatella Versace In FX's 'Versace: American Crime Story'". Deadline Hollywood. March 2017.
  25. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (April 7, 2017). "Ricky Martin To Co-Star In 'Versace: American Crime Story' FX Limited Series". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Alex's Blog". Alex's Blog. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Exclusive Photos of 'The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story'". Entertainment Weekly . New York City: Meredith Corporation. June 21, 2017. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  28. ↑ Stanhope, Kate (May 5, 2017). "Max Greenfield Boards 'Versace: American Crime Story'". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  29. ↑ Stack, Tim (June 21, 2017). "American Horror Story star Finn Wittrock joining The Assassination of Gianni Versace". Entertainment Weekly . New York City. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  30. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 15, 2017). "Uncover the crime. Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace" (Tweet). Retrieved December 3, 2017– via Twitter.
  31. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 15, 2017). "From creator Ryan Murphy. Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace" (Tweet). Retrieved December 3, 2017– via Twitter.
  32. ↑ "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story". FX Networks . Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  33. ↑ Askew, Susan (May 5, 2017). "FX "American Crime Story: Versace" Filming". Re:MiamiBeach. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
  34. ↑ Darren Criss [@DarrenCriss] (November 15, 2017). "It's been a crazy 8 months. To celebrate our final week of shooting, I give you the first trailer for #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  35. ↑ Stack, Tim (September 6, 2017). "American Crime Story: Watch the first teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  36. ↑ Stack, Tim (September 22, 2017). "American Crime Story: Donatella mourns her brother in new Assassination of Gianni Versace teaser". Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  37. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (October 11, 2017). "A dark obsession. A startling truth. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  38. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (October 18, 2017). "Penelope Cruz is Donatella Versace. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  39. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 1, 2017). "A troubled path. A dangerous obsession. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  40. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 8, 2017). "The day genius was taken away. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  41. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 10, 2017). "What is it without him? The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  42. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 13, 2017). "Stitch together the path of obsession. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  43. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 15, 2017). "Watch the OFFICIAL TRAILER for #ACSVersace. The next installment of FX's award-winning original series premieres January 17" (Tweet). Retrieved November 15, 2017– via Twitter.
  44. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (November 28, 2017). "Penelope Cruz, Edgar Ramirez, Ricky Martin, and Darren Criss star in #ACSVersace. The next installment of FX's award-winning series premieres January 17" (Tweet). Retrieved November 29, 2017– via Twitter.
  45. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 1, 2017). "The murders weren't famous until the victim was. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved December 6, 2017– via Twitter.
  46. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 3, 2017). "A mogul. A murder. A manhunt. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres January 17. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved December 6, 2017– via Twitter.
  47. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 10, 2017). "He craved attention. He killed for fame. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres 1/17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved December 12, 2017– via Twitter.
  48. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 14, 2017). "She was left to pick up the pieces. #ACSVersace premieres 1/17 on FX" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  49. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 18, 2017). "Who would kill for a life they cannot have? See the truth behind The Assassination of Gianni Versace. FX's award-winning series returns 1/17. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  50. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 23, 2017). "Everyone would know what he did. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story premieres 1/17 on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  51. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 28, 2017). "See the story behind the largest failed manhunt in US history. Get a FIRST LOOK at the second installment of FX's award-winning limited series, The Assassination of Gianni Versace. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  52. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (December 28, 2017). "Serial liar. Serial killer. The Assassination of Gianni Versace, the next installment of FX's award-winning American Crime Story, premieres January 17. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  53. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (January 4, 2018). "Did he fit the profile? #ACSVersace premieres 1/17, only on @fxnetworks. @DarrenCriss" (Tweet). Retrieved January 11, 2017– via Twitter.
  54. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (January 16, 2018). "He wanted to be famous... So he killed a man who was. Watch the RED BAND trailer for the next installment of FX's American Crime Story, The Assassination of Gianni Versace. #ACSVersace premieres tomorrow at 10p" (Tweet). Retrieved January 16, 2018– via Twitter.
  55. ↑ AmericanCrimeStoryFX [@ACSFX] (January 17, 2018). "This tragedy had many sides. The Assassination of Gianni Versace, the next installment of FX's award-winning series returns TONIGHT at 10p on FX. #ACSVersace" (Tweet). Retrieved January 17, 2018– via Twitter.
  56. ↑ "American Crime Story: The Assassination of Gianni Versace (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  57. ↑ "The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  58. 1 2 3 Stack, Tim (January 9, 2018). "Ryan Murphy responds to Versace family: 'It is not a work of fiction'". Entertainment Weekly .
  59. ↑ Stack, Tim (January 10, 2018). "Versace family releases second statement slamming 'bogus' American Crime Story and author Maureen Orth". Entertainment Weekly .
  60. ↑ Giuffrida, Angela (July 30, 2017). "'My life was torn in two when Gianni was shot' – Versace's lover breaks silence". The Observer .
  61. ↑ Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'Assassination of Gianni Versace' posts solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Jan. 15-21". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  62. ↑ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'Waco' premiere doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for Jan. 22-28". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  63. ↑ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2018). "'The Alienist' doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for Jan. 29-Feb. 4". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  64. ↑ Porter, Rick (February 22, 2018). "'Assassination of Gianni Versace' posts more big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for Feb. 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  65. ↑ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'Walking Dead' stays atop the cable Live +7 ratings for Feb. 26-March 4". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  66. ↑ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'Atlanta' and 'The Alienist' make more solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for March 5–11". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  67. ↑ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'The Fosters' finale doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for March 12–18". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  68. ↑ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'Krypton' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for March 19–25". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  69. ↑ Ramos, Dino-Ray (June 18, 2018). "MTV Movie & TV Awards Winners: 'Black Panther', 'Stranger Things' Among Top Honorees – Full List". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  70. ↑ Macke, Johnni (September 5, 2018). "2018 People's Choice Awards: Complete List of Nominations". E! News. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
  71. ↑ "Emmys: Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  72. ↑ Sanchez, Omar (September 8, 2018). "Creative Arts Emmys: Winners List So Far". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  73. ↑ "TCA Awards: The Americans, Killing Eve, The Good Place Among 2018 Winners". TVLine. August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  74. ↑ Thompson, Anne (December 4, 2018). "AFI Awards: Top 10 Films and TV of 2018, Plus Special Award for 'Roma'". IndieWire . Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  75. ↑ Montgomery, Daniel (July 26, 2018). "2018 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations: 'This is Us,' 'Gianni Versace' and 'The Handmaid's Tale' lead the way". GoldDerby. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  76. ↑ GoldDerby (September 6, 2018), 2018 Gold Derby TV Awards winners: 'Versace' and 'Handmaid's Tale' are top winners, but 'Game of Thrones' takes Best Drama
  77. ↑ Hipes, Patrick (December 12, 2018). "SAG Awards Nominations: 'A Star Is Born', 'Mrs. Maisel', 'Ozark' Lead Way – The Full List". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  78. ↑ Sheehan, Paul (December 10, 2018). "Critics' Choice TV Awards nominations 2019: Full list led by Netflix, HBO, FX shows". Gold Derby . Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  79. ↑ Nordyke, Kimberly; Crist, Allison (February 17, 2019). "WGA Awards: Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  80. ↑ Tangcay, Jazz (November 30, 2018). "2018 Satellite Awards Nominations". Awards Daily. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  81. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alex (January 4, 2019). "Golden Globes 2019: the full list of nominees". Vox. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  82. ↑ McNary, Dave (January 4, 2019). "Producers Guild Awards Nominees Include 'Black Panther,' 'A Star Is Born,' 'Vice'". Variety. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  83. ↑ Ivie, Devon (January 4, 2019). "The Favourite, A Star Is Born Among Producers Guild Awards 2019 Nominees". Vulture. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  84. ↑ Nordyke, Kimberly (May 4, 2019). "GLAAD Media Awards: 'Boy Erased,' 'Pose,' 'Gianni Versace' Among Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.