Tirumalai (Jain complex)

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Tirumalai
  • Engunavirai-Tirumalai (Tamil)
  • Arhasugiri
Tirumalai Jain temple - cave structure.JPG
Kuntahavai Jain temple
Religion
Affiliation Jainism
Deity Neminath
Festivals Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
Location
Location Tiruvannaamalai, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu
Geographic coordinates 12°33′24″N79°12′21″E / 12.556675°N 79.205946°E / 12.556675; 79.205946 Coordinates: 12°33′24″N79°12′21″E / 12.556675°N 79.205946°E / 12.556675; 79.205946
Architecture
Date established9th century
Temple(s)2

Tirumalai (lit. "the holy mountain"; also later Arhasugiri, lit. "the excellent mountain of the Arha[t]"; Tamil Engunavirai-Tirumalai, lit. "the holy mountain of the Arhar" is a Jain temple and cave complex dating from at least the 9th century that is located northwest of Polur in Tamil Nadu, southeast India. [1] The complex includes 3 Jain caves, 2 Jain temples and a 16.25-foot-high (4.95 m) sculpture of Tirthankara Neminatha thought to date from the 12th century that is the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu. [2] [3] Arihant Giri Jain Matha is also present near Tirumalai complex. [1]

Contents

History

Tirumalai inscription Tirumalai jain temple inscription.jpg
Tirumalai inscription

Tirumalai has been an important Jain center since ancient times. It is believed that 8,000 Jain monks who accompanied Bhadrabahu did the penance and attained nirvana here. The foorprints of four great saints - Vrishabhsenachrya, Samanatabhadracharya, Varadattachrya munivar and Sri Vadeepa Simhasuri are also present here. [4] An inscription dating back to 1024 CE is present mentioning the name Kunthavai Jinalaya temple. [5] This inscription mentions the list conquest done by Rajendra Chola I and the offerings made by him to Kunthavai Jinalaya temple. [6]

Early site

Terrocotta sculpture of tirthankara Tirumalai jain temple - terrocotta sculpture.JPG
Terrocotta sculpture of tirthankara

The large cavern at the base of the site is thought to have been built around the 9th century. In the 10th century it was converted into 30 separate chambers, possibly to accommodate figures of Tirthankaras and a yakshi. Similar to Ellora caves, the representation of celestial being performs a ritual on tirthankara is present. [7]

An inscription found on a buried rock in front of the gopura at the base of the hill from the late 10th century refers to the site as Vaigai-malai or “the mountain of Vaigai.” Two other inscriptions found on a piece of rock at the top of the hill and buried on a piece of rock underneath the steps between the gopura and the painted cave refer to it as Vaigai-Tirumalai or “the holy mountain of Vaigai.” The name Vaigai is thus thought to be connected with Vaigavur, the historic name of the village at the base of the rock. [6]

Jain temples

The Mahavira temple Tirumalai jaintemple 4.jpg
The Mahavira temple

Kuntahavai Jain temple

The Kunthavai Jinalaya temple is a 10th-century Jain temple, said to have been commissioned by queen Kundavai. It is one of two such sites commissioned by her, though the other site, Dadapuram, has not survived. [8] [9]

This temple is situated on top of the Tirumulai hill with engraving of Mahavira flanked by two lions. This temple is partly excavated and partly built within caverons of the rock. This temple is rich in sculptures and base-relief. This temple contains the 16.25 feet (4.95 m) monolithic sculpture of Neminatha. [10] This idol is tallest Jain idol in Tamil Nadu. [3] There are footprints of Jain monks to commemorate their nirvana near the temple. [11]

Mahavir temple

In the 16th century, a second temple for Mahavir was built to the west of the Kunthavai Jinalaya. [12] [3]

Parshvanath temple

In the 17th century, a third temple for Parshvanath was constructed. [3]

Paintings

Painting depicting Samavasarana Tirumalai 3365.JPG
Painting depicting Samavasarana

Paintings are thought to have been added to the site between the 15th-17th centuries. Some of these still survive. These painting are considered comparable to that of present in Ellora caves. [13]

The painting of Parshvanatha with hood of five snakes [14] venerated by monks, nuns and others is the one of the most notable painiting in Tirumali complex. [2] Kuntahavai Jain Temple features a painting with depiction of Samavasarana similar to that of present in Shravanabelagola. [15] The painitings of Ambika, Parshvanatha and Bahubali are also noteworthy. [12]

Jain Matha

Arahanthgiri Jain Math is a Jain Matha that was established near the site in August, 1998. [1] [16]

Conservation

These caves are protected by Archaeological Survey of India. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Tamil Jain

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Neminatha 22nd Jain Tirthankara

Neminatha, also known as Nemi and Arishtanemi, is the twenty-second tirthankara (ford-maker) in Jainism. Along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha and Rishabhanatha, Neminatha is one of the twenty four tirthankaras who attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.

Jainism is an ancient Indian religion belonging to the śramaṇa tradition. It prescribes ahimsa (non-violence) towards all living beings to the greatest possible extent. The three main teachings of Jainism are ahimsa, anekantavada (non-absolutism), aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Followers of Jainism take five main vows: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha. Monks follow them completely whereas śrāvakas (householders) observe them partially. Self-discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism.

Ambika (Jainism)

In Jainism, Ambika or Ambika Devi is the Yakṣi "dedicated attendant deity" or Śāsana Devī "protector goddess" of the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha. She is also known as Ambai, Amba, Kushmandini and Amra Kushmandini. She is often shown with one or more children and often under a tree. She is frequently represented as a pair with a small Tirthankar image on the top. The name ambika literally means mother, hence she is Mother Goddess. The name is also a common epithet of Hindu Goddess Parvati.

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Shri Mahaveer Ji temple

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Polur taluk is a taluk of Tiruvannamalai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Polur.

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Jain sculpture

Jain sculptures or Jain idols are the images depicting Tirthankaras. These images are worshiped by the followers of Jainism. The sculpture can depict any of the twenty-four tirthankaras with images depicting Parshvanatha, Rishabhanatha, or Mahāvīra being more popular. Jain sculptures are an example of Jain art. There is a long history of construction of Jain sculptures. Early examples include Lohanipur Torsos which has been regarded to be from the Maurya period, and images from the Kushan period from Mathura.

Ranakpur Jain temple

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Arahanthgiri Jain Math

Arahanthgiri Jain Math is a Jain Matha that established near Tirumalai in August, 1998. The Math is headed by Bhattaraka Dhavalakeerthi.

Jain art Works of art associated with Jainism

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Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments

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Mahavira Jain temple, Osian

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Kere Basadi

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Vallimalai Jain caves

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References

Sources

  1. 1 2 3 Mani 2018, p. 181.
  2. 1 2 Sewell 1882, p. 170.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Pal 2014, p. 134.
  4. ↑ Umamaheshwari 2018, p. 138.
  5. ↑ Qvarnström 2013, p. 330.
  6. 1 2 Umamaheshwari 2018, p. 142.
  7. ↑ Owen 2012, p. 21.
  8. ↑ Singh, Pant & Prasad 2000, p. 107.
  9. ↑ Singh, Nagendra Kumar (2001). Encyclopedia of Jainism. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 1000.
  10. ↑ Cox 1881, p. 215.
  11. ↑ Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 75.
  12. 1 2 Shah 1987, p. 169.
  13. ↑ Owen 2012, p. 20.
  14. ↑ Shah 1987, p. 186.
  15. ↑ Shah 1987, p. 25.
  16. ↑ "Arihantagiri - Tirumalai". Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  17. ↑ ASI & Vellore sub-cirle.

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