Trillium sessile

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Trillium sessile
Trillium sessile AR.jpg
In Newton County, Arkansas
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Trillium
Species:
T. sessile
Binomial name
Trillium sessile
L.
Synonyms [3]
Trillium sessile
    • Esdra sessilis(L.) Salisb.
    • Phyllantherum sessile(L.) Nieuwl.
    • Trillium isanthumRaf.
    • Trillium longiflorumRaf.
    • Trillium membranaceumRaf.
    • Trillium rotundifoliumRaf.
    • Trillium sessile var. borealeNutt.
    • Trillium sessile f. viridiflorumBeyer
    • Trillium tinctoriumRaf.

Trillium sessile is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet sessile means "attached without a distinct stalk", [4] an apparent reference to its stalkless flower. It is commonly known as toadshade (not to be confused with Trillium recurvatum , which is also known by that name) or toad trillium. [5] [6] It is also called sessile trillium or sessile-flowered wake-robin, [2] [7] however it is not the only member of the genus with a sessile flower.

Contents

Trillium sessile is endemic to the eastern half of the United States. It has the widest range of any species of sessile-flowered trillium. There are two subpopulations geographically separated by a large gap in central Illinois where the species is strangely absent.

Trillium sessile was one of three Trillium species described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is a small perennial, herbaceous plant with three leaves, but unlike other sessile-flowered trilliums, the leaves are often not mottled. It has a single trimerous flower with three reddish-purple petals and six distinctive stamens that aid identification.

Description

Trillium sessile is a perennial, clump-forming herbaceous plant with a thick underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with 3  sepals, 3  petals, two whorls of 3  stamens each, and 3  carpels (fused into a single ovary with 3  stigmas). [8] A single plant has one or two erect scapes (stems) per rhizome, each scape up to 25 cm (9.8 in) tall. The sessile (stalkless) bracts are elliptic, up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 8 cm (3.1 in) wide. The bracts may or may not be mottled. The erect, sessile flower nestled in the middle of the three bracts has a spicy, pungent odor. The sepals are mostly green but often streaked with purple along the edges or at the base of each sepal. The average length and width of a sepal is 21 mm (0.8 in) and 5.7 mm (0.2 in), respectively. The petals are erect and long-lasting. Although their shape and color are variable, a typical plant will have elliptic, reddish-purple petals. The base of a petal is narrowed and, in some cases, will have a very short claw-like base about 2 mm (0.1 in) long. The average length and width of a petal is 24 mm (0.9 in) and 6.6 mm (0.3 in), respectively, just slightly larger than a sepal. The stamens are about half as long as the petals, with the filaments being less than half the length of the inward-facing anthers. The anther connective tissue is prominently prolonged an average of 3 mm (0.1 in) beyond the yellowish-white pollen sacs. The 6-angled ovary is short and squat, topped by three erect, brownish-black stigmas that reach to the top of the anther sacs. The fruit is ovoid or nearly round with an average height of 1.2 cm (0.5 in). The six prominent ridges merge into three near the top of the fruit, one for each stigma (which persist during fruiting). A mature fruit is whitish-green with a light pinkish tint, bearing 15–25 golden yellow seeds. [6] [9] [10]

Identification

Trillium recurvatum (left) and Trillium sessile (right) side-by-side Trillium recurvatum (left) and Trillium sessile (right) side-by-side.jpg
Trillium recurvatum (left) and Trillium sessile (right) side-by-side

The wide range of Trillium sessile overlaps with numerous other sessile-flowered trilliums, which tends to complicate the identification process. For instance, T. sessile and T. recurvatum are common to at least nine U.S. states (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee). [11] The latter species has distinctive leaves with petiole-like leaf bases and strongly recurved sepals, but T. sessile has neither of these characteristics. [12]

T. sessile and T. cuneatum are common to four U.S. states (Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee) plus other states where the latter has been introduced (such as Maryland, Michigan, and Pennsylvania). [13] Compared to T. sessile, T. cuneatum has longer petals, shorter stamens, shorter prolonged anther connectives, and shorter stigmas. [14] [15] In general, T. sessile is a much smaller plant than T. cuneatum.

As a species T. sessile is distinguished by anther connectives prominently prolonged above inward-facing (introrse) anthers. Its elongated, erect stigmas are usually more than 1.5 times the length of the relatively short, nearly spherical, sharply angled ovary. The bracts are often not mottled, and those that are become less so as the season wears on. Plants of T. sessile are usually smaller than those of other species but under favorable conditions the plants may be so robust that absolute size will not distinguish them. Relative sizes and proportions are often useful, however:

In locales where two or more sessile-flowered Trillium species come in contact, T. sessile usually flowers earlier. [16] [10]

Taxonomy

Trillium sessile f. viridiflorum Beyer Trillium sessile, 2021-04-20, Seldom Seen, 05.jpg
Trillium sessile f. viridiflorumBeyer

Trillium sessile was one of three Trillium species described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 (the other two being T. cernuum and T. erectum ). [17] Of the three, only T. sessile has a stalkless flower. Historically, the name Trillium sessile has been applied to various trilliums with this characteristic, but many of these are now understood to be members of several distinct species comprising the subgenus Sessilia. This broad use of the name persisted into the latter half of the twentieth century. [18] For example, the illegitimate name Trillium sessile var. californicum has been used to refer to a variety of T. chloropetalum, a sessile-flowered Trillium species confined to western North America (where T. sessile in the modern sense does not range). [19] [20]

As of January 2022, Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts no infraspecific names for Trillium sessile. [3] Some authorities recognize the name Trillium sessile f. viridiflorumBeyer, [21] a form with yellow-green petals that occurs spontaneously throughout the range of the species. [22] Some populations of T. sessile exhibit a range of petal color but the formal description of forma viridiflorum only includes plants with no trace of purple pigment in the petals. [9] [23]

Muhlenberg described the yellow-petaled variety Trillium sessile var. luteum in 1813, [24] but the taxon was given specific rank ( Trillium luteum ) by Harbison in 1901. The latter is distinguished from T. sessile by its larger size, the mottling of its leaves, shorter filaments, the color of its petals, and the character of its stigmas. [25] Apart from this, a clear yellow form of T. sessile has not been found and named. [22]

Distribution and habitat

Trillium sessile is endemic to the eastern half of the United States, ranging from Maryland in the east to the Ozarks in the heart of the Mississippi Basin, and from the southern Great Lakes region to northern Alabama. The species occurs in more U.S. states than any other sessile-flowered trillium: [3] [6]

It is most abundant in Ohio, Indiana, northern Kentucky, and Missouri, but it is strangely absent from central Illinois. This creates a distributional gap between the eastern and western subpopulations of the species. [26] Plants from the western subpopulation (centered in Missouri) often have scapes (stems) that are taller and bracts (leaves) that are narrower than plants from the eastern subpopulation. [27] It is not known if this geographical separation was induced by genetic or environmental factors.

T. sessile is found in rich woods, particularly in limestone areas and on calcareous soils. It is also found on alluvial floodplains and riverbanks, and occasionally on less fertile soils. It grows with other Trillium species (depending on location), bleeding-hearts ( Dicentra spp.), Hepatica spp., Virginia bluebells ( Mertensia virginica ), mayapple ( Podophyllum peltatum ), woods-poppy ( Stylophorum diphyllum ), and violets ( Viola spp.). It can withstand substantial disturbance and habitat degradation, persisting under light pasturing, along fence rows, and in brushy areas after lumbering. [6] [22]

As of October 2019, T. sessile is globally secure but it is vulnerable (or worse) in eight U.S. states. In particular, it is critically imperiled in the District of Columbia, New York, North Carolina, and Oklahoma. [2]

Ecology

Trillium sessile growing on a log, probably the result of ant activity Single dark trillium sessile trillium flower blooms with green leaves growing on old log.jpg
Trillium sessile growing on a log, probably the result of ant activity

Trillium sessile flowers in April in most areas. In the southern part of its range it flowers as early as late March, while its northernmost populations may not flower until mid-May. [28] In Tennessee, fruits were observed to ripen and drop off between June 20 and July 5. [29] The above ground parts of the plant die back by mid-summer but may persist longer in areas that do not completely dry out.[ citation needed ] The foul smelling flowers attract its primary pollinators, flies and beetles. [30] [ better source needed ]

In general, Trillium species are myrmecochorous, that is, ants facilitate seed dispersal in most (if not all) species. [2] Since the seeds of T. sessile have attached elaiosomes, [29] presumably its seeds are dispersed by ants as well.

Uses

Although some accounts indicate that the cooked greens of this plant may be edible as an emergency food, the entire plant, and especially the root, is known to induce vomiting. The fruit is considered a suspected poison. [31]

Trillium sessile has been used medicinally to treat tumors. [32] It is sometimes cited as having been used as a poultice for boils and as a panacea-like decoction, but this claim is doubtful since it is attributed to Native American tribes (the Yuki and the Wailaki) of California, where this plant is not known to occur. [33]

Trillium sessile is sometimes grown in woodland wildflower gardens. Like many trilliums, it often does not transplant successfully from the wild. [34]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<i>Trillium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Trillium is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.

<i>Trillium chloropetalum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium chloropetalum, also known as giant trillium, giant wakerobin, or common trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is endemic to the western U.S. state of California, being especially frequent in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.

<i>Trillium erectum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium erectum, the red trillium, also known as wake robin, purple trillium, bethroot, or stinking benjamin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. The plant takes its common name "wake robin" by analogy with the European robin, which has a red breast heralding spring. Likewise Trillium erectum is a spring ephemeral plant whose life-cycle is synchronized with that of the forests in which it lives. It is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada from northern Georgia to Quebec and New Brunswick.

<i>Trillium grandiflorum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium grandiflorum, the white trillium, large-flowered trillium, great white trillium, white wake-robin or French: trille blanc, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. A monocotyledonous, herbaceous perennial, the plant is native to eastern North America, from northern Quebec to the southern parts of the United States through the Appalachian Mountains into northernmost Georgia and west to Minnesota. There are also several isolated populations in Nova Scotia, Maine, southern Illinois, and Iowa.

<i>Pseudotrillium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Pseudotrillium is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. Its sole species, Pseudotrillium rivale, is commonly known as the brook wakerobin. It is endemic to the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California. The Latin specific epithet rivale means “growing by streams”, with reference to a preferred habitat.

<i>Trillium luteum</i> Species of plant

Trillium luteum, the yellow trillium or yellow wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, especially in and around the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina.

<i>Trillium undulatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium undulatum, commonly called painted trillium, painted lady, or trille ondulé in French, is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is also known as smiling wake robin or striped wake-robin. The specific epithet undulatum means "wavy", which refers to the wavy edges of the flower petals. The plant is found from Ontario in the north to northern Georgia in the south and from Michigan in the west to Nova Scotia in the east.

<i>Trillium cuneatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium cuneatum, the little sweet betsy, also known as whip-poor-will flower, large toadshade, purple toadshade, and bloody butcher, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a subgroup of the sessile-flowered trilliums. It is native to the southeastern United States but is especially common in a region that extends from southern Kentucky through central Tennessee to northern Alabama. In its native habitat, this perennial plant flowers from early March to late April. It is the largest of the eastern sessile-flowered trilliums.

<i>Trillium cernuum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium cernuum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet cernuum means "drooping, curving forwards, facing downwards", a distinctive habit of its flower. It is commonly called nodding trillium or nodding wakerobin since the flower is invariably found nodding beneath the leaves. It is sometimes referred to as the northern nodding trillium to distinguish from Trillium rugelii, a similar nodding species native to the southern Appalachian Mountains. It is also called the whip-poor-will flower since presumably its bloom coincides with the spring arrival of the migrating bird with the same name.

<i>Trillium stamineum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium stamineum, the twisted trillium, also known as the Blue Ridge wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, in Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee. Its natural habitat is calcareous woodlands.

<i>Trillium sulcatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium sulcatum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Erectum group, a group of species typified by Trillium erectum. The specific name sulcatum means "furrowed, grooved, or sulcate", which describes the tips of the sepals. It is most abundant on the Cumberland Plateau in central Tennessee and eastern Kentucky where it blooms in April and May. The species is commonly known as the southern red trillium or furrowed wakerobin.

<i>Trillium pusillum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium pusillum is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae known by the common names dwarf trillium, least trillium and dwarf wakerobin. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Oklahoma to Maryland.

<i>Trillium foetidissimum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium foetidissimum, also known as the Mississippi River wakerobin, stinking trillium, or fetid trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found along the Louisiana–Mississippi border in a variety of habitats.

<i>Trillium albidum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium albidum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is the only trillium characterized by a stalkless white flower. The species is endemic to the western United States, ranging from central California through Oregon to southwestern Washington. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is often confused with a white-flowered form of Trillium chloropetalum. In northern Oregon and southwestern Washington, it has a smaller, less conspicuous flower.

<i>Trillium recurvatum</i> Species of plant

Trillium recurvatum, the prairie trillium, toadshade, or bloody butcher, is a species of perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is native to parts of central and eastern United States, where it is found from Iowa south to Texas and east to North Carolina and Pennsylvania. It grows in mesic forests and savannas, often in calcareous soils. It is also known as bloody noses, red trillium, prairie wake-robin, purple trillium, and reflexed trillium, in reference to its reflexed sepals.

<i>Trillium angustipetalum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium angustipetalum, with the common name is narrowpetal wakerobin, is a species of Trillium, plants which may be included within the Liliaceae or the newer family Melanthiaceae.

<i>Trillium kurabayashii</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium kurabayashii is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The species is endemic to the western United States, occurring in extreme southwestern Oregon, northwestern California, and the Sierra Nevada of northern California. It was first described by John Daniel Freeman in 1975. The specific epithet kurabayashii honors Masataka Kurabayashi, a Japanese cytologist and population geneticist who first postulated the taxon’s existence. It is commonly known as the giant purple wakerobin, a reference to its conspicuously large, dark purple-red flower, one of the largest of any sessile-flowered trillium.

<i>Trillium maculatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Trillium maculatum, the spotted wakerobin or spotted trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida.

Trillium viride, commonly called the wood wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found in the central United States, in certain parts of Missouri and Illinois. The specific epithet viride means "youthful" or "fresh-green", an apparent reference to the color of the plant's flower petals. For this reason, it is also called the green trillium, not to be confused with other green-flowered trilliums such as T. viridescens and the green form of T. sessile, both of which are found in Missouri.

Trillium hibbersonii is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. The specific epithet hibbersonii honors the English Canadian surveyor John Arthur Hibberson (1881–1955) who first collected this plant in 1938 on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Hibberson and his son propagated the trilliums, selling them to buyers in England and other European countries. In 1968, Leonard Wiley coined the Latin name Trillium hibbersonii, a name that has since been used by horticulturists without reservation.

References

  1. ↑ Meredith, C.R.; Trillium Working Group 2019 (2020). "Trillium sessile". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T116996379A135833555. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T116996379A135833555.en . Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Trillium sessile". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Trillium sessileL.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 351. ISBN   978-0-521-86645-3.
  5. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trillium sessile". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium sessile". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. ↑ Britton, Nathaniel; Brown, Addision (1896). An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian. Volume I, Ophioglossaceae to Aizoaceae. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 436.
  8. ↑ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. 1 2 Freeman (1975), pp. 11–14.
  10. 1 2 Shaver (1959).
  11. ↑ "Trillium recurvatum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  12. ↑ Shaver (1959), p. 31.
  13. ↑ "Trillium cuneatum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  14. ↑ Reznicek, A. A.; Voss, E. G.; Walters, B. S. (February 2011). "Trillium". Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  15. ↑ Weakley, Alan S. (2020). "Flora of the Southeastern United States" . University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. p. 202.
  16. ↑ Freeman (1975), pp. 13–14.
  17. ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 16.
  18. ↑ Freeman (1975), p. 13.
  19. ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 228.
  20. ↑ "Trillium sessile var. californicumS.Watson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  21. ↑ "Trillium sessile f. viridiflorumBeyer". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  22. 1 2 3 Case & Case (1997), p. 231.
  23. ↑ Beyer, Leonard K. (1927). "A green form of Trillium sessile". Torreya. 27 (5): 83–84. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Trillium sessile var. luteumMuhl.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  25. ↑ Harbison, T. G. (1901). "New or little known species of Trillium". Biltmore Botanical Studies. 1 (1): 21–22. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  26. ↑ "Trillium sessile". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  27. ↑ Freeman (1975), p. 14.
  28. ↑ Case & Case (1997), p. 230.
  29. 1 2 Shaver (1959), p. 38.
  30. ↑ "Trillium sessileL.". MissouriPlants.com. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  31. ↑ "Trillium sessile". Illinois Plant Information Network. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  32. ↑ "Trillium sessile (Liliaceae)". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  33. ↑ "Trillium sessileL.". Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  34. ↑ "Trillium sessile". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
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