The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Vetus Latina Gospels used by the Roman Church. Later, of his own initiative, Jerome extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the books of the Bible.
Vetus Latina, also known as Vetus Itala, Itala ("Italian") and Old Italic, and denoted by the siglum , is the collective name given to the Latin translations of biblical texts that preceded the Vulgate.
The Irish Gospels of St. Gall or Codex Sangallensis 51 is an 8th-century Insular Gospel Book, written either in Ireland or by Irish monks in the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland, where it is now in the Abbey library of St. Gallen as MS 51. It has 134 folios. Amongst its eleven illustrated pages are a Crucifixion, a Last Judgement, a Chi Rho monogram page, a carpet page, and Evangelist portraits.
The Codex Fuldensis, also known as the Victor Codex, designated by F, is a New Testament manuscript based on the Latin Vulgate made between 541 and 546. The codex is considered the second most important witness to the Vulgate text; and is also the oldest complete manuscript witness to the order of the Diatessaron. It is an important witness in any discussion about the authenticity of 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 and the Comma Johanneum. It is one of the earliest dated manuscripts of the New Testament. It was corrected until 2 May, 546 AD.
Codex Rehdigerianus designated by l or by 11, is a medieval Latin manuscript written on parchment, which was held in the city library of Breslau. The manuscript is attributed to Cassiodorus II of St. Elisabeth's Church, Breslau. The Codex was named after Thomas Rehdiger, an antiquary from Śląsko, who was the patron of Vulcanius. The manuscript was edited and published in 1913. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 7th or 8th century.
The Garland of Howth, also known as the Codex Usserianus Secundus, designated by r2 or 28, is a fragmentary 8th to 10th century Latin Gospel Book in the possession of Trinity College Dublin as MS. 56. The Insular manuscript is one of seven in the Library of Trinity College Dublin's collection, related examples including the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow.
Codex Angelicus designated by Lap or 020, α 5, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century. Formerly it was known as Codex Passionei.
Uncial 0230, is a Greek-Latin uncial manuscript of the New Testament. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 4th century.
The Codex Corbeiensis I, designated by ff1 or 9, is an 8th, 9th, or 10th-century Latin New Testament manuscript, written on vellum. The manuscript contains 39 parchment folios with the text of the four Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and General epistles.
The Codex Sangermanensis I, designated by g1 or 7, is a Latin manuscript, dated AD 822 of portions of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the Latin. The manuscript contains the Vulgate Bible, on 191 leaves of which, in the New Testament, the Gospel of Matthew contain Old Latin readings. It contains Shepherd of Hermas.
The Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I, written in 376 or 377 AD, is a response of Jerome to Pope Damasus I's letter urging him to make a new Latin translation of the four gospels, to replace the Vetus Latina translation. The letter predates the 382–405 period when Jerome worked on his translation, the Vulgate.
The Codex Sangallensis 60, designated by 47 on the Beuron system, is an 8th-century Latin manuscript of the New Testament. The text is written on vellum. The manuscript contains the text of the Gospel of John 1:29–3:26 on 35 parchment leaves. It contains the Ammonian Sections and Eusebian Canons; it uses abbreviations.
Codex Carolinus is an uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated to the 6th or 7th century. It is a palimpsest containing a Latin text written over a Gothic one. The Gothic text is designated by siglum Car, the Latin text is designated by siglum gue or by 79, it represents the Old Latin translation of the New Testament. It is housed in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Bonifatius Fischer (1915–1997) was a German biblical scholar, textual critic of the Vulgate, and Benedictine.
The Codex Sangermanensis II, designated by g2 or 29, is a 10th-century Latin manuscript of the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the Latin.
The Bible translations into Latin date back to classical antiquity.
The León Palimpsest, designated l or 67, is a 7th-century Latin manuscript pandect of the Christian Bible conserved in the cathedral of León, Spain. The text, written on vellum, is in a fragmentary condition. In some parts it represents the Old Latin version, while following Jerome's Vulgate in others. The codex is a palimpsest.
The Codex Sangallensis 907, designated S, is an 8th-century Latin manuscript of the New Testament. The text, written on vellum, is a version of the Latin Vulgate Bible. It contains the text of the Catholic epistles, Book of Revelation, and non-biblical material. The manuscript did not survived in a complete condition and some parts of it has been lost. The codex contains the Comma Johanneum.
Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible, largely edited by Jerome, which functioned as the Catholic Church's de facto standard version during the Middle Ages. The original Vulgate produced by Jerome around 382 has been lost, but texts of the Vulgate have been preserved in numerous manuscripts, albeit with many textual variants.
