White-tailed rat

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White-tailed rat
Temporal range: Early Pliocene - Recent
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Nesomyidae
Subfamily: Mystromyinae
Vorontsov, 1966
Genus: Mystromys
Wagner, 1841
Species:
M. albicaudatus
Binomial name
Mystromys albicaudatus
(Smith, 1834)
Synonyms

Mystromys hausleitneri

Brachytarsomys albicauda

The white-tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus) also known as the white-tailed mouse, is the only member of the subfamily Mystromyinae in the family Nesomyidae. This species is sometimes placed in the subfamily Cricetinae due to similarities in appearance between the white-tailed rat and hamsters, but molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the two groups are not closely related. The subfamily Mystromyinae is sometimes placed within the family Muridae along with all other subfamilies of muroids. [2]

Contents

The white-tailed rat is restricted to shrubby areas and grasslands of South Africa and Lesotho. This is an uncommon species, and populations are thought to be declining because of conversion of scrubland to pasture. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as being an "endangered species". [1]

Description

The white-tailed rat is a fairly large species with a head-and-body length of 163 mm (6.4 in) for males and 144 mm (5.7 in) for females, with a short tail of about 60 mm (2.4 in). The fur is soft, woolly and dense. The head is broad, and the face is mostly grey, with pale spots above the eye and behind the ear in some individuals. The whiskers are long and the ear is rounded and dark-coloured. The upper parts of head and body are greyish-brown flecked with buff; each hair has a grey base and shaft, and a buff or blackish tip. The underparts are whitish-grey, each individual hair having a grey base and shaft and a cream or whitish tip. The tail is colourless and is clad in short white fur. The fore feet have four digits and the hind feet five. The upper surfaces of the fore feet have white hair, as do the sides and upper surfaces of the hind feet. [3]

Taxonomy

South African fossils from the Pliocene of the white-tailed rat were once assigned to the separate species Mystromys hausleitneri. However, this species was found to be a junior synonym of M. albicaudatus. [4]

Distribution and habitat

The white-tailed rat is endemic to South Africa and Lesotho where it is found in grasslands and shrubby areas. It tends to inhabit burrows of meerkats and cracks in the soil during the day and venture out at night. [3]

Ecology

Evidence from dental microwear of fossilised teeth from the Pliocene found in Makapansgat Limeworks suggests that the white-tailed rat's diet back then was broadly similar to its diet in the present day. [5] The white-tailed rat eats vegetable matter such as seeds and has been known to take insects. The stomach has a ruminant-like digestive action and there are bacteria in the hind gut that ferment the food. Unlike hamsters, white-tailed rats do not have cheek pouches. [3]

References

  1. 1 2 Coetzee, N.; Monadjem, A. (2008). "Mystromys albicaudatus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016.2. 2008. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14262A4428195.en .
  2. ↑ Steppan, S.; Adkins, R.; Anderson, J. (2004). "Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes". Systematic Biology . 53 (4): 533–553. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. PMID   15371245.
  3. 1 2 3 Jonathan Kingdon; David Happold; Thomas Butynski; Michael Hoffmann; Meredith Happold; Jan Kalina (2013). Mammals of Africa. A&C Black. pp. 201–203. ISBN   978-1-4081-8996-2.
  4. ↑ Avery, D. Margaret (1998). "An assessment of the Lower Pleistocene micromammalian fauna from Swartkrans members 1–3, Gauteng, South Africa". Geobios (in French). 31 (3): 393–414. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(98)80022-3 . Retrieved 29 September 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
  5. ↑ Hopley, Philip J.; Latham, Alf G.; Marshall, Jim D. (17 April 2006). "Palaeoenvironments and palaeodiets of mid-Pliocene micromammals from Makapansgat Limeworks, South Africa: A stable isotope and dental microwear approach". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 233 (3–4): 235–251. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.011 . Retrieved 30 September 2025– via Elsevier Science Direct.
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