William Edington

William Edington
Bishop of Winchester
Effigy of William Edington in Winchester Cathedral.
Church	Catholic Church
Province	Canterbury
Appointed	9 December 1345
Term ended	6 or 7 October 1366
Predecessor	Adam Orleton
Successor	William of Wykeham
Other post(s)	Lord High Treasurer Lord Chancellor Archbishop-elect of Canterbury
Previous post(s)	Keeper of the wardrobe
Orders
Consecration	14 May 1346
Personal details
Died	6 or 7 October 1366 Bishop's Waltham
Buried	Winchester Cathedral
Nationality	English

William Edington (died 6 or 7 October 1366) was an English bishop and administrator. He served as Bishop of Winchester from 1346 until his death, Keeper of the wardrobe from 1341 to 1344, treasurer from 1344 to 1356, and finally as chancellor from 1356 until he retired from royal administration in 1363. Edington's reforms of the administration – in particular of royal finances – had wide-ranging consequences and contributed to the English military efficiency in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. As Bishop of Winchester, he was responsible for starting an extensive rebuilding of Winchester Cathedral, and for founding Edington Priory, the church of which still stands today.

Royal service

Edington's parents were Roger and Amice of Edington near Westbury, Wiltshire. Though it has been claimed that he was educated at Oxford, there seems to be no support for this. ^[1] His first patron, however, was the Oxford chancellor Gilbert Middleton, who was also a royal counsellor. When Middleton died in 1331, Edington entered the service of Middleton's friend, Adam Orleton, Bishop of Winchester. Through Orleton, Edington's abilities were brought to the attention of King Edward III, and in 1341 the King named him keeper of the wardrobe. The position was an important one; the wardrobe functioned as the treasury while the King was on campaign, and Edward strongly resisted any attempts to limit this royal prerogative.

Edward III in Cassell's History of England (1902)

The King must have been impressed by Edington's performance, because in 1344 he made him treasurer of the realm, a position he held for the exceptionally long period of twelve years. ^[2] This was a job fraught with problems, as the nation was in serious financial difficulties by the mid-1340s. The treasury was in great debt from the heavy demands of the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. By then reneging on his debts, the king had lost public confidence, and struggled to obtain new loans. Edington saw the need to bring all royal expenditure under the oversight of the exchequer. This did not entail controlling the King's use of his resources – a move Edward would have resented greatly – but simply attempting to budget all revenues and expenses. By the early 1360s, this was largely achieved; a testimony to the capabilities and energy of Edington as an administrator. ^[2] In 1356, he was named chancellor, a post he held until his retirement from the national scene in 1363, ^[3] possibly for health reasons.

Ecclasiastical career

Edington also held ecclesiastical benefices. After his education at Oxford^{[ contradictory ]} he held a succession of rectorates in Northamptonshire: first at Cottingham, then at Dallington, and finally from 1322 at Middleton Cheney. ^[4]

In 1335 Orleton collated Edington to the rectory of Cheriton, Hampshire, and from 1335 to 1346 he was master of the Hospital of St Cross in Winchester. Also, the King was eager to reward his capable servant; in 1341 he was given the prebend of Leighton Manor (Lincoln), by 1344 he also held that of Netheravon (Salisbury), and by 1345 that of Putston (Hereford). ^[1] This level of pluralism was not unusual at the time. His greatest preferment, however, came with his papal appointment – on the King's request – to the see of Winchester in 1345. This was the richest see in England, considered second only to the archbishopric of Milan. ^[1]

Edington Priory in 1826

The monks of Winchester had already elected one of their own number, but this was over-ruled, and Edington was consecrated in 1346. As a bishop, he was necessarily much absent, even with the relatively short distance between Westminster and Winchester. He was not entirely detached from his episcopal duties, however: he used the see as a source for extensive nepotism, yet he also initiated wide-ranging building works on the nave of the cathedral. Meanwhile, in 1351, he founded an Augustinian priory at his birthplace of Edington, to have prayers said for himself, his parents and his brother. ^[5] Although most of the priory has been demolished, the church still stands, as a good example of the transition between the decorated and perpendicular style of church-building.

Edington was the first Prelate of the Order of the Garter on its foundation in 1348, and that office has ever since been held by his successors as Bishops of Winchester. ^[6]

In May 1366, as a final sign of royal gratitude, King Edward had Edington elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Edington, however, declined on the grounds of failing health; or rather, he declined because, as he said, "Canterbury is the higher Rack, but Winchester is the better Manger," i.e., the former was the higher honour, but the second provided the higher income. ^[7] Five months later, on 6 or 7 October 1366, he died at Bishop's Waltham. He is buried in Winchester Cathedral, where his effigy can be seen in the chantry chapel he himself had built in the nave.

Citations

1. Davies 2004
2. Ormrod 1990 , pp. 88–9
3. Fryde, EB; Greenway, DE; Porter, S; Roy, I (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN   0-521-56350-X.
4. Jackson, Canon JE (1882). "Edingdon Monastery". The Wiltshire Magazine. XX. Devizes: HF Bull: 244. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
5. "Victoria County History – Wiltshire – Vol 3 pp320-324 – House of Bonhommes: Edington". British History Online. University of London. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
6. Begent, P.J.; Chesshyre, H. (1999) The Most Noble Order of the Garter: 650 Years. London: Spink and Son. ISBN 1-902040-20-1.
7. Philip W. Sergeant (1899). "I. HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL". The Cathedral Church of WINCHESTER A Description of Its Fabric And A Brief History of The Episcopal See (2nd ed.). RIVERSIDE PRESS, EDINBURGH. Retrieved 23 July 2020. Edingdon's attachment to Winchester is well illustrated by his quaint reason for refusing the offer of Canterbury: "if Canterbury is the higher rack, Winchester is the better manger."

References

• Davies, RG (2004). "Edington, William (d. 1366)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8481 . Retrieved 9 August 2006.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (paysite)
• Ormrod, WM (1990). The Reign of Edward III. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 86–90. ISBN   0-300-04876-9.

Further reading

• Hicks, Michael (1991). Who's Who in Late Medieval England. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. pp. 102–4. ISBN   0-85683-125-5.
• Hockey, SF, ed. (1986). Register of William Edington, Bishop of Winchester, 1346–66. Hampshire Record Series. Vol. VII. ISBN   0-906680-04-2.
• Hockey, SF, ed. (1987). Register of William Edington, Bishop of Winchester, 1346–66. Hampshire Record Series. Vol. VIII. ISBN   0-906680-04-2.
• McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 212–25. ISBN   0-19-821712-9.
• Stevenson, JH, ed. (1987). The Edington Cartulary. Vol. XLII. Wiltshire Record Society. ISBN   0-901333-19-0.

Political offices
Preceded by William Cusance	Lord High Treasurer 1344–1356	Succeeded by John Sheppey
Preceded by John Thoresby	Lord Chancellor 1356–1363	Succeeded by Simon Langham
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Adam Orleton	Bishop of Winchester 1345–1366	Succeeded by William of Wykeham
Preceded by Simon Islip (archbishop)	Archbishop-elect of Canterbury 1366	Succeeded by Simon Langham (archbishop)