John Waltham

Last updated

John Waltham
Bishop of Salisbury
John de Waltham brass.png
1860 illustration of the monumental brass of John de Waltham
Appointed3 April 1388
Term ended17 September 1395
Predecessor Ralph Ergham
Successor Richard Mitford
Previous post(s) Archdeacon of Richmond
Orders
Consecration20 September 1388
Personal details
Born
Waltham, North East Lincolnshire
Died17 September 1395
DenominationCatholic

John Waltham (or John de Waltham) was a priest and high-ranking government official in England in the 14th century. He held a number of ecclesiastical and civic positions during the reigns of King Edward III and Richard II, eventually rising to become Lord High Treasurer, Lord Privy Seal of England and Bishop of Salisbury. He is buried in Westminster Abbey, London.

Contents

Early life

1906 plan of Westminster Abbey showing Waltham's tomb in Edward the Confessor's Chapel The roll-call of Westminster Abbey (1906) (14598026428).jpg
1906 plan of Westminster Abbey showing Waltham's tomb in Edward the Confessor's Chapel

It is thought that Waltham was born in Waltham, Lincolnshire [2] (although some sources identify his birthplace as Waltham in Essex [3]  – the historian Thomas Fuller wrote in 1655, "Amongst the natives of Waltham for statesmen, de Waltham bears away the bell". [4] ). He was the son of John and Margaret Waltham, whose memorial brass still exists in the chancel of All Saints' Church in Waltham. [5]

Waltham's great uncle was John of Thoresby, Lord Chancellor of England and Archbishop of York. [6] John de Waltham is not to be confused with contemporary relatives of the same name; according to records, there was an elder John Waltham who was the nephew of Thoresby and the uncle of the younger John Waltham. This elder Waltham, who died in 1384, became canon and sub-dean of York. Confusingly, his will refers to his brother, also called John, who is thought to be the father of the younger John Waltham. [7]

Priesthood and civil posts

As a priest, Waltham held a number of senior positions. He held the position of prebendary of Dunham in the Cathedral Church of Southwell, but resigned this post in 1361; 20 November of that year he was appointed prebendary of Lichfield Cathedral. He also held the post of prebendary at Rampton, Nottinghamshire until 1383. [8]

On 25 October 1368 Waltham was nominated prebendary of South Newbald in York Minster, an appointment which was ratified by the King Edward III on 7 October 1370.

In 1378 Waltham held a brief position as rector at the Parish Church of St. Mary, South Kelsey in the Diocese of Lincoln, from February to May of that year, being presented to the church of in the king's gift. In the following year, Waltham was offered the post of canon at the Collegiate Church of St Mary and St Cuthbert, Chester-le-Street in the Diocese of Durham, but instead he took up a post at the church of Grendon in the diocese of Lincoln on 17 June 1379. Three months later, on 18 September, Waltham was nominated to a canonry at St Andrew's Collegiate Church in Bishop Auckland, County Durham. [8] He was presented by King Richard II as rector of the Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted on 27 December 1379, a post which he held for under two years before he resigned on 22 April 1381. [9] Waltham held the office of Archdeacon of Richmond from 1385 to 1388. [10]

Waltham served as Master of the Rolls of the Court of Chancery, the court of equity in England, from 1381 to 1386. During this appointment, he extend the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery. Waltham is credited as the inventor of the writ of subpoena, having devised this court order to compel defendants to attend a trial. [8] [11]

In 1386, Waltham was appointed Lord Privy Seal, a post he held until 1389. [12] He served as Lord Treasurer from 1391 until his death in 1395. [13]

In May 1388 Waltham served as one of the commissioners at the trial of Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York, Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford and duke of Ireland, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and others.

Pope Urban VI conferred the See of Salisbury on Waltham on 3 April 1388, [14] and he was consecrated Bishop of Salisbury on 20 September 1388 [15] at a ceremony attended by King Richard II.[ citation needed ] During his reign as bishop, Waltham challenged the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Courtenay, by refusing a canonical visitation in 1390; threatened with a sentence of excommunication by Courtenay, Waltham submitted. At this time, the teachings of John Wycliffe and the Lollards were gaining popularity, and to suppress this movement, Waltham compelled the mayor and city of Salisbury to submit to the episcopal court and to prohibit conventicle meetings. [16]

Chroniclers note that, as Bishop of Salisbury, Waltham occupied a lodging on Fleet Street in London, Salisbury Court. [17] There is an account of a riot taking place there in 1392 when a yeoman of the Bishops of Salisbury named Romayn stole a loaf of horsebread from baker's basket; the baker assaulted the yeoman with an axe, breaking his skull, and the yeoman fled to take sanctuary from arrest in the bishop's inn. During the riot that ensued, the Bishop of Salisbury's house was attacked. After the riot, a number of London civic dignitaries were imprisoned and the king intervened to replace the Mayor of London. [18]

Waltham was amongst a group of men appointed by the Wonderful Parliament of 1386 to reform government and to break the influence of Richard's inner circle of favourites [19] There is some evidence that Waltham may initially have been sympathetic to the Appellant cause, [20] but it is known that Waltham became a favourite and close friend of the king from about 1390. Richard's favour was evident when he appointed Waltham Lord Treasurer in 1391. [21] The relationship between Waltham and the king has been a matter of speculation; it has been claimed that there was "scandalous talk of the king's affection for him", [9] but Richard's reputation was widely maligned after his downfall by his detractors (Thomas Walsingham notably made revisions to his Chronicle in 1394 which made allegations about Richard's relationship with Robert de Vere) [22]

Death and burial

John Waltham's final resting place: Edward the Confessor's Chapel in Westminster Abbey Herbert Railton The Confessor's Chapel A Brief Account of Westminster Abbey 1894.jpg
John Waltham's final resting place: Edward the Confessor's Chapel in Westminster Abbey

After serving seven years as bishop, Waltham died on 17 September 1395. [15] King Richard mourned Waltham's passing. The chronicler John Weever noted in 1631, "King Richard II loved him intireiy, and greatly bewaled his death. In token whereof he commanded that he should be buried here among the kings." [23]

Upon his death, Waltham had wished to be buried within Salisbury Cathedral, but the king intervened and ordered that Waltham should be given a tomb in Westminster Abbey, London. [24] He sent Sir William Scrope to claim the body from Salisbury, and Waltham's remains were brought to London to be buried in the Chapel of Edward the Confessor, the only person not of royal blood to be buried in the royal chapel. [9] The decision to grant to a commoner a grave amongst the Kings of England caused controversy, and in an attempt to appease detractors, Richard made a gift to the Abbey of a large sum of money and two copes. [6] Saul notes that Richard had made similar interventions in the burial of other supporters and friends, including those of John Hawkwood and Archbishop Courtenay, suggesting that his "finely honed sense of the theatrical possibilities of burial" was a strategy to project an image of power. [25] After Richard's downfall and death, he was buried in All Saints, King's Langley in 1400, but later re-entombed in Edward the Confessor's Chapel in Westminster Abbey in 1413.

Waltham's grave is located in the north-west corner of the chapel, close to the tombs of Edward the Confessor and Richard II and Anne. A memorial brass (now severely damaged) in the chapel pavement depicts Waltham dressed in mass vestments, wearing an espicopal mitre and carrying a pastoral crosier. His chasuble is decorated with illustrations of the Virgin Mary and he is surrounded by an ornate gothic triple canopy with figures in the niches. [2] [6] A detailed description of the brass in 1825 by Thomas Moule suggested that the niches contained the likenesses of saints named John to reflect Waltham's given name – Saint John the Evangelist, Saint John of Beverley, Saint John Elemosiner  – and Saint Peter. [26]

Citations

  1. ↑ Smith, Mrs A. Murray; Bradley, E.T. (1903). The Roll-Call of Westminster Abbey. Smith # Elder. p. 405. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 Kite, Edward (1860). Monumental Brasses of Wiltshire: A Series of Examples ... Ranging from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries. London: Henry. p. 94. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  3. ↑ Cassan, Stephen Hyde (1824). Lives and Memoirs of the Bishops of Sherborne and Salisbury: From the Year 705 to 1824. Salisbury: Brodie and Dowding. p.  230 . Retrieved 3 September 2014. john waltham bishop of salisbury.
  4. ↑ Fuller, Thomas (1655). Brewer, John Sherren (ed.). The Church History of Britain: From the Birth of Jesus Christ Until the Year 1648, Volume 3 (1845 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 552–3. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  5. ↑ "Church of All Saints, Waltham". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "John of Waltham". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  7. ↑ Tout, Thomas Frederick (1928). Chapters in the administrative history of mediaeval England : the wardrobe, the chamber, and the small seals Volume III. Manchester University Press. pp. 215–6.
  8. 1 2 3 Tout, Mary (1899). "Waltham, John de"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 59. pp. 263–265.
  9. 1 2 3 Birtchnell, Percy (1960). A Short History of Berkhamsted (1972 ed.). The Bookstack. p. 34. ISBN   9780950254906.
  10. ↑ Jones Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300–1541: volume 6: Northern province (York, Carlisle and Durham): Archdeacons: Richmond Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Levenstein, Michael David (2014). Maxims of equity : a juridical critique of the ethics of equity law in Great Britain. New York: Algora Publishing. p. 49. ISBN   9781628940534 . Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  12. ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 95
  13. ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 106
  14. ↑ Walsingham, p.266
  15. 1 2 Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 270
  16. ↑ Britton, John (1814). The History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp.  33–34. Retrieved 1 September 2014. bishops of salisbury memorial.
  17. ↑ Thompson, Michael (1998). Medieval bishops' houses in England and Wales. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 184. ISBN   1840142774.
  18. ↑ Davies, John Silvester, ed. (1838). An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Henry VI. Camden Society. Retrieved 5 September 2014. and Notes, p.154
  19. ↑ Oliver, p.95
  20. ↑ Saul, p.251
  21. ↑ Oliver p.75
  22. ↑ Saul p.437
  23. ↑ Weever, John (1631). Ancient Fvnerall Monvments within the Vnited Monarchie of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the Islands Adiacent (1767 ed.). p. 259. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  24. ↑ Walsingham, p.294
  25. ↑ Saul, p.461
  26. ↑ Moule, Thomas; Harding, G.P. (1825). "Plate IV: the Monument of John Waltham". Ancient Oil Paintings, and Sepulchral Brasses in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster. London. pp. 15–17.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simon Sudbury</span> Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 to 1381

Simon Sudbury was Bishop of London from 1361 to 1375, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 until his death, and in the last year of his life Lord Chancellor of England. He met a violent death during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.

William Courtenay was Archbishop of Canterbury (1381–1396), having previously been Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London.

Thomas Langton was chaplain to King Edward IV, before becoming successively Bishop of St David's, Bishop of Salisbury, Bishop of Winchester, and Archbishop-elect of Canterbury.

Thurstan or Turstin of Bayeux was a medieval Archbishop of York, the son of a priest. He served kings William II and Henry I of England before his election to the see of York in 1114. Once elected, his consecration was delayed for five years while he fought attempts by the Archbishop of Canterbury to assert primacy over York. Eventually, he was consecrated by the pope instead and allowed to return to England. While archbishop, he secured two new suffragan bishops for his province. When Henry I died, Thurstan supported Henry's nephew Stephen of Blois as king. Thurstan also defended the northern part of England from invasion by the Scots, taking a leading part in organising the English forces at the Battle of the Standard (1138). Shortly before his death, Thurstan resigned from his see and took the habit of a Cluniac monk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William of Wykeham</span> 14th-century Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England

William of Wykeham was Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England. He founded New College, Oxford, and New College School in 1379, and founded Winchester College in 1382. He was also the clerk of works when much of Windsor Castle was built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Rotherham</span> Archbishop of York from 1480 to 1500

Thomas Rotherham, also known as Thomas (Scot) de Rotherham, was an English cleric and statesman. He served as bishop of several dioceses, most notably as Archbishop of York and, on two occasions as Lord Chancellor. He is considered a venerable figure in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, his town of birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Poore</span> 13th-century Bishop of Chichester, Bishop of Durham, and Bishop of Salisbury

Richard Poore or Poor was a medieval English bishop best known for his role in the establishment of Salisbury Cathedral and the City of Salisbury, moved from the nearby fortress of Old Sarum. He served as Bishop of Chichester, Bishop of Salisbury and Bishop of Durham.

William de Vere was Bishop of Hereford and an Augustinian canon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eustace (bishop of Ely)</span> 12th and 13th-century Bishop of Ely and Chancellor of England

Eustace was the twenty-third Lord Chancellor of England, from 1197 to 1198. He was also Dean of Salisbury and Bishop of Ely.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bishop of Norwich</span> Diocesan bishop in the Church of England

The Bishop of Norwich is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers most of the county of Norfolk and part of Suffolk. The bishop of Norwich is Graham Usher.

William Alnwick was an English Catholic clergyman. He was Bishop of Norwich (1426–1436) and Bishop of Lincoln (1436–1449).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynesige</span> Archbishop of York from 1051 to 1060

Cynesige was a medieval English Archbishop of York between 1051 and 1060. Prior to his appointment to York, he was a royal clerk and perhaps a monk at Peterborough. As archbishop, he built and adorned his cathedral as well as other churches, and was active in consecrating bishops. After his death in 1060, the bequests he had made to a monastery were confiscated by the queen.

John of Thoresby was an English clergyman and politician, who was Bishop of St David's, then Bishop of Worcester and finally Archbishop of York. He was Lord Chancellor of England under King Edward III starting from 1349.

Alexander Neville was a late medieval prelate who served as Archbishop of York from 1374 to 1388.

Robert Waldby was a native of York and friar of the Order of Saint Augustine who followed Edward, the Black Prince into Aquitaine, and undertook a number of diplomatic missions on his behalf. After studying at Toulouse, he became professor of theology there. He later became close to Edward's son, King Richard II. He was a firm opponent of John Wycliffe, wrote a book denouncing him, and was a member of the Synod which assembled at Oxford in 1382 to judge his orthodoxy.

Jocelin of Wells was a medieval Bishop of Bath. He was the brother of Hugh de Wells, who became Bishop of Lincoln. Jocelin became a canon of Wells Cathedral before 1200, and was elected bishop in 1206. During King John of England's dispute with Pope Innocent III, Jocelin at first remained with the king, but after the excommunication of John in late 1209, Jocelin went into exile. He returned to England in 1213, and was mentioned in Magna Carta in 1215.

Herbert Poore or Poor (died 1217) was a medieval English clergyman who held the post of Bishop of Salisbury during the reigns of Richard I and John.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Mitford</span> 14th-century Bishop of Chichester and Bishop of Salisbury

Richard Mitford was an English cleric and administrator. He was bishop of Chichester from 17 November 1389, consecrated on 10 April 1390, and then bishop of Salisbury. He was translated to the see of Salisbury on 25 October 1395.

Honouring individuals buried in Westminster Abbey has a long tradition. Over 3,300 people are buried or commemorated in the abbey. For much of the abbey's history, most of the people buried there besides monarchs were people with a connection to the church – either ordinary locals or the monks of the abbey itself, who were generally buried without surviving markers. Since the 18th century, it has become a prestigious honour for any British person to be buried or commemorated in the abbey, a practice much boosted by the lavish funeral and monument of Sir Isaac Newton, who died in 1727. By 1900, so many prominent figures were buried in the abbey that the writer William Morris called it a "National Valhalla".

John Prophet (1356–1416) was an English medieval Secretary to King Henry IV, Keeper of the Privy Seal and, Dean of Hereford and York. A distinguished and capable administrator he remained loyal to all kings through a mix of shrewdness, and cunning. Guilty of simony and pluralism, Prophet was no Lollard, but successfully made the transition from Richard II's extravagant court at Westminster to an indispensable servant of the Lancastrians.

References

Political offices
Preceded by Lord Privy Seal
1386–1389		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord High Treasurer
1391–1395		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Salisbury
1388–1395		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.