Willow project

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Willow project
Relief map of USA Alaska.png
Red pog.svg
Location of Willow project
CountryUnited States
Region Alaska North Slope
Offshore/onshoreOnshore
Coordinates 70°17′N151°55′W / 70.283°N 151.917°W / 70.283; -151.917
Operator ConocoPhillips Alaska
Field history
Discovery2016

The Willow project is an oil drilling project by ConocoPhillips located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska entirely on wetlands. The project was originally to construct and operate up to five drill pads for a total of 250 oil wells. Associated infrastructure includes access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges on permafrost and between waters managed by the state of Alaska.

Contents

Oil was discovered in the Willow prospect area west of Alpine, Alaska, in 2016, and in October 2020, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved ConocoPhillips' Willow development project in its Record of Decision. After a court challenge in 2021, the BLM issued its final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) in February 2023.

Alaskan lawmakers from both parties, as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, have supported the Willow project. In March 2023, the Biden administration approved the project. Environmentalist organization Earthjustice immediately filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the project, saying that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicted President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy; Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval in November 2023.

The project could produce up to 750 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gasses annually as half a million homes. [1] The BLM has predicted adverse effects on public health, the sociocultural system of Native American communities, arctic wildlife and the complex local arctic tundra.

Geography and geology

The Willow project is located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska, within the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in a part called the Bear Tooth Unit West of Alpine, Alaska on native lands. It is located on Arctic coastal tundra less than 30 miles (48 km) from the Arctic Ocean [2] and entirely on the arctic coastal plain, as depicted in Figure 3.9.2 of the final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS). This land consists of permafrost tundra, 94% of which is wetlands and 5% freshwater. [3] : 16  The closest village is Nuiqsut, as depicted in Figure 1 of the Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement. [3] : 5 

The Willow pool is tapping oil reserves in the Nanushuk Formation.

Expected oil extraction, revenue

In 2020, it was thought that over its anticipated 30-year life, the Willow project could produce 200,000 barrels of oil per day, producing up to 600 million barrels of oil in total. According to estimates by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Willow could generate between $8 and $17 billion in revenue. [4] ConocoPhilips has described the $8 billion to $17 billion revenue as economic benefit, a sum of $3.9 billion in federal royalty, income tax and gravel sales, $2.3 billion NPR-A Impact mitigation grant funds returned to the state, $1.3 billion revenue to the state of Alaska from production, property and income taxes, and $1.2 billion North Slope Borough revenue from property tax. [5] It was expected that construction of facilities would occur over 9 years, employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers and an average of 373 annual workers with 406 full-time permanent employees when operational. [4] : 9 

In June 2021, officials at ConocoPhillips stated it had, "identified up to 3 billion barrels of oil equivalent of nearby prospects and leads with similar characteristics that could leverage the Willow infrastructure...[Willow] unlocks the West", in other words 600 times larger than Willow. [6]

In January 2024, a ConocoPhillips advertising fact sheet lowered its estimated oil production to "180,000 barrels of oil per day at its peak" and the number of permanent employees. [5]

Environmental footprint

As of 2024, Conoco was developing the project on what it calls a "385 acre gravel footprint". [5] It has been or is in the process of building 3 drill sites, a central processing facility, an operations center pad, up to 575 total miles of ice roads during construction, an airstrip, up to 316 miles of pipelines (94 miles of new pipeline rack), only up to 37 miles of gravel roads, seven bridges, a gravel mine site on federal land in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, a constructed water reservoir to provide 55 million gallons of fresh water for winter withdrawal and up to three boat ramps. It also uses sealift barge transport of construction materials and prefabricated modules from a dock at Oliktok Point near Oliktok Long Range Radar Site. [4] The BLM's environmental impact statement found the project would result in 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases.

History

In 1999, ConocoPhillips acquired the first Willow-area leases in the northeast portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska called the Bear Tooth Unit. [7]

In 2016, the final year of the Obama administration, ConocoPhillips drilled two oil exploration wells, which encountered "significant pay". It named this discovery Willow. In 2018, the second year of the Trump administration, it appraised the greater Willow area and discovered three additional oil prospects. [8]

In May 2018, ConocoPhillips officially requested permission to develop the Willow prospect from the BLM, to construct and operate five drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 250 oil wells including access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges. [9]

In August 2019, after a 44-day public scoping period and having consulted with 13 tribal entities and Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act corporations, the BLM published a draft master development plan. [10]

In August 2020, during the last quarter of the Trump administration, the BLM approved the development of the ConocoPhillips project option. [11] It foresees the construction of a new road. Although a roadless option would have aided caribou movements in the area, the BLM in its Willow master development project Record of Decision, published in October 2020, sided against the roadless option, because it felt the increase in air traffic would increase the overall disturbance. [3] : 7  ConocoPhillips plans to use thermosiphons to freeze the melting permafrost ground, to keep it solid for the oil development infrastructure. [12] Construction at that time was expected to take about nine years, to employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers, an average of 373 annual workers and about 406 full-time employees once operational.

In August 2021, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska challenged the BLM permit for the Willow project, because it "1) improperly excluded analysis of foreign greenhouse gas emissions, 2) improperly screened out alternatives from detailed analysis based on BLM's misunderstanding of leaseholders' rights (i.e., that leases purportedly afforded the right to extract 'all possible' oil and gas from each lease tract), and 3) failed to give due consideration to the requirement in the NPRPA to afford 'maximum protection' to significant surface values in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area". [13] : 3  According to documents received under the Freedom of Information Act, ConocoPhillips was then involved in analyzing the court's decision and participated in developing the next supplemental review. [14]

In July 2022, the BLM released a draft SEIS in response to the District Court order. [7]

In August 2022, the Alaska Native corporation of the village of Nuiqsut submitted comments to the draft SEIS favoring a reduced number of drill pads from five to four, shorter gravel roads and protection of Teshekpuk Lake. [15] : 48–66 

Government approval, 2023

On February 1, 2023, the BLM completed the final SEIS, approving the project with three drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 150 oil wells. [16] Alaskan lawmakers from both sides, including the congressional delegation (Senators Lisa Murkowski (R), Dan Sullivan (R) and Representative Mary Peltola (D)), [17] as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation have been supporting the Willow project. [18] As of March 2023, the Department of the Interior permitted ConocoPhillips to build a new ice road from the existing Kuparuk road system at Kuparuk River Oil Field drill site and use a partially grounded ice bridge across the Colville River near Ocean Point "to transport sealift modules" to the Willow project drilling area. [13] : 3 

As a final decision drew near, media attention and public interest increased dramatically, with a petition urging President Biden to "say no to the Willow Project", having been signed by more than 2.4 million people after widespread attention on TikTok. [19] [20]

On March 13, 2023, the Biden administration approved the project. [21] Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland's name did not appear on the approval; deputy secretary Tommy Beaudreau, who acted as the point person on the project for the department, signed the final document. In response, environmental groups announced their plans to sue. [22]

Post approval

On March 14, 2023, environmentalist organization Earthjustice filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the Willow project. Activists say that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicts President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy. [1] Some activists have characterized the project as a carbon bomb. [23] In a second lawsuit, on the same day the Natural Resources Defense Council, Center for Biological Diversity, Greenpeace and others asked the federal Alaska court to vacate the approval. [24] Conoco immediately started building the ice road, as construction is only possible in the winter, and in April 2023 an appeals court denied an injunction. [25] In August 2023, a college student from Gen-Z for Change protested against the approval at a White House press event and a video of this event was viewed 10 million times. [26]

In September 2023, Biden cancelled oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, but not for the Willow project. [27]

On November 9, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval of the Willow project and rejected claims by an Iñupiat group and environmentalists against it. [28] Earthjustice, one of the organizations bringing the lawsuit, has announced its intention to appeal the decision. [29]

Environmental justice

Already in its October 2020 Willow Master Development Plan the BLM had stated: "The effects on subsistence and sociocultural systems may be highly adverse and disproportionately borne by the Nuiqsut population." [4] : 16 

In the final SEIS from February 2023, the BLM predicted adverse effects on public health, [30] : 420–27  the subsistence [30] : 373, 425, 439  and sociocultural system. [30] : 439  The Nuiqsut population would be disproportionately affected with decreased food resource availability, decreased access to harvesting and increased food insecurity. [30] : 439  It found the project would also adversely impact other Native American communities in Utqiaġvik, Anaktuvuk Pass, and Atqasuk.

The project could produce up to 600 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years. The BLM assessments predict the project will adversely impact arctic wildlife and Native American communities "significantly". [4] : 11  The Willow project would damage the complex local tundra ecosystem and, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gases annually as half a million homes. [1]

In June 2023, Alaska regulators proposed that ConocoPhillips receive a $914,000 penalty for its handling of a “shallow underground blowout” of a nearby well in Alpine, Alaska in 2022, as gas was released uncontrollably at the surface for days across various locations. [31]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Marris, Emma (March 13, 2023). "The Alaska Oil Project Will Be Obsolete Before It's Finished". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023.
  2. ↑ Puko, Timothy (March 17, 2023). "What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could impact the environment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 "Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement RECORD OF DECISION" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "BLM to Release Willow Master Development Plan Final Analysis". Bureau of Land Management. August 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 ConocoPhillips Alaska (January 1, 2024). "The Willow Project" (PDF). ConocoPhillips Alaska. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  6. ↑ "EDITED TRANSCRIPT ConocoPhillips 2021 Market Update" (PDF). ConocoPhillips. June 30, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  7. 1 2 "Willow Fact sheet" (PDF). ConocoPhilips. January 1, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Who we are – Projects". ConocoPhillips Alaska. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  9. ↑ "BLM seeking public input for proposed development of Willow prospect" (PDF). BLM. August 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Proposed Willow Development Plan Available for Public Comment" (PDF). BLM. August 23, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  11. ↑ Jessica Resnick-Ault (August 14, 2020). "ConocoPhillips gets U.S. green light for Alaska oil project". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  12. ↑ Bobby Magill (August 14, 2020). "Alaska Project Would Use 'Chillers' to Freeze Thawing Tundra". Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  13. 1 2 DOI-BLM-AK-0000-2018-0004-EIS, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management (March 13, 2023). "Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision" (PDF). eplanning.blm.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Jenny Rowland-Shea. "4 Reasons the Willow Oil Project Is Unfit for Approval". Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Kuukpik, Willow Project Letters of Support" (PDF). ConocoPhillips. August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  16. ↑ "The Willow MDP Final Supplemental EIS". BLM. February 1, 2023. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  17. ↑ Peltola, Mary; Sullivan, Dan; Murkowski, Lisa (March 8, 2023). "Opinion: President Biden should reapprove the Willow Project". CNN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  18. ↑ Brooks, James (February 21, 2023). "Alaska House votes unanimously to support Willow oil project". Alaska Beacon. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Biden-Backed Willow Project Is Destined for Years of Legal Wrangling". Newsweek . March 3, 2023. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  20. ↑ Phillips, Aleks (March 3, 2023). "Stop Willow Project petition signed by 2.5M as anger grows against Biden". Newsweek . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  21. ↑ Milman, Oliver; Lakhani, Nina; Singh, Maanvi (March 13, 2023). "Biden approves controversial Willow oil drilling project in Alaska". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  22. ↑ Nilsen, Ella (March 14, 2023). "Inside the Biden administration's fraught decision to green-light the controversial Willow Project". CNN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  23. ↑ Friedman, Lisa (March 12, 2023). "Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved November 4, 2023.
  24. ↑ Mindock, Clark (March 15, 2023). "ConocoPhillips' Alaska Willow project approvals hit with second lawsuit". Reuters. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  25. ↑ Rosen, Yereth (April 21, 2023). "Appeals court denies injunction request, allowing ConocoPhillips to proceed with Willow work". Arctic Today. Alaska Beacon. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  26. ↑ "21-year-old interrupts White House press secretary's speech at event". CNN. August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  27. ↑ Ximena Bustillo (September 6, 2023). "Biden ends drilling in ANWR, sparking criticism, as Willow Project moves forward". NPR. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Judge in Alaska upholds Biden administration's approval of the massive Willow oil-drilling project". AP News. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Alaska District Court Rules Willow Oil Project Can Proceed; Conservation Groups Plan To File Appeal". Earthjustice. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact StatementVolume 1: Executive Summary, Chapters 1 through 5" (PDF). BLM. January 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  31. ↑ DeMarban, Alex (June 28, 2023). "Alaska regulators propose $914,000 fine against ConocoPhillips for North Slope gas blowout and leak". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved June 30, 2023.

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