16th century in Norway

16th century in Norway

Other decades

14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th

Events from the 16th century in Norway .

Significant events

1501–1509

1501

• August – Alvsson's rebellion starts.
  • Knut Alvsson led Swedish forces in an attack on Båhus Fortress.
• The rebels led by Nils Ravaldsson succeed in occupying Marstrand and Sarpsborg.

1502

• Alvsson's rebellion:
  • March – Knut Alvsson succeeds in occupying Akershus Fortress and Tønsberg Fortress.
  • July–August – Henrich Krummedige recaptures Tønsberg Fortress and lays siege to Akershus Fortress.
  • 18 August – Knut Alvsson and men loyal to him are murdered during a parley with Henrich Krummedige.
• Olsborg Castle is constructed by Nils Ravaldsson. ^[1]
• The Krummedige-Tre Rosor feud ends.

1503

• Alvsson's rebellion
  • The Tønsberg Fortress was destroyed by rebels. ^[2]
  • Rebels under the leadership of Nils Ravaldsson succeed in occupying Konghelle.
  • Nils Ravaldssons forces lay siege to Bohus Fortress.

1504

• Alvsson's rebellion:
  • May – A one-year ceasefire was signed between the Norwegian rebels and King Hans, but was broken by the king in December.
  • 24 December – Alvsson's rebellion was crushed at Olsborg Castle in Båhuslen. ^[3]

1505

• 20 July – Nils Sveinsson was ennobled, and given the noble family name Tordenstjerne.

1506

• Prince Christian was appointed Viceroy of Norway.

1507

• Herlaug Hovudfat's rebellion starts.

1508

• Herlaug Hovudfat's rebellion ends.

1510s

1513

• 22 July – King Christian II is elected King of Norway.

1514

• 23 July – King Christian II is crowned King of Norway in Oslo. This coronation was the last in Norway for 304 years when King Charles III John was crowned king in 1818.

1519

• The Orm Eriksson Tax Revolt.

1520s

1523

• 20 January – Christian II is deposed as King of Norway.
• 31 January – Swedish forces occupy Ranrike.
• 1 July – Olav Torkelsson becomes Bishop of Bergen.
• November
  • 8–9 November – Hansa merchants expels all Scots from Bergen. ^[4]
  • Swedish War of Liberation ends. This marks the end for the Kalmar Union.
  • Supporters of Christian II surrendered Akershus Fortress and Bergenhus Fortress to the Norwegian National Council. ^[5]
• December – Olav Engelbrektsson becomes the Archbishop of Norway.
• Swedish forces besiges Akershus Fortress.

1524

• 5 August – King Frederick I of Denmark is elected King of Norway.
• 1 September – Treaty of Malmö.

1525

• Ranrike is returned back to Norway from Sweden.

1530s

Nils Lykke was imprisoned and executed at Steinvikholm Castle.

Halsnøy Abbey ruins

1531

• November – King Christian II invades Norway, but the invasion fail, and he is taken prisoner and brought to Denmark.

1533

• 10 April – King Frederick I dies, and Norway enters a interregnum period, lasting until 1537.

1535

• Spring – The southern branch of the Norwegian riksråd elects Christian III of Denmark as king of Norway. The northern branch refuse to accept the election. The privy councils leader Olav Engelbrektsson wants Frederick the Wise as king. ^[6]
• 21 July – Nils Lykke is convicted for incest and is executed later the same year. ^[7]

1536

• The Reformation in Norway starts.
• 3 January – Realm council Vincens Lunge is murdered in Nidaros, and other people lojal to Christian III of Denmark is arrested. This event marks the beginning of the Reformation in Norway and Olav Engelbrektssons rebellion. ^[8]
• 7 January – Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson sent squads of supporters to villages in Eastern Norway; the squads proclaimed to the people that a new ruler (Frederick the Wise) could be on his way.
• January–April – Many farmers and bourgeoisie in Eastern Norway rises up in rebellion for the Archbishop, but it soon failed as no actual support from Frederick came. ^[9]
• March – The Archbishops forces led by Kristoffer Throndsen, fails to capture Bergenhus Fortress, and Throndsen is arrested during a parley with the commanders of the fort.
• April – Olav Engelbrektsson releases supporters of Christian III from prison at Tautra. ^[9]
• Fall – The Protestant forces led by Peder Hanssøn Litle, takes control over Akershus Fortress.
• Munkeliv Abbey was destroyed by fire and was never rebuild.
• The town of Tønsberg was destroyed by fire. ^[10]
• Halsnøy Abbey was dissolved.
• Lyse Abbey was dissolved.

1537

• The Reformation in Norway:
  • January–February – The Commander of Bergenhus Fortress Eske Billes forces sacks farms of supporters of Archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson in Møre og Romsdal.
  • April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway Olav Engelbrektsson flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.
  • April – Christian III sends a fleet with soldiers to Norway.
  • April – Steinvikholm Castle is besieged by the Protestant forces.
  • May 17 – The Archbishops men surrenders Steinvikholm Castle to the Protestant forces.
  • May – The forces sent by Christian III arrives in Norway. The army splits in two. One part plunders setesveins of Olav Engelbrektsson, the other part heads to Hamar to arrest Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn.
  • June 20 – Siege of Hamar starts.
  • June 23 – Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway. ^[6]
  • September 2 – Gjeble Pederssøn becomes the first Lutheran bishop in Norway. ^[11]
• Dissolution of all the monasteries in Norway, including:
  • Bakke Abbey
  • Munkeby Abbey
  • Tautra Abbey
  • Nidarholm Abbey
  • Gimsøy Abbey
  • Utstein Abbey
• St. Olav's shrine was destroyed.
• King Christian III of Denmark becomes King of Norway, and the real union of Denmark-Norway is formed.

1538

• Christian III starts a mining project in Telemark. ^[12]

1539

The Glaser Mine in Skien is named after Hans Glaser.

• May – Hans Glaser became bergmeister in Telemark. ^[13]
• Summer – Norway's first Lutheran Church Ordinance is introduced. ^[14]
• Kristoffer Throndsen raids Utstein Abbey and the Bishop's Palace in Stavanger.

1540s

1540

• The Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark.
• The Peasant's Rebellion in Agder starts.

1541

• The Peasant's Rebellion in Agder ends.

1542

• The Tamperret, a special marriage court, is established.

1544

• 23 May – The Treaty of Speyer, emperor Charles V| of The Holy Roman Empire recognized Christian III as the rightful king of Denmark and Norway. ^{[15] [16]}

1545

• The cathedral chapter at St Mary's Church was dissolved. ^[17]

1547

• Peder Huitfeldt becomes Chancellor of Norway.

1548

• Summer – Prince Frederick II of Norway was proclaimed as heir apparent to Christian III of Norway, in Oslo. ^[18]
• The Plague of 1547–1548 ends. It was a bubonic plague, that spread to large parts of South Norway. ^[19]

1550s

1553

• 22 July – Christen Munk and other notable men met at Hamarhus in Hamar. They were there to record the most important of the town's buildings, streets, organization and population. The result of there work was the Hamar Chronicle. ^[20]

1555

• Inger Ottesdotter Rømer and her daughter Lucie Nilsdatter dies in a shipwrecking off the coast of Sunnmøre. ^[21]
• Anti-Catholicism in Norway: Two farmers were burned to death at the stake in Hamar. The two men had practiced Catholic Marian devotion. ^[22]

1556

• Christen Munk was appointed Governor-General of Norway.

1557

• 22 January – Jon Guttormssøn resign as Bishop of Stavanger.

1558

• 22 January – The Livonian War starts.

1559

• 1 January – Frederick II of Denmark-Norway becomes king after the death of his father, Christian III. The first hereditary monarch of Norway since the abolition of the elective monarchy by Christian III.

1560s

1563

• 13 August – The Northern Seven Years' War starts.

1564

• Northern Seven Years War

• February – Swedish troops occupy Jemtland, Herjedalen and Trøndelag. Trøndelag is retaken the same year, but Jemtland and Herjedalen is given back in 1570.
• Helgeseter Priory is burned down by Swedish forces. ^[23]
• 22 May – Norwegian forces under the command of Erik Rosenkrantz retakes Steinvikholm Castle from Swedish troops.

1565

• March – Swedish troops besieges Steinvikholm Castle, but fails in taking the castle.
• Oluf Kalips becomes Chancellor of Norway.

1567

• The Northern Seven Years' War: May – Swedish invasion of Norway.
  • Swedish forces torched Konghelle and Sarpsborg.
  • Swedish forces torches Hamar, destroying Hamar Cathedral and the bishop's fortified palace Hamarhus.
• 12 September – The city of Fredrikstad was established through a King's decree. ^[24]
• Johan Venstermand becomes Chancellor of Norway.

1570s

1570

• Værne Kloster is burned down in connection with the Northern Seven Years' War.
• 13 December – The Treaty of Stettin ends the Northern Seven Years' War. ^[25]

1572

• Povel Huitfeldt was appointed Governor-General of Norway. ^[26]

1575

• Anti-Catholicism in Norway: Ingeborg Kjeldsdatter from Skiptvet was flogged. Her crime was that she had practiced Catholic Marian devotion. ^[27]
• 12 December – The Danzig rebellion began. The city of Danzig rebels against Poland–Lithuania, Denmark–Norway joins the side of the rebels.

1576

• The first mention of Porsgrunn by the writer Peder Claussøn Friis in his work Concerning the Kingdom of Norway

1577

• 9 July – Ludvig Munk was appointed Governor-General of Norway. ^[28]
• December – End of the Danzig rebellion.

1579

• Christen Mule erects a Renaissance building on the ruins of the previous bishop's palace in Oslo.

1580s

1580

• The 1580 influenza pandemic.
• The first mention of the trading port of Flekkefjord.

1582

• The Noble Privileges of 1582 ; decreed that a noblewoman who married a non-noble man should lose all her hereditary land to her nearest co-inheritor, for example her brother.

1585

• Hamre Church was built.

1587

• Hamar lost its townstatus, when merchants in Oslo got King Frederick II to move all of Hamar's market activities to Oslo (the town regained its status in 1849).

1588

• 4 April – Christian IV of Denmark-Norway becomes king after the death of his father, Frederick II.
• August – Axel Gyldenstierne was appointed Governor-General of Norway. ^[29]
• 21 September – Santiago, a Spanish Armada supply ship, got wrecked near Mosterhamn in Hardanger Fjord. ^[30]

1589

• 28 October – James VI of Scotland arrives in Flekkefjord by ship. ^[31]
• 23 November – James VI married Anne of Denmark at the Bishop's Palace in Oslo. ^[32]
• 22 December – James VI and Anne of Denmark leaves Oslo by sled to Copenhagen. ^[33]

1590–1600

1590

• 7 April – Anne Pedersdotter was burned alive at the stake in the city of Bergen. Her case is regarded as the starting point of the witch trials in Norway. ^[34]

1591

• 8 June – King Christian IV was hailed as King of Norway in Oslo.
• 31 July – The Sorenskriver office is introduced in Norway. ^[35]
• The district court system is established.^{[ citation needed ]}
• The oldest document with the seal of Stavanger city coat of arms is made. ^{[36] [37]}

1592

• 23 June – Hans Pederssøn Litle becomes Chancellor of Norway.

1595

• The first pharmacy in Norway opened (Svaneapoteket in Bergen). ^[38]

1600

• Cort Aslakssøn becomes the first Norwegian professor at the University of Copenhagen.

Births

• 1501 – July 18 – Isabella of Burgundy, queen of Christian II of Denmark (d. 1526)

Jakob Bagge

• 1502

• 1 May – Jakob Bagge, Norwegian-born Swedish admiral (died 1577). ^[39]
• Torbjørn Bratt, clergyman (died 1548). ^[40]

• 1503 – August 12 – Christian III of Denmark and Norway (d. 1559)
• 1505 – Jens Olavssøn Bratt, clergyman (d. 1548) ^[41]
• 1514 – Heine Havreki, priest (d.1576)
• 1537 – Ludvig Munk, Stadtholder of Norway (d. 1602)
• 1538

Jens Nilssøn

• Jens Nilssøn, bishop (died 1600). ^[42]
• Enno Brandrøk, nobleman, mercenary and adventurer (died 1571).
• Laurentius Nicolai, Jesuit, active in service of the Counter-Reformation (died 1622). ^[43]

• 1539 – 7 April – Strange Jørgenssøn, bailiff and businessman (died 1610). ^[44]
• 1545 – 1 April – Peder Claussøn Friis, author (died 1614)
• 1561 – Christoffer Hjort, priest, expelled from the country for Catholicism in 1613 (died 1616). ^[45]
• 1564 – 28 June – Cort Aslakssøn astronomer, theologist and philosopher (died 1624). ^[46]
• 1579 – 3 June – Jens Munk, polar explorer (died 1628). ^[47]
• 1580

• 8 January – Jens Hermansson Juel, nobleman, Governor-general of Norway (died 1634). ^[48]
• 2 February – Jens Bjelke, nobleman, Chancellor of Norway (died 1659). ^[49]

• 1590

• Peter Paulson Paus, provost (died 1653)
• Probable – Magdalena Andersdotter, shipowner (died c.a 1650)

• 1592 – Axel Mowat, admiral and land owner (died 1661). ^[50]

Deaths

Seal of Trond Torleivsson Benkestok

• 1502 – 18 August – Knut Alvsson, nobleman and landowner (born c. 1455). ^[51]
• 1505 – Nils Ravaldsson, leader of Alvsson's rebellion ^[52]
• 1521 – Orm Eriksson, nobleman (born c. 1476).
• 1523 – Nils Henriksson, knight, landowner, National Counselor, Lord High Steward of Norway (born c. 1455) ^[53]
• 1535

• 30 May – Olav Torkelsson, Roman Catholic bishop. ^[54]
• 24 December – Nils Lykke, nobleman. ^[7]
• Anders Mus, bishop. ^[55]

• 1536 – 3 January – Vincens Lunge, Realm counselor. ^[8]
• Probable 1537 – Hoskuld Hoskuldsson, Bishop of Stavanger (b. c. 1465/1470)
• 1538 – 7 February – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480). ^[9]
• 1545

• Hans Glaser, bergmeister (b. c. 1480)
• Hans Rev, bishop (b. c. 1489)

• 1548

• 12 June – Jens Olavssøn Bratt, clergyman (born c. 1505). ^[56]
• Torbjørn Bratt, clergyman and bishop (born c. 1502). ^[57]

• 1555 – Inger Ottesdotter Rømer, wealthy landowner, Lady of Austraat (born c. 1475). ^[58]
• 1557 – 9 March – Gjeble Pederssøn, bishop (born c. 1490). ^[59]
• 1558 – 14 February – Trond Torleivsson Benkestok, nobleman, estate owner and overlord (born c. 1495). ^[60]
• 1570 – 18 September – Hans Olufsson, high-ranking cleric and nobleman (b.c 1495–1500)
• 1575

• 9 April – Absalon Pederssøn Beyer, clergyman, writer, historian (born c. 1528). ^[61]
• 29 July – Jon Simonssøn, city manager, lawspeaker, humanist (born 1512). ^[62]

• 1576 – Heine Havreki, priest (born 1514)
• 1577 – 20 September – Jon Guttormssøn, Lutheran superintendent. ^[63]
• 1578 – 17 September – Hans Gaas, clergyman (born c. 1500). ^[64]
• 1581 – Mogens Svale, military commander and landowner (born c.1530). ^[65]
• 1588

• 4 April – Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway (born 1534)
• Axel Gyntersberg, nobleman and overlord (born c. 1525). ^[66]

• 1589 – Christen Mule, merchant and Mayor of Oslo (born c.1525).
• 1590

• 7 April – Anne Pedersdotter, alleged witch (born c. 1530) ^[67]
• Gude Axelsen Giedde, military officer and priest (born 1510)

• 1591 – 2 November – Frants Berg, bishop (born 1504 ?). ^[68]
• 1592 – Oluf Kalips, nobleman, landowner and Chancellor of Norway. ^[69]
• Probable 1593 – Jon Trondson Benkestok, nobleman (born c.1530)
• 1595 – 30 November – Hans Mogenssøn, bishop (born c.1525)
• 1600 – Jens Nilssøn, Bishop of the Diocese of Oslo (born 1538). ^[70]

References

1. "Olsborg". wadbring.com. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
2. "Tunsberghus". 26 March 2020.
3. "Olsborgs slott".
4. Hamre, Lars Georg (1998). Norsk Politisk historie 1513–1537. Universietsforlaget AS. pp. 245–246.
5. Moseng, Ole Georg (2003). Norges historie 750–1537. Universietsforlaget AS. p. 388.
6. Rian, Øystein. "Olav_Engelbrektsson". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
7. Bratberg, Terje. "Niels Lykke". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
8. Mardal, Magnus A. "Vincens Lunge". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
9. Rian, Øystein. "Olav Engelbrektsson". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
10. "Tunsberghus (Old Tønsberg)". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
11. Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Gjeble Pederssøn". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
12. Christian 3., in Norsk biografisk leksikon
13. Berg, Bjørn Ivar (2000). Tyskere ved norske bergverk på 1500-tallet. Kongsberg: Norsk bergverksmuseum. pp. 29–30.
14. Imsen, Steinar (2016), Da reformasjonen kom til Norge, Oslo
15. Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (12 December 2018). "Neutrality before Grotius: A City, a State and Seven Salt Ships in the Baltic (1564-1567)" . Journal of Early Modern History. 22 (6): 446–474. doi:10.1163/15700658-12342595. ISSN   1385-3783. S2CID   158629337.
16. Christensen, Thorkild Lyby (1969). "Scoto-Danish Relations in the Sixteenth Century: The Historiography and Some Questions". The Scottish Historical Review. 48 (145): 80–97. ISSN   0036-9241. JSTOR   25528790.
17. S. H. Finne-Grønn (1943). Slekten Paus : dens oprindelse og 4 første generasjoner. Oslo: Cammermeyer.
18. "Frederick II | king of Denmark and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
19. Lunden, Kåre (2002). Norges landbrukshistorie. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN   82-521-5584-7.
20. Bull, Francis (1958). Norsk litteratur historie: bd. Norges litteratur, fra reformasjonen til 1814. Oslo: H. Aschehoug. p. 25.
21. Halvard Bjørkvik. "Ingerd Ottesdotter". Norsk biografisk leksikon . Retrieved 20 April 2020.
22. Laugerud, Henning (2018). Reformasjon uten folk: det katolske Norge i før- og etterreformatorisk tid (in Norwegian). St. Olav forlag. p. 152. ISBN   9788270243518. OCLC   1107654577. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
23. Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Elgeseter kloster". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
24. Thorsnæs, Geir. "Fredrikstad". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
25. Ersland, Geir Atle; Sandvik, Hilde (1999). Norsk historie 1300-1625. Volume two of Norsk historie (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN   82-521-5182-5.
26. Weidling, Tor Ragnar. "Stattholdere og visestattholdere i norge 1572–1873". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
27. Laugerud, Henning (2018). Reformasjon uten folk: det katolske Norge i før- og etterreformatorisk tid (in Norwegian). St. Olav forlag. p. 152. ISBN   9788270243518. OCLC   1107654577. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
28. Njåstad, Magne. "Ludvig Munk". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
29. Weidling, Tor Ragnar. "Stattholdere og visestattholdere i norge 1572–1873". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
30. Ødegaard, T (2001). Alonso de Olmos' etterlatte documenter: Om det spanske armadaskipet "Santiago" som forliste i Sunnhordland i året 1588. Fredrikstad: Kystforlaget. ISBN   8299453313.
31. Munch, Peter Andrea (1852), Beretning om Prindsesse Annas Giftermaal. Jacobi VI Englands og Skottlands Konnings med Frøken Anna af Danmark, Oslo
32. Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & 1. London: Chatto and Windus. pp. 107–110. ISBN   0-7011-6984-2.
33. Stewart 2003, pp. 107–110.
34. Erik Opsahl. "Anne Pedersdotter". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
35. Vemund Skard: Norsk språkhistorie bind 2 (page. 15), Universitetsforlaget, ISBN   82 00 0245 5 {{isbn}}: Check isbn value: length (help)
36. "The Coat of Arms of Norway". The American-Scandinavian Review. June 1964.
37. "Civic heraldry of Norway – Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
38. Waaler, Tor. "Apotek". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
39. "Jakob Bagge" (in Swedish). Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
40. Helle, Knut (ed.). "Torbjørn Olavssøn Bratt". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
41. Stensvold, Anne, ed. (8 March 2023) [14 February 2009]. "Jens Olavssøn Bratt". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål).
42. Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Jens Nilssøn". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
43. Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Laurentius Nicolai Norvegus". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
44. Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Strange Jørgenssøn". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
45. Bratberg, Terje. "Christoffer Hjort". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
46. Wasberg, Gunnar Christie. "Cort Aslakssøn". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
47. Hagen, Rune Blix. "Jens Munk". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
48. Bricka, Carl Frederick (1887–1905). "Jens Juel". Runeburg.org (in Danish). Dansk Biografisk Leksikon . Retrieved 9 September 2023.
49. Bratberg, Terje. "Jens Bjelke". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
50. Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Axel Mowat Til Hovland". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
51. Mardal, Magnus A. "Knut Alvsson". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
52. Opsahl, Erik, ed. (8 March 2023) [14 February 2009]. "Nils Ravaldsson". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål).
53. Salvesen, Helge. "Nils Henriksson". In Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
54. Bratberg, Terje. "Olav Torkellsson". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
55. Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Anders Mus". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
56. Lysaker, Trygve. "Jens Olavssøn Bratt". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
57. Helle, Knut (ed.). "Torbjørn Olavssøn Bratt". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
58. Bjørkvik, Halvard. "Ingerd Ottesdotter". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
59. Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Gjeble Pederssøn". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
60. Bjørkvik, Halvard. "Trond Benkestokk". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
61. Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Absalon Pederssøn Beyer". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
62. Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Jon Simonssøn". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
63. Bolstad, Erik (ed.). "Jon Guttormssøn". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
64. Lysaker, Trygve. "Hans Gaas". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
65. Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Mogens Svale". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
66. Bratberg, Terje. "Axel Gyntersberg". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
67. Hagen, Rune Blix. "Anne Pedersdotter". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
68. Oftestad, Bernt. "Frants Berg". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
69. Mardal, Magnus A. "Oluf Kalips". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
70. Roggen, Vibeke. "Jens Nilssøn". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 October 2012.