Acetoacetyl-CoA

Last updated
Acetoacetyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl coenzyme A.svg
Names
IUPAC name
3′-O-Phosphonoadenosine 5′-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-{[3-oxo-3-({2-[(3-oxobutanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl dihydrogen diphosphate]
Systematic IUPAC name
O1-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methyl} O3-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-4-{[3-oxo-3-({2-[(3-oxobutanoyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl] dihydrogen diphosphate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.014.378 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
MeSH acetoacetyl+CoA
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C25H40N7O18P3S/c1-13(33)8-16(35)54-7-6-27-15(34)4-5-28-23(38)20(37)25(2,3)10-47-53(44,45)50-52(42,43)46-9-14-19(49-51(39,40)41)18(36)24(48-14)32-12-31-17-21(26)29-11-30-22(17)32/h11-12,14,18-20,24,36-37H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,27,34)(H,28,38)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,26,29,30)(H2,39,40,41)/t14-,18-,19-,20+,24-/m1/s1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: OJFDKHTZOUZBOS-CITAKDKDSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C25H40N7O18P3S/c1-13(33)8-16(35)54-7-6-27-15(34)4-5-28-23(38)20(37)25(2,3)10-47-53(44,45)50-52(42,43)46-9-14-19(49-51(39,40)41)18(36)24(48-14)32-12-31-17-21(26)29-11-30-22(17)32/h11-12,14,18-20,24,36-37H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,27,34)(H,28,38)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,26,29,30)(H2,39,40,41)/t14-,18-,19-,20+,24-/m1/s1
    Key: OJFDKHTZOUZBOS-CITAKDKDBD
  • O=C(C)CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]3O[C@@H](n2cnc1c(ncnc12)N)[C@H](O)[C@@H]3OP(=O)(O)O
Properties
C25H40N7O18P3S
Molar mass 851.61 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Acetoacetyl CoA is the precursor of HMG-CoA in the mevalonate pathway, which is essential for cholesterol biosynthesis. It also takes a similar role in the ketone bodies synthesis (ketogenesis) pathway of the liver. [1] In the ketone bodies digestion pathway (in the tissue), it is no longer associated with having HMG-CoA as a product or as a reactant.

Contents

It is created from acetyl-CoA, a thioester, which reacts with the enolate of a second molecule of acetyl-CoA in a Claisen condensation reaction, [2] and it is acted upon by HMG-CoA synthase to form HMG-CoA. [1] During the metabolism of leucine, this last reaction is reversed. Some individuals may experience Acetoacetyl-CoA deficiency. [3] This deficiency is classified as a disorder ketone body and isoleucine metabolism that can be inherited.[ citation needed ] Additional mutations include those with the enzymes within pathways related to Acetoacetyl CoA, including Beta-Ketothiolase deficiency and Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase mutation.

Mevalonate pathway Mevalonate pathway.png
Mevalonate pathway

Additionally, it reacts with NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-coenzyme A reductase, also known as PhaB, in a pathway that produces polyester polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). The reduction of acetoacetyl-coA by Pha creates (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, which polymerizes to PHA. [4] The pathway is present in bacteria such as Ralstonia eutropha and the PCC6803 strain of Synechocystis. [5] Mover over, Acetoacetyl-CoA is involved with neuronal development involving lipogenesis and providing fats and cholesterol for neuronal cells.

Mutations

Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, also known as thiolase II, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of acetoacetyl-CoA within ketogenesis as mentioned, is also involved within acetoacetyl-CoA cleavage in ketolysis. It is observed to play a role within cleavage of acetyl-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA and 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA. The enzyme is involved in an autosomal recessive disorders that impacts the catabolism of ketone bodies and isoleucine: beta-ketothiolase deficiency, leading to their deficiency within mitochondria. The mutation takes place within the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (ACAT) gene mapped on chromosome 11q22.3-23.1. [6]

Mutations in mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMG-CoA synthase) is another inherited autosomal recessive disorder affecting the catabolism of ketone bodies and can lead to the build-up of acetoacetyl-CoA. [7]

Additional application

Acetoacetyl-CoA also behaves as a product of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (AACS) within the cytosol, using acetoacetate as the substrate, the reaction provides acetyl groups for lipogenesis. [8] Understanding acetoacetyl-CoA is important in cholesterol development and lipogenesis and Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase playing a role in its development, it also plays a significant role within the brain. Cholesterol and fats have been observed in high concentrations within neuronal tissue, as well as high AACS mRNA expression levels within cells of the hippocampus and cortical region. In addition, they play a significant role in neuronal development during the early embryonic and fetal developmental stages. [9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hasegawa, Shinya; Noda, Kazuki; Maeda, Akina; Matsuoka, Masaru; Yamasaki, Masahiro; Fukui, Tetsuya (2012-11-01). "Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, a ketone body-utilizing enzyme, is controlled by SREBP-2 and affects serum cholesterol levels" . Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 107 (3): 553–560. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.08.017. ISSN   1096-7192. PMID   22985732.
  2. ↑ Bruice PY (2017). Organic chemistry. Pearson. ISBN   978-0-13-404228-2. OCLC   974910578.
  3. ↑ Tsuda H, Shiraki M, Inoue E, Saito T (August 2016). "Generation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate from acetate in higher plants: Detection of acetoacetyl CoA reductase- and PHB synthase- activities in rice". Journal of Plant Physiology. 201: 9–16. Bibcode:2016JPPhy.201....9T. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.007. PMID   27372278.
  4. ↑ Matsumoto K, Tanaka Y, Watanabe T, Motohashi R, Ikeda K, Tobitani K, et al. (October 2013). "Directed evolution and structural analysis of NADPH-dependent Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A (Acetoacetyl-CoA) reductase from Ralstonia eutropha reveals two mutations responsible for enhanced kinetics". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (19): 6134–6139. Bibcode:2013ApEnM..79.6134M. doi:10.1128/aem.01768-13. PMC   3811355 . PMID   23913421.
  5. ↑ Taroncher-Oldenburg G, Nishina K, Stephanopoulos G (October 2000). "Identification and analysis of the polyhydroxyalkanoate-specific beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase genes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (10): 4440–4448. Bibcode:2000ApEnM..66.4440T. doi:10.1128/aem.66.10.4440-4448.2000. PMC   92322 . PMID   11010896.
  6. ↑ Bissonnette, Bruno; Luginbuehl, Igor; Marciniak, Bruno; Dalens, Bernard J. (2006), "Mitochondrial Acetoacetyl-CoA Thiolase (ACAT) Deficiency", Syndromes: Rapid Recognition and Perioperative Implications, New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, retrieved 2022-12-08
  7. ↑ Aledo, Rosa; Zschocke, Johannes; Pié, Juan; Mir, Cecilia; Fiesel, Sonja; Mayatepek, Ertan; Hoffmann, Georg F.; Casals, Núria; Hegardt, Fausto G. (2001-07-01). "Genetic basis of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase deficiency" . Human Genetics. 109 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1007/s004390100554. ISSN   1432-1203. PMID   11479731. S2CID   24115345.
  8. ↑ Hasegawa, Shinya; Ikeda, Yotaro; Yamasaki, Masahiro; Fukui, Tetsuya (2012). "The role of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, a ketone body-utilizing enzyme, in 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 35 (11): 1980–1985. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00435 . ISSN   1347-5215. PMID   23123469.
  9. ↑ Hasegawa, Shinya; Kume, Hiroki; Iinuma, Sayuri; Yamasaki, Masahiro; Takahashi, Noriko; Fukui, Tetsuya (2012-10-19). "Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase is essential for normal neuronal development" . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 427 (2): 398–403. Bibcode:2012BBRC..427..398H. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.076. ISSN   0006-291X. PMID   23000407.


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