Annona reticulata

Last updated

Annona reticulata
Annona reticulata Blanco1.197-cropped.jpg
Custard apple
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Annona
Species:
A. reticulata
Binomial name
Annona reticulata
L.
Range of Annona reticulata-Native.svg
Native range of A. reticulata
Synonyms

Annona lutescensSaff. [2]
Annona excelsaKunth
Annona laevisKunth
Annona longifoliaSessé & Moc.
Annona ripariaKunth

Contents

Custard-apple, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 423 kJ (101 kcal)
25.2 g
Dietary fiber 2.4 g
Fat
0.6 g
1.7 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins Quantity
%DV
Thiamine (B1)
7%
0.08 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
8%
0.1 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.5 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.135 mg
Vitamin B6
13%
0.221 mg
Vitamin C
21%
19.2 mg
Minerals Quantity
%DV
Calcium
2%
30 mg
Iron
4%
0.71 mg
Magnesium
4%
18 mg
Phosphorus
2%
21 mg
Potassium
13%
382 mg
Sodium
0%
4 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water71.5 g

Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [4]

Annona reticulata is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the plant family Annonaceae. [5] It is best known for its fruit, called custard apple, [2] a common name shared with fruits of several other species in the same genus: A. cherimola [6] and A. squamosa . [7] Other English common names include ox heart and bullock's heart. [2] [8] The fruit is sweet and useful in preparation of desserts, but is generally less popular for eating than that of A. cherimola . [9]

Description

Custard apple at fruit vendor, Sangareddi, India Ramphal.jpg
Custard apple at fruit vendor, Sangareddi, India
Flower bud of Annona reticulata Flower bud of Annona reticulata.jpg
Flower bud of Annona reticulata
Pollen grains of Annona reticulata Pollen grains of Annona reticulata.jpg
Pollen grains of Annona reticulata

It is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree reaching 8–10 metres (26–33 ft) tall with an open, irregular crown. [8] [9]

The slender leaves are hairless, straight and pointed at the apex (in some varieties wrinkled), 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long and 2–7 cm (1–3 in) wide. [8] [9] The yellow-green flowers are generally in clusters of three or four 2–3 cm (341+14 in) diameter, with three long outer petals and three very small inner ones. [8] [9] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [10]

The fruits vary in shape, heart-shaped, spherical, oblong or irregular. [8] [9] The size ranges from 7–12 cm (3–4+12 in), depending on the cultivar. When ripe, the fruit is brown or yellowish, with red highlights and a varying degree of reticulation, depending again on the variety. The flesh varies from juicy and very aromatic to hard with a repulsive taste. [8] [9] The flavor is sweet and pleasant, akin to the taste of 'traditional' custard. [9]

Distribution and habitat

Saplings in India Annona reticulata 2.jpg
Saplings in India

Possibly a native of the Caribbean [11] and Central America, [2] Annona reticulata is now pantropical. [11] It grows from sea level to elevations of 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) in areas of Central America that have alternating wet and dry seasons. [8] [9] It is cultivated and naturalized in many tropical places including Southeast Asia, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Australia, and Africa. [2] [8] [9] [11] [12] In India, the species has migrated from initial cultivation into the wild. [8]

Climate

Although the tree grows optimally in tropic conditions, it is also found in subtropical regions. It requires humid conditions (medium to high rainfall). [13] Compared to the other Annonas, it is less drought tolerant. The annual temperature necessary ranges from 17 to 27 °C. [14] It tolerates light night frosts to -2 °C. [8] A. reticulata grows on many soil types with pH ranging from 5 to 8. It does not tolerate waterlogging or when the water table is too high. [8] [14]

Cultivation

Seeds can be propagated. [13] [14] Other techniques for cultivation are grafting and budding. [13] [14] [8] The tree produces 45 kg of fruits per year. In Asia, the season lasts from July to September, and in the Caribbean, it runs from February to April. [14]

Uses

Food

Custard apple can be eaten raw, out of hand as a fresh fruit. It is not as popular as the sugar apple or the cherimoya. It can also be prepared as juices, ice-cream or puddings. [13] In India, it is cooked into a sauce. [15]

Propagation

A. reticulata may be grown in home gardens, even though it may not be as popular as the sugar apple (A. squamosa). It has value as rootstock for superior Annona species, such as the sugar apple, especially under humid conditions. It is also a genetic resource for hybridization. [8]

Other

The leaves and the branches can be used for tanning as they contain blue pigments. Wrappers, ornaments and hats can be made from the inner bark. The wood is soft and can be used to make utensils, [13] even though, it is weak and of bad quality. [14]

Nutrition

In a 100-gram reference amount, custard apple supplies 423 kilojoules (101 kilocalories) of food energy, 23% of the Daily Value (DV) of vitamin C and 17% DV of vitamin B6, with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table). [16] Raw custard apple is 72% water, 25% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table).

Risk and impact

Annona reticulata is known to be an invasive plant. [8] A PIER risk assessment gave a score of 11 for the Annona reticulata. It negatively impacts the population cultivating the crop as all parts of the tree (except the fruit) are toxic, possibly causing problems for human health. [8]

Diseases and pests

The diseases that can spread to Annona reticulata include the Anthracnose, the leaf spot, the diplodia rot and the black canker. The spiral nematode, the stunt nematode and the mealybug can also infect the plant [17]

Aroma and phytochemicals

The fragrant aroma of A. reticulata results from some 180 compounds, including the volatile compounds, alpha-pinene, myrcene, and limonene, among others. [18] The plant is rich in tannins. [9]

Traditional medicine

Various traditional medicine uses have been reported over centuries for its dried fruits, bark, or leaves. [8] [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Asimina</i> North American Genus of fruit trees

Asimina is a genus of small trees or shrubs described as a genus in 1763. Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae. Asimina have large, simple leaves and large fruit. It is native to eastern North America and collectively referred to as pawpaw. The genus includes the widespread common pawpaw Asimina triloba, which bears the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States. Pawpaws are native to 26 states of the U.S. and to Ontario in Canada. The common pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat. Pawpaws are in the same plant family (Annonaceae) as the custard apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, soursop, and ylang-ylang; the genus is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics. Fossils date to the Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persimmon</span> Edible fruit

The persimmon is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the kaki persimmon, Diospyros kaki – Diospyros is in the family Ebenaceae, and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber. In 2019, China produced 75% of the world total of persimmons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soursop</span> Species of plant

Soursop is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. It is in the same genus, Annona, as cherimoya and is in the Annonaceae family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cherimoya</span> Edible fruit-bearing species of the genus Annona

The cherimoya, also spelled chirimoya and called chirimuya by the Inca people, is a species of edible fruit-bearing plant in the genus Annona, from the family Annonaceae, which includes the closely related sweetsop and soursop. The plant has long been believed to be native to Ecuador and Peru, with cultivation practised in the Andes and Central America, although a recent hypothesis postulates Central America as the origin instead, because many of the plant's wild relatives occur in this area.

<i>Annona</i> Genus of fruits and plants

Annona or Anona is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, containing approximately 166 species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Custard apple</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Custard apple is a common name for several fruits and may refer to Annonaceae, the custard apple family, which includes the following species referred to as custard apples:

<i>Solanum quitoense</i> Species of plant

Solanum quitoense, known as naranjilla in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Panama and as lulo in Colombia, is a tropical perennial plant from northwestern South America. The specific name for this species of nightshade means "from Quito."

<i>Annona squamosa</i> Species of tree

Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous, much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres tall similar to soursop. It is a native of tropical climate in the Americas and West Indies, and Spanish traders aboard the Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia. In India, it is called sitafal, and in Malaysia it is called buah nona.

<i>Annona glabra</i> Tropical fruit tree

Annona glabra is a tropical fruit tree in the family Annonaceae, in the same genus as the soursop and cherimoya. Common names include pond apple, alligator apple, swamp apple, corkwood, bobwood, and monkey apple. The tree is native to Florida in the United States, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and West Africa. It is common in the Everglades. The A. glabra tree is considered an invasive species in Sri Lanka and Australia. It grows in swamps, is tolerant of saltwater, and cannot grow in dry soil.

<i>Asimina triloba</i> Species of tree

Asimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and southern Ontario, Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit. Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae, and Asimina triloba has the most northern range of all. Well-known tropical fruits of different genera in family Annonaceae include the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, and soursop.

<i>Annona purpurea</i> Species of tree

Annona purpurea is an edible fruit and medicinal plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. Its common names include soncoya, sincuya, and cabeza de negro.

<i>Annona montana</i> Species of tree

Annona montana, the mountain soursop, is a tree and its edible fruit in the Annonaceae family native to Central America, the Amazon, and islands in the Caribbean. It has fibrous fruits. A. montana may be used as a rootstock for cultivated Annonas.

<i>Rollinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Rollinia is a genus of plants in the family Annonaceae. While it is widely recognised as a distinct genus a monograph published in 2006 advocates its inclusion in Annona, which also contains custard apples and soursops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonacin</span> Chemical compound

Annonacin is a chemical compound with toxic effects, especially in the nervous system, found in some fruits such as the paw paw, custard apples, soursop, and others from the family Annonaceae. It is a member of the class of compounds known as acetogenins. Annonacin-containing fruit products are regularly consumed throughout the West Indies for their traditional medicine uses.

<i>Rollinia deliciosa</i> Species of tropical fruit plant

Annona mucosa is a species of flowering plant in the custard-apple family, Annonaceae, that is native to tropical South America. It is cultivated for its edible fruits, commonly known as biribá, lemon meringue pie fruit, or wild sugar-apple, throughout the world's tropics and subtropics.

<i>Annona senegalensis</i> Species of plant

Annona senegalensis, commonly known as African custard-apple, wild custard apple, wild soursop, abo ibobo, sunkungo, and dorgot is a species of flowering plant in the custard apple family, Annonaceae. The specific epithet, senegalensis, translates to mean "of Senegal", the country where the type specimen was collected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atemoya</span> Species of fruit and plant

The atemoya, Annona × atemoya, or Annona squamosa × Annona cherimola is a hybrid of two fruits – the sugar-apple and the cherimoya – which are both native to the American tropics. This fruit is popular in Taiwan, where it is known as the "pineapple sugar apple" (鳳梨釋迦), so it is sometimes wrongly believed to be a cross between the sugar-apple and the pineapple. In Cuba it is known as anón, and in Venezuela chirimorinon. In Lebanon, the fruit is called achta. In Tanzania it is called stafeli dogo. In Brazil, the atemoya became popular and in 2011, around 1,200 hectares of atemoia were cultivated in Brazil. In Taiwan, the cultivating area of atemoya was 2,856.46 hectares in 2020, and Taitung County was the major place of cultivating.

<i>Annona crassiflora</i> Species of fruit and plant

Annona crassiflora, commonly known as marolo, araticum cortiça, araticum do cerrado or bruto, is a flowering plant in the Annonaceae family. The flowers of a marolo look like jellyfish wearing hats, and the fruits are sweet and very rough. It is native to Brazil and Paraguay and the fruit is eaten by native peoples in the Brazilian Cerrado. Although it is considered to have potential for cultivation, it has not been domesticated to date.

<i>Annona salzmannii</i> Species of tree

Annona salzmannii, the beach sugar apple, is a tree native to Brazil.

References

  1. Verspagen, N. & Erkens, R.H.J. (2020). "Annona reticulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136996530A142422959. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136996530A142422959.en . Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Annona reticulata". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  3. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  4. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1. PMID   30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  5. Natural Resources Conservation Service. "Plants Profile, Annona reticulata L." The Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  6. "Annona cherimola". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 17 April 2008.
  7. "Annona squamosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 17 April 2008.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Annona reticulata (bullock's heart)". CABI. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Julia F. Morton (1987). "Custard apple, Annona reticulata". From Fruits of Warm Climates, 1987; republished by NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  10. Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1–130.
  11. 1 2 3 "Annona reticulata Linn. [family Annonaceae]". Global Plants. JSTOR. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  12. Bioversity International. "Result set for: Annonaceae Annona reticulata". New World Fruits Database. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Subhadra Bandhu, S. (2001). Underutilized tropical fruits of Thailand.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Research Council (1989). "Lost crops of the Incas: little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation". National Academies Press.
  15. "Plantes botaniques". 19 January 2020.
  16. "USDA. US Department of Agriculture".
  17. "Custard Apple Diseases". Vikaspedia. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  18. Pino, JA; Marbot, R; Fuentes, V (18 June 2003). "Characterization of volatiles in bullock's heart (Annona reticulata L.) fruit cultivars from Cuba". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (13): 3836–9. doi:10.1021/jf020733y. ISSN   0021-8561. PMID   12797752.