Bittacus

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Bittacus
Temporal range: Cenomanian–Present
Bittacus strigosus -- Hangingfly.JPG
Bittacus strigosus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Mecoptera
Family: Bittacidae
Genus: Bittacus
Latreille, 1805
Species

See text

Bittacus is a genus of hangingflies in the order Mecoptera. Members of the genus have a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus has existed since at least the earliest Late Cretaceous. [1] Bittacus is considered "grossly paraphyletic" and serves as a catch-all for many distantly related species of hangingflies. [2]

Contents

Characteristics

Members of this genus have long legs, the front pair of which are modified for grasping and are used to hang from vegetation. The other two pairs have tarsal claws and are modified for catching prey. There are two pairs of equal sized, membranous wings with dark mottling. The mouthparts are modified for chewing. The insects superficially resemble crane flies. [3] [4]

Species

The following species are listed in the World Checklist of Extant Mecoptera Species: [3]

Extinct species

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  1. Microcoelia aphylla(Thouars) Summerh. - from Kenya and Uganda south to KwaZulu-Natal, plus Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion
  2. Microcoelia aurantiaca(Schltr.) Summerh. - Madagascar
  3. Microcoelia bispiculataL.Jonss. - Madagascar
  4. Microcoelia bulbocalcarataL.Jonss. - Príncipe, Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda, Rwanda
  5. Microcoelia caespitosa(Rolfe) Summerh. in J.Hutchinson & J.M.Dalziel - western and central Africa from Liberia to Zaïre and Uganda
  6. Microcoelia corallinaSummerh. - Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi
  7. Microcoelia cornuta(Ridl.) Carlsward - Madagascar, Comoros
  8. Microcoelia decaryanaL.Jonss. - Madagascar
  9. Microcoelia dolichorhiza(Schltr.) Summerh. - Madagascar
  10. Microcoelia elliotii(Finet) Summerh. - Madagascar
  11. Microcoelia exilisLindl. - from Kenya and Uganda south to KwaZulu-Natal, plus Madagascar
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  13. Microcoelia globulosa(Hochst.) L.Jonss. - from Nigeria east to Eritrea, south to Angola and Zimbabwe
  14. Microcoelia hirschbergiiSummerh. - Zaïre, Zambia
  15. Microcoelia jonssoniiSzlach. & Olszewski - Central African Republic
  16. Microcoelia koehleri(Schltr.) Summerh. - from Nigeria to Tanzania, south to Zimbabwe
  17. Microcoelia konduensis(De Wild.) Summerh - western and central Africa
  18. Microcoelia leptostele(Summerh.) L.Jonss. - Central African Republic, Zaïre
  19. Microcoelia macrantha(H.Perrier) Summerh. - Madagascar
  20. Microcoelia macrorhynchia(Schltr.) Summerh. in J.Hutchinson & J.M.Dalziel - central Africa
  21. Microcoelia megalorrhiza(Rchb.f.) Summerh. - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi
  22. Microcoelia microglossaSummerh. - central Africa
  23. Microcoelia moreauaeL.Jonss - Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe
  24. Microcoelia nyungwensisL.Jonss. - Rwanda
  25. Microcoelia obovataSummerh. - from Kenya south to KwaZulu-Natal
  26. Microcoelia ornithocephalaP.J.Cribb - Malawi
  27. Microcoelia perrieri(Finet) Summerh. - Madagascar
  28. Microcoelia physophora(Rchb.f.) Summerh. - Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar
  29. Microcoelia sanfordiiL.Jonss - Cameroon
  30. Microcoelia smithii(Rolfe) Summerh. - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi
  31. Microcoelia stolzii(Schltr.) Summerh. - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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  1. Pycnostachys abyssinicaFresen. - Ethiopia
  2. Pycnostachys angolensisG.Taylor - Angola
  3. Pycnostachys batesiiBaker - Cameroon, Zaïre, Sudan, Uganda
  4. Pycnostachys chevalieriBriq. - Central African Republic
  5. Pycnostachys ciliataBramley - Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia
  6. Pycnostachys coeruleaHook. - East Africa from Ethiopia to Botswana; Madagascar
  7. Pycnostachys congensisGürke - Zaïre, Zambia
  8. Pycnostachys de-wildemanianaRobyns & Lebrun - East Africa from Burundi to Zimbabwe
  9. Pycnostachys deflexifoliaBaker - Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
  10. Pycnostachys descampsiiBriq. - Zaïre
  11. Pycnostachys elliotiiS.Moore - Zaïre, Uganda
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  13. Pycnostachys erici-roseniiR.E.Fr - Zaïre, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda
  14. Pycnostachys goetzeniiGürke - Zaïre, Uganda, Rwanda
  15. Pycnostachys gracilisR.D.Good - Angola
  16. Pycnostachys graminifoliaPerkins - Tanzania
  17. Pycnostachys kassneriDe Wild - Zaïre, Zambia, Tanzania
  18. Pycnostachys lancifoliaBramley - Tanzania
  19. Pycnostachys meyeriGürke - western + central Africa
  20. Pycnostachys nepetifoliaBaker - Kenya
  21. Pycnostachys niamniamensisGürke - South Sudan, Kenya, Uganda
  22. Pycnostachys orthodontaGürke - Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania
  23. Pycnostachys parvifoliaBaker - Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi
  24. Pycnostachys prittwitziiPerkins - Zambia, Tanzania
  25. Pycnostachys pseudospeciosaBuscal. & Muschl. - Zaïre, Zambia
  26. Pycnostachys recurvataRyding - Ethiopia
  27. Pycnostachys reticulata(E.Mey.) Benth. - central + southern Africa
  28. Pycnostachys ruandensisDe Wild. - east-central Africa
  29. Pycnostachys schliebeniiMildbr. - east-central Africa
  30. Pycnostachys schweinfurthiiBriq - western + central Africa
  31. Pycnostachys speciosaGürke - Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda
  32. Pycnostachys sphaerocephalaBaker - Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zaïre
  33. Pycnostachys stuhlmanniiGürke - central Africa
  34. Pycnostachys umbrosa(Vatke) Perkins - Kenya, Tanzania
  35. Pycnostachys urticifoliaHook. - southeastern Africa
  36. Pycnostachys verticillataBaker - Zambia, Tanzania

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References

  1. ↑ Li, Sheng; Zhang, Weiwei; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (September 2018). "A new species of hangingfly (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber". Cretaceous Research. 89: 92–97. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.005. S2CID   134379814.
  2. ↑ Whiting, Michael F. (2002). "Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera". Zoologica Scripta. 31 (1): 93–104. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x. ISSN   1463-6409. S2CID   56100681.
  3. 1 2 Norman D. Penny (October 31, 1997). "World Checklist of Extant Mecoptera Species". California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  4. ↑ Meenakshi Venkataraman. "Bittacus". Indian insects. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2011.

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