Chalciporus piperatus

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Chalciporus piperatus
Chalciporus piperatus LC0182.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Chalciporus
Species:
C. piperatus
Binomial name
Chalciporus piperatus
(Bull.) Bataille (1908)
Synonyms [1]
  • Boletus piperatusBull. (1790)
  • Leccinum piperatum(Bull.) Gray (1821)
  • Viscipellis piperata(Bull.) Quél. (1886)
  • Ixocomus piperatus(Bull.) Quél. (1888)
  • Suillus piperatus(Bull.) O.Kuntze (1898)
  • Ceriomyces piperatus(Bull.) Murrill (1909)
Chalciporus piperatus
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is brown
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete, is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in Europe and North America. It has been recorded under introduced trees in Brazil, and has become naturalised in Tasmania and spread under native Nothofagus cunninghamii trees. A small bolete, the fruit body has a 1.6–9 cm (5⁄8–3+1⁄2 in) orange-fawn cap with cinnamon to brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm (1+5⁄8–3+3⁄4 in) high by 0.6–1.2 cm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) thick stipe. The flesh has a very peppery taste. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow pores and tubes.

Contents

Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790 as Boletus piperatus, it is only distantly related to other members of the genus Boletus and was reclassified as Chalciporus piperatus by Frédéric Bataille in 1908. The genus Chalciporus was an early branching lineage in the Boletaceae and appears to be related to boletes with parasitic properties. Previously thought to be ectomycorrhizal (a symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungus and the roots of various plant species), C. piperatus is now suspected of being parasitic on Amanita muscaria .

Taxonomy and naming

From James Sowerby's 1797 Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 34.jpg
From James Sowerby's 1797 Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described the species as Boletus piperatus in 1790. [2] In its taxonomic history, it has been transferred to the genera Leccinum (Samuel Frederick Gray, 1821), Viscipellis (Lucien Quélet, 1886), Ixocomus (Quélet, 1888), Suillus (Otto Kuntze, 1898), and Ceriomyces (William Alphonso Murrill, 1909). [1] It was reclassified and given its current binomial name in 1908 by Frédéric Bataille when he made it the type species of the newly circumscribed genus Chalciporus. [3] The species name piperatus means "peppery" in Latin. [4] It is commonly known as the "peppery bolete". [5]

Chalciporus piperatus is a member of the genus Chalciporus , with which the genus Buchwaldoboletus form a group of fungi that is an early offshoot in the Boletaceae. Many members of the group appear to be parasitic. [6]

Two varieties have been described. Chalciporus piperatus var. hypochryseus was originally described as Boletus hypochryseus by Czech mycologist Josef Šutara in 1993, [7] and was moved to Chalciporus a year later by Regis Courtecuisse. [8] Wolfgang Klofac and Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber reclassified it as a variety of C. piperatus in 2006, [9] although some sources continue to regard it as a distinct species. [10] Variety amarellus, first published by Quélet as Boletus amarellus in 1883 and later transferred to Chalciporus by Bataille in 1908, was described as a variety of C. piperatus in 1974 by Albert Pilát and Aurel Dermek. Authorities disagree as to whether or not it has independent taxonomic significance. [11] [12]

Description

One of the smaller boletes, Chalciporus piperatus has an orange-fawn 1.6–9 cm (5⁄8–3+1⁄2 in) cap that is initially convex before flattening out in age. [13] The cap surface can be furrowed; [14] shiny when dry, [4] it can be a little sticky when wet, [14] and may crack with age. [15] The colour of the pore surface ranges from yellowish [15] to dark reddish brown in maturity. When bruised, the pore surface stains brown. Individual pores are angular, measuring about 0.5–2 mm wide, while the tubes are 3–10 mm deep. [13] Slender for a bolete, [4] the stipe measures 4–9.5 cm (1+5⁄8–3+3⁄4 in) long by 0.6–1.2 cm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) thick, and is either roughly the same width throughout its length, or slightly thicker near the base. The colour of the stem is similar to the cap, or lighter, and there is yellow mycelium at the base. The flesh is yellow, sometimes with reddish tones, maturing to purplish brown. It has no odour. The spore print is brown to cinnamon. [13] Variety hypochryseus is essentially identical to the main form except for its bright yellow tubes and pores. [7] Variety amarellus has pinker pores and a taste that is bitter rather than peppery. [16]

Spores are narrowly fusiform. 2010-08-11 Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille 99106.jpg
Spores are narrowly fusiform.

The spores are smooth, narrowly fusiform (fuse-shaped), and measure 7–12 by 3–5  µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 20–28 by 6–8 µm and are hyaline (translucent), four-spored, and narrowly club-shaped, with many internal oil droplets. Cystidia are fusiform, sometimes with a rounded tip, and have dimensions of 30–50 by 9–12 µm. Some are more or less hyaline, while others are encrusted with a golden pigment. [17] The cap cuticle is a trichodermium, an arrangement in which the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. These hyphae are 10–17 µm wide and have elliptical to cylindrical cells at their ends that are not gelatinous. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae. [18]

Similar species

The fruit body of the North American species Chalciporus piperatoides are similar, but can be distinguished by its flesh and pores staining blue after cutting or bruising. It has a less peppery taste. [19] Another mild-tasting relative, C. rubinellus , has brighter colours than C. piperatus, including completely red tubes. [20] One European species, C. rubinus , has a shape similar to C. piperatus, but has red pores and a stem covered in red dots. [16]

Distribution and habitat

Chalciporus piperatus is suspected to be parasitic on Amanita muscaria (pictured). Fly Agaric mushroom 04.jpg
Chalciporus piperatus is suspected to be parasitic on Amanita muscaria (pictured).

Fruit bodies of Chalciporus piperatus occur singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. [18] The fungus occurs naturally in or near coniferous or beech and oak woodlands, often on sandy soils. [21] Fruit bodies appear in Europe in late summer and autumn from August to November. [22] The fungus is widespread across North America, fruiting from July to October in the eastern states and from September to January on the Pacific Coast. [23] It is found in Mexico and Central America. [9] In Asia, it has been collected from Pakistan, [24] West Bengal (India), [25] and Guangdong Province (China). [26] In South Africa, it is known from the southwestern Cape Province and the eastern Transvaal Province. [27]

Chalciporus piperatus grows in conifer plantations associated with the fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) and the chanterelle ( Cantharellus cibarius ). [22] It has been recorded under introduced loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) plantations in Santa Catarina and Paraná states in southern Brazil, [28] and under introduced trees in the Los Lagos Region of Chile. [29] It has also spread into native forest in northeastern Tasmania and Victoria, having been found growing with the native myrtle beech ( Nothofagus cunninghamii ). [30] [31] The rare variety hypochryseus occurs only in Europe, including Austria, Czechia, Greece, Italy, and Spain. [10] Also rare, variety amarellus is widespread in European coniferous forests, where it usually found near pines, spruce, and sometimes fir. [9]

Fruit bodies can be parasitised by the mould Sepedonium chalcipori , a highly specialised mycoparasite that is only known to infect this bolete. Infections result in necrotic mushroom tissue and the production of copious yellow conidia. [32]

Initially thought to be ectomycorrhizal (symbiotic with plants, like most Boletaceae), C. piperatus has not been confirmed as such in multiple synthesis studies [33] [34] [35] or in isotope fractionation studies. [36] [37] [38] There is some speculation that C. piperatus is a mycoparasite on the mycorrhiza of Amanita muscaria. [16] In New Zealand, A. muscaria is thought to have been introduced with Pinus radiata , and has made a host jump to the native Nothofagus trees; C. piperatus has since been observed fruiting near Nothofagus trees with A. muscaria associations. [31] [38] Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is in the same clade as C. piperatus and is thought to be a parasite as well, strengthening the evidence that C. piperatus and its relatives may be mycoparasites. [6]

Uses

In cross-section 2006-09-10 Chalciporus piperatus 26645.jpg
In cross-section

This mushroom contains toxins, [39] and is usually considered inedible. [4] [16] It has been used as a condiment in many countries, with the Italian chef Antonio Carluccio recommending it be used only to add its peppery flavour to other mushrooms. [21] Some recommend that it be well-cooked before consumption to minimize the risk of gastric symptoms, [23] but the peppery taste is lost with cooking, [40] and even more so by reducing it to a powdered form. [41]

Fruit bodies can be used for mushroom dyeing; depending on the mordant used, yellow, orange, or greenish-brown dyes can be made. [16]

Chemistry

Sclerocitrin, a pigment compound originally isolated from the common earthball ( Scleroderma citrinum ), is the major contributor to the yellow colour of the mycelium and the stipe base of C. piperatus fruit bodies. Other compounds that have been isolated from this species include norbadione A, chalciporone, xerocomic acid, variegatic acid, variegatorubin, and another yellow pigment, chalcitrin. Chalciporone is responsible for the bitter taste of the fruit bodies. The pigments sclerocitrin, chalcitrin, and norbadione A are derived biosynthetically from xerocomic acid. [42] Related compounds found in the fruit bodies include the chalciporone isomers isochalciporone and dehydroisochalciporone. [43]

A field study of fungi growing in polluted sites in Czechia and Slovakia found that C. piperatus fruit bodies growing near lead smelters and on mine and slag dumps had the greatest ability to bioaccumulate the element antimony. In one collection, an "extremely high" level of the element was detected—1423 milligrams of antimony per kilogram of dried mushroom. In comparison, the antimony levels detected in other common terrestrial fungi from the same area, both saprobic and ectomycorrhizal, were more than an order of magnitude smaller. [44]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Boletus edulis is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Boletus. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been introduced to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be varieties or forms of B. edulis have been shown using molecular phylogenetic analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are conspecific with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Leccinum scabrum</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum scabrum, commonly known as the rough-stemmed bolete, scaber stalk, and birch bolete, is an edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae, and was formerly classified as Boletus scaber. The birch bolete is widespread in Europe, in the Himalayas in Asia, and elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring only in mycorrhizal association with birch trees. It fruits from June to October. This mushroom is also becoming increasingly common in Australia and New Zealand where it is likely introduced.

<i>Suillus luteus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Eurasia

Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native all across Eurasia from Ireland to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as Boletus luteus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different fungus family as well as genus. Suillus luteus is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms. It is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating. It is often sold as a dried mushroom.

<i>Boletus</i> Genus of fungus

Boletus is a genus of mushroom-producing fungi, comprising over 100 species. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, essentially containing all fungi with hymenial pores instead of gills. Since then, other genera have been defined gradually, such as Tylopilus by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881, and old names such as Leccinum have been resurrected or redefined. Some mushrooms listed in older books as members of the genus have now been placed in separate genera. These include such as Boletus scaber, now Leccinum scabrum, Tylopilus felleus, Chalciporus piperatus and Suillus luteus. Most boletes have been found to be ectomycorrhizal fungi, which means that they form a mutualistic relationship with the roots system of certain kinds of plants. More recently, Boletus has been found to be massively polyphyletic, with only a small percentage of the over 300 species that have been assigned to Boletus actually belonging there and necessitating the description and resurrection of many more genera.

<i>Tylopilus felleus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

<i>Suillellus luridus</i> Species of edible fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Europe, and eastern North America

Suillellus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the family Boletaceae, found in calcareous broadleaved woodlands in Europe. Fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn and may be locally abundant. It is a firm bolete with an olive-brown cap up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small orange or red pores on the underside. The stout ochre stem reaches 8–14 cm (3–6 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned with a red network. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains blue when bruised or cut.

<i>Caloboletus radicans</i> Species of fungus

Caloboletus radicans, also known as the rooting bolete or whitish bolete, is a large ectomycorrhizal fungus found in Europe under broad-leaved trees, fruiting during the summer and autumn months. It has a pale buff or greyish-white cap, yellow pores and a stout stipe, and stains intensely blue when handled or cut. Bitter and inedible, it can cause severe vomiting and diarrhoea if eaten. Until 2014 it was placed in genus Boletus, but has since been transferred to the new genus Caloboletus based on molecular phylogenetic data.

<i>Xerocomus subtomentosus</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus subtomentosus, commonly known as suede bolete, brown and yellow bolete , boring brown bolete or yellow-cracked bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The fungus was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and known for many years as Boletus subtomentosus. It is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms.

<i>Chalciporus</i> Genus of fungi

Chalciporus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. There are approximately 25 species in the genus.

<i>Boletellus obscurecoccineus</i> Species of fungus

Boletellus obscurecoccineus, known as the rhubarb bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae, found in Australia, New Guinea, Java, Borneo, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It is a distinctive and colourful bolete of the forest floor.

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several genera, including Boletus, Boletellus, and Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow stems. The fungus grows in summer and autumn on the ground, often in Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the hymenium appears and develops to maturity in an exposed state, not enclosed by any protective membrane.

<i>Suillus brevipes</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae found throughout North America

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm, while the stipe is up to 6 cm long and 2 cm thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

<i>Caloboletus rubripes</i> Species of fungus

Caloboletus rubripes, commonly known as the red-stipe bolete or the red-stemmed bitter bolete, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It was known as Boletus rubripes until 2014. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are robust, with caps up to 18 cm in diameter, atop thick stipes 5–12 cm long. Mushrooms are non-toxic, but is so bitter as to be inedible. The mushroom flesh has a very strong bluing reaction when cut or damaged. and forms mycorrhizal relationships, primarily with conifers. It can be differentiated from similar boletes by its cap color and non-reticulate stipe.

<i>Xerocomus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomus illudens is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1898, it is found in Asia and North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak.

<i>Chalciporus piperatoides</i> Species of fungus

Chalciporuspiperatoides is a small pored mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in woodland in North America. It closely resembles Chalciporus piperatus but can be distinguished by its flesh and pores staining blue after cutting or bruising. It has a less peppery taste.

<i>Chalciporus pseudorubinellus</i> Species of fungus

Chalciporus pseudorubinellus is a bolete fungus of the family Boletaceae. It is found in North America and Central America.

Chalciporus amarellus is a bolete fungus of the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. It was first described in 1883 by French mycologist Lucien Quélet as Boletus amarellus, and later transferred in genus Chalciporus by Frédéric Bataille in 1908.

<i>Imleria badia</i> Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm long by 1–2 cm thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology.

References

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