A baby bottle with measurements in metric, imperial and US customaryA one-US-gallon petrol can purchased near the US–Canada border showing equivalents in imperial gallons and litres
Having this shared heritage, the two systems are quite similar, but there are differences. The US customary system is based on English systems of the 18th century, while the imperial system was defined in 1824, almost a half-century after American independence.
Volume
Volume may be measured either in terms of units of cubic length or with specific volume units. The units of cubic length (the cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic mile, etc.) are the same in the imperial and US customary systems, but they differ in their specific units of volume (the bushel, gallon, fluid ounce, etc.).
The US customary system has a set of units for fluids, but a different measure for dry goods for the pint, quart and barrel (alongside the dry goods only bushel). The imperial system has only one set of measurements, defined independently of the US customary system.
By the end of the 18th century, various systems of volume measurement were in use throughout the British Empire. Wine was measured with units based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches (3.785L), while beer was measured with units based on an ale gallon of 282 cubic inches (4.621L) and grain was measured with the Winchester measure, with a gallon of approximately 268.8 cubic inches (one eighth of a Winchester bushel or 4.405L). In 1824, these units were replaced with a single system based on the imperial gallon.[a] Originally defined as the volume of 10 pounds (4.54kg) of distilled water (under certain conditions)[b], then redefined by the Weights and Measures Act 1985 to be exactly 4.54609L (≈277.42cuin), the imperial gallon is 1.62% smaller than the pre-1824 ale gallon.
The Winchester measure was made obsolete in the British Empire but remained in use in the US until the 1990s.[c] In the British Empire, the Winchester bushel was replaced with an imperial bushel of eight imperial gallons, with the subdivisions of the bushel being maintained.
As with US dry measures, the imperial system divides the bushel into 32 quarts or 64 pints: these imperial measures are 3.21% larger than their US dry counterparts.
Fluid measure is not as straightforward. The American colonists adopted a system based on the 231-cubic-inch wine gallon for all fluid purposes: this became the US gallon, being legally adopted in 1836. Both the imperial and US fluid gallon are divided into 4 quarts, 8 pints or 32 gills.[d] However, whereas the US gill is divided into four US fluid ounces, the imperial gill is divided into five imperial fluid ounces. Thus, while the imperial fluid ounce is 3.924% smaller than the US fluid ounce, the imperial gallon, quart, pint and gill are all 20.095% larger than their US counterparts.[e]
One avoirdupois ounce of water has an approximate volume of one imperial fluid ounce at 62°F (16.7°C)[f]: this convenient fluid ounce to avoirdupois ounce relation does not exist in the US system, as one US fluid ounce is 4.318% larger than the avoirdupois ounce.
One noticeable comparison between the imperial system and the US system is between some Canadian and American beer bottles: many Canadian brewers package their beer in 12 imperialfloz bottles, which are 341mL each, while American brewers package their beer in 12 USfloz bottles, which are 355mL each. Consequently, Canadian bottles are labelled as 11.5floz in US units when imported into the United States.
Because the standard size of Canadian beer bottles predates the adoption of the metric system in Canada, the bottles are still sold and labelled in Canada as 341mL. Canned beer in Canada is sold and labelled in 355mL cans (12.5 imperialfloz), and when exported to the United States, they are labelled as 12floz.
Comparison of current imperial, US and metric volume measures
Notes:
Approximate values are denoted with ≈
Exact values are denoted with ≡
Definitions are marked in bold
Unit name
Imperial measures
US fluid measures
US dry measures
Metric measures
fluid ounces
Imperial fluid ounce (fl oz)
≡ 1imp fl oz
≈ 0.9607599US fl oz ≡ 0.94710208333US fl oz (food)
≡ 28.4130625mL ≡ 0.0284130625L
US fluid ounce (customary) (fl oz)
≈ 1.0408427imp fl oz
≡ 1US fl oz ≡ 0.98578431875US fl oz (food)
≡ 29.5735295625mL ≡ 0.0295735295625L
US fluid ounce (food nutrition labelling) (fl oz) (food)
≈ 1.0558524imp fl oz
≈ 1.0144207US fl oz ≡ 1US fl oz (food)
≡ 30mL ≡ 0.03L
pints
Imperial pint (pt)
≡ 20imp fl oz ≡ 1imppt ≡ 0.5impqt ≡ 0.125impgal
≈ 19.2152US fl oz ≈ 18.9420416667US fl oz (food) ≈ 1.20095USpt ≈ 0.15011874USgal
The international yard is defined as exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was approved by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand through the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, and corresponds with the previous 1930s British and American definitions of 1 inch being 25.4 mm. In all systems, a yard is 36 inches.
The US survey foot and survey mile were maintained as separate units for surveying purposes to avoid the accumulation of error that would follow replacing them with the international versions, particularly with State Plane Coordinate Systems. The choice of unit for surveying purposes is based on the unit used when the overall framework or geodetic datum for the region was established; for example, much of the former British empire still uses the Clarke foot[further explanation needed] for surveying.
The US survey foot is defined so that 1 metre is exactly 39.37inches, making the international foot of 0.3048metres exactly two parts per million shorter. This is a difference of just over 3.2mm, or a little more than one-eighth of an inch per mile. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the survey foot is obsolete as of 1 January 2023, and its use discouraged.[1]
The main units of length (inch, foot, yard and international mile) were the same in the US, though the US rarely uses some of the intermediate units today, such as the (surveyor's) chain (22yards) and the furlong (220yards).
At one time, the definition of the nautical mile was based on the surface area of the Clarke ellipsoid.[further explanation needed] While the US used the full value of 1853.256 metres, in the British Commonwealth, this was rounded to 6080feet (1853.184m). These have been replaced by the international version (which rounds the 60th part of the 45° to the nearest metre) of 1852 metres.
Weight and mass
Relation of English mass weights to one another
Traditionally, both Britain and the US used three different weight systems: troy weight for precious metals, apothecaries' weight for medicines and avoirdupois weight for almost all other purposes. However, apothecaries' weight has now been superseded by the metric system.
One important difference is the widespread use in Britain of the stone of 14 pounds (6.35029318kg) for body weight; this unit is not used in the United States, although flour was sold by a barrel of 196 pounds (14 stone) until World War II.
Another difference arose when Britain abolished the troy pound (373.2417216g) on 1 January 1879, leaving only the troy ounce (31.1034768g) and its decimal subdivisions, whereas the troy pound (of 12 troy ounces) and pennyweight are still legal in the United States, although they are no longer widely used.
In all of these systems, the fundamental unit is the pound (lb), and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of a pound. The tables of imperial troy mass and apothecaries' mass are the same as the corresponding United States tables, except for the British spelling "drachm" in the table of apothecaries' mass. The table of imperial avoirdupois mass is the same as the United States table up to one pound, but above that point, the tables differ.
The imperial system has a hundredweight, defined as eight stone of 14lb each, or 112lb (50.80234544kg), whereas a US hundredweight is 100lb (45.359237kg). In both systems, 20 hundredweights make a ton. In the US, the terms long ton (2240lb, 1016.0469088kg) and short ton (2000lb; 907.18474kg) are used. The metric ton is the name used for the tonne (1000kg, 2204.62262lb), which is about 1.6% less than the long ton.
The US customary system also includes the kip, equivalent to 1,000 pounds of force, which is also occasionally used as a unit of weight of 1,000 pounds (usually in engineering contexts).
↑ Wine gallons, however, continued to be used for tax purposes in the UK until the late 1990s.
↑ The water was to be weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 inches of mercury (102kPa) at a temperature of 62°F (17°C). In 1963 these conditions were redefined such that the water was to have a density of 0.998859g/mL and to be weighed in air of density 0.001217g/mL against weights of density 8.136g/mL.
↑ Originally defined as the volume of a cylinder '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000B-QINU`"'18+1⁄2 inches (470mm) in diameter and 8 inches (200mm) deep, the Winchester bushel was redefined in the US as 2150.42 cubic inches.
↑ The now rarely used apothecaries' system of fluid measures further divides the fluid ounce into 8 fluid drams or 480 minims, and in the imperial system there is a fluid scruple of 20 minims, which is absent from the US customary system. Like the fluid ounce, the dram and minim are 3.924% smaller in the imperial system.
↑ 160 imperial fluid ounces is equivalent to one imperial gallon, which is the approximate volume of 10 pounds (or 160 avoirdupois ounces) of water at 62°F.
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