Economy of Alaska

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Economy of Alaska
Fairbanks12.JPG
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline transports oil, Alaska's most important export, from the North Slope to Valdez.
Statistics
GDP $63,618,000,000 [1]
GDP per capita
$68,919 [2]
Population below poverty line
15.7% [3]
.4492 ± 0.0118 (2023) [4]
Labor force
364,209 [5]
Unemployment3.8% [6]
Public finances
Revenues4,517,927,000 [7]
Expenses5,437,000,000 [8]

In a report compiled by the government of Alaska, the real GDP of Alaska was $51.1 billion in 2011, $52.9 billion in 2012 and $51.5 billion in 2013. The drop-off that occurred between 2012 and 2013 has been attributed to the decline in the mining sector, specifically the oil and gas sectors, a consequence of declined production. The state's economy has been described by University of Alaska Anchorage economist Scott Goldsmith as a "three-legged stool" – with one leg being the petroleum and gas industry, the second leg being the federal government and the third leg being all other industries and services. Between 2004 and 2006, the federal government was responsible for 135,000 Alaska jobs, the petroleum sector provided 110,000 jobs and all other industries and services combined for 122,000 jobs. [9]

Contents

Alaska's main export product after oil and natural gas is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, pollock, and crab. In the 2013 fishing season, Alaskan fishers were able to accumulate a total of 5.8 billion pounds of seafood, which equates to an evaluation of $1.9 billion, a small, but noticeable increase in comparison to 2012, which had a total of 5.3 billion and $1.7 billion respectively. [10]

Agriculture represents only a very small fraction of the Alaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most food and general goods imported from elsewhere.

Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

History

Alaska's first cannery opened in 1878 to facilitate the selling of salmon. [11]

Economic sectors

Energy

Alaska proven oil reserves peaked in 1973 and have declined more than 60% since then. Alaska Crude Oil Reserves.PNG
Alaska proven oil reserves peaked in 1973 and have declined more than 60% since then.
Alaskan oil production peaked in 1988 and has declined more than 75% since then. Alaska crude oil production in 1970 through 2020 (51140868890).png
Alaskan oil production peaked in 1988 and has declined more than 75% since then.

Alaska has vast energy resources. Major oil and gas reserves are found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins. According to the Energy Information Administration, Alaska ranks fourth in the nation in crude oil production. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is the highest yielding oil field in the United States and on North America, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d).

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. [12] Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well. [13]

Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (<$0.50/Gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. [14] The cost of a US gallon of gasoline in urban Alaska today is usually $0.30–$0.60 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

In 2012, Alaska accounted for 8.1% of American crude oil production, ranking behind Texas (30.6%), North Dakota (10.2%), and California (8.3%). [15]

Developers are exploring new clean energy sources in Alaska, including offshore wind, geothermal power, tidal power, and green hydrogen. [16]

Other resource extraction

See: Gold mining in Alaska

Tourism

Tourism in Alaska is the second-largest private sector employer, accounting for one in eight Alaskan jobs, nearly 2 million visitors, and $2.42 billion in direct visitor spending including labor income. [17] Nearly half the visitors arrive to Alaska through the cruise industry including Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Crystal Cruises, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America Line, Norwegian Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., and Silversea Cruises. [18] Other visitors arrive via the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, driving along the main road access to the state, the Alaska Highway, or aboard the Alaska Marine Highway. In his 2015 state of the State address, Alaska Governor Bill Walker referred to the tourism industry as a "healthy and vital industry which showcases a dynamic partnership between private enterprise and state and local government, one that has the potential of limitless growth and contribution to our economic well-being. [19]

Tourism is also a contributor to the state's general fund through various taxes, including a commercial passenger vessel excise tax rate of $34.50 per passenger, per voyage. [20] Other taxes generated through tourism include a 10% tax on vehicle rentals, [21] as well as local sales and bed taxes.

According to a study prepared for the State of Alaska by the McDowell Group, "spending by Alaska visitors in 2014–15 was distributed widely throughout the state’s economy. Lodging, tours/activities, gifts/souvenirs, and food/beverage each accounted for about one-fifth of spending (18 to 20 percent)", while the remaining fifth includes packages and transportation. [22]

Visitors are attracted to Alaska by various experiences often tied to the natural and vast characteristics of the landscape, wildlife, and culture of the state. There are many guided activities that provide a way for visitors to access these experiences and for local and multi-national companies alike to conduct business. Guided activities include sightseeing tours, whale watching, glacier viewing, flightseeing, wildlife viewing, hiking, ziplining, kayaking/rafting, and fishing. [23] Fishing alone accounts for $652,498,723 in annual spending by non-residents including purchases of licenses, guides, equipment, and repair. [24]

A top destination for tourism in Alaska includes the State's National Park system, featuring 24 units. Annually these national parks collectively are visited by 2.6 million people and contribute a $1.1 billion economic benefit. [25]

Agriculture

A farm in the Matanuska Valley Farm, Matanuska Valley, AK (8743425119).jpg
A farm in the Matanuska Valley

Due to the northern climate and steep terrain, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage. Farmers exhibit produce at the Alaska State Fair. "Alaska Grown" is used as an agricultural slogan.

Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, and seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it. Many Alaskans fish the rivers during salmon season to gather significant quantities of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, sport, or both.

Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities. An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries.

Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on the Seward Peninsula where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer. [26]

Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. The cost of importing food to villages begins at 7¢ per pound (15¢/kg) and rises rapidly to 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost can exceed $8.00 per gallon.

Permanent Fund

The Alaska Permanent Fund is a legislatively controlled appropriation established in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $40 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. [27]

Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from $331.29 in 1984 to $3,269.00 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8 percent from the earnings, puts 3 percent back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5 percent is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Alaska State Permanent Fund one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, and maintain constant residency. [28]

Cost of living

The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and to a lesser extent in Fairbanks, where the cost of living has dropped somewhat in the past five years. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country.

The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks (Wal-Mart in March 2004), and Juneau also did much to lower prices. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come into these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers [29] of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all.

Largest employers

According to the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the following were the state's largest private sector employers in 2010: [30]

RankNameAverage Monthly Employment in 2010
1 Providence Health & Services 4,000+
2 Walmart/Sam's Club 3,000–3,249
3 Carrs Safeway Alaska Division 2,750–2,999
4 Fred Meyer 2,500–2,749
5 ASRC Energy Services 2,500–2,749
6 Trident Seafoods 2,250–2,499
7 BP Exploration Alaska 2,000–2,249
8 CH2M Hill 1,750–1,999
9 NANA Management Services 1,750–1,999
10 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium 1,500–1,749
11 Alaska Airlines 1,500–1,749
12 GCI Communications 1,250–1,499
13 Banner Health (including Fairbanks Memorial Hospital)1,250–1,499
14 Southcentral Foundation 1,250–1,499
15 Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation 1,000–1,249
16 FedEx 1,000–1,249
17 ConocoPhillips 1,000–1,249
18 Alaska USA Federal Credit Union 1,000–1,249
19 United Parcel Service (UPS)1,000–1,249
20 McDonald's Restaurants of Alaska 750–999
21 Wells Fargo 750–999
22 Doyon Universal Services 750–999
23 Home Depot 750–999
24 Alaska Regional Hospital 750–999
25 The Alaska Club 750–999
26 Icicle Seafoods 750–999
27 Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC)750–999
28 Hope Community Resources 750–999
29 UniSea 750–999
30 Alaska Commercial Company 750–999
31 Costco 750–999
32 Spenard Builders Supply 750–999
33 Lowe's 750–999
34 Alyeska Pipeline Service Company 750–999
35 Alaska Communications Systems (ACS)500–749
36 First National Bank Alaska 500–749
37 Central Peninsula Hospital 500–749
38 First Student 500–749
39 Westward Seafoods 500–749
40 Mat-Su Regional Medical Center 500–749
41 Alaska Consumer Direct Personal Care 500–749
42 Tanana Chiefs Conference 500–749
43 PeterPan Seafoods 500–749
44 Udelhoven Oilfield System Services 500–749
45 Job Ready (ReadyCare)500–749
46 Schlumberger Technologies 500–749
47 Maniilaq Association 500–749
48Alaska Hotel Properties (Princess Lodges)500–749
49 Alyeska Resort (includes O'Malley's on the Green)500–749
50 Ocean Beauty Seafoods 250–499

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Graph: Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Alaska (AKNGSP) – FRED – St. Louis Fed". Research.stlouisfed.org. 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  2. ↑ "Graph: Per Capita Personal Income in Alaska (AKPCPI) – FRED – St. Louis Fed". Research.stlouisfed.org. 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  3. ↑ "State Rankings–Statistical Abstract of the United States–Persons Below Poverty Level". Census.gov. 2013-02-20. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  4. ↑ "B19083|Gini Index of Income Inequality". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Civilian Labor Force in Alaska". fred.stlouisfed.org. 21 August 2023. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  6. ↑ "Unemployment Rate in Alaska". fred.stlouisfed.org. 21 August 2023. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "State Government Tax Collections Viewable Data". Census.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  8. ↑ "2009 Fiscal Year State Expenditure Report". nasbo.org. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  9. ↑ UA Research Summary No. 13: What Drives The Alaska Economy? Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine , Scott Goldsmith, University of Alaska Anchorage
  10. ↑ "2013 ALASKA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE REPORT" (PDF). commerce.alaska.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  11. ↑ "Modern Alaska". Alaska History and Cultural Studies. Archived from the original on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  12. ↑ "Gas Hydrates on Alaska's North Slope". Usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  13. ↑ "EIA State Energy Profiles: Alaska". 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  14. ↑ Screening Report for Alaska Rural Energy Plan, April, 2001 Archived September 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960–2012 (Complete)". 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
  16. ↑ Harrison, Derek (2024-10-07). "Veterans of Alaska's Oil Industry Look to Blaze a Renewable Energy Pathway in the State". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  17. ↑ "Tourism". Alaska Resource Development Council.
  18. ↑ "Which Alaskan Cruise Line Is Right For You?". Alaska Cruise Lines. Alaska Channel. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "Alaska Governor Bill Walker's 2015 State of the State Speech (Text and Video)". Politics. Governing the States and Localities. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  20. ↑ "Commercial Passenger Vessel Excise Tax Historical Overview". Alaska Department of Revenue, Tax Edition. State of Alaska. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  21. ↑ "Vehicle Rental Tax Historical Overview". Alaska Department of Revenue Tax Division. State of Alaska. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Economic Impact of Alaska's Tourism Industry" (PDF). Visitor Impacts 2016. McDowell Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "Things to Do". Travel Alaska. State of Alaska. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "Economic Impacts and Contributions of Sportfishing in Alaska" (PDF). Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  25. ↑ "Alaska". National Park Service. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Reindeer Herding". Reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  27. ↑ Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
  28. ↑ "State of Alaska Permanent Fund Division". Pfd.state.ak.us. Archived from the original on 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
  29. ↑ FreeShipping.org Archived 2010-11-18 at the Wayback Machine for examples of companies offering free shipping to Alaska
  30. ↑ "Alaska's 100 Largest Private Sector Employers in 2010 (July 2011 Alaska Economic Trends)." Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development (2007). Archived 2012-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
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