Heptapod A & B | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | hɛptæpɑd |
Created by | Ted Chiang |
Setting and usage | "Story of Your Life" novella and Arrival film |
Purpose | Constructed language
|
Logographic script | |
Sources | A priori languages |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | none |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
The Heptapod languages are two constructed fictional languages used in Ted Chiang's short story, Story of Your Life, as well as its later film adaptation, Arrival. In-universe, they are used by the "heptapods", an alien race that makes contact with humanity.
The languages are classified by two separate names, "Heptapod A" and "Heptapod B", as the species uses two separate languages; the former is a spoken language, and the latter a semasiography. These two languages together encapsulate two different concepts of time—Heptapod B presents time as synchronous, while A presents time as sequential, with causality. The two languages are grammatically unrelated.
A written form for Heptapod B was developed for Arrival by production designer Patrice Vermette and his wife Martine Bertrand, based on the descriptions in the "Story of Your Life" novella. [1]
During the development of the film Arrival, director Denis Villeneuve and sound designer Sylvain Bellemare wanted to deviate from the typical electronic sounds used in many science fiction films and instead wanted the sound of Heptapod A to be "very organic." [2]
Sound design for Heptapod A initially began with Dave Whitehead, a sound designer who had previously worked on several Peter Jackson films. Whitehead used animal sound recordings, such as whale songs and cat purrs, along with altered recordings of his voice to create the sounds of Heptapod A. [3] He worked alongside McGill professor Morgan Sonderegger, who served as a linguistics consultant and assisted in splicing the sounds during the development of the language. [4]
While Martine Bertrand and Patrice Vermette are given credit for the creation of Heptapod B in Arrival, the language was a collaborative effort of the crew. Conceptualization began with screenwriter of the film, Eric Heisserer, who decided to base Heptapod B's circular script off of the etchings in the One Ring from The Lord of the Rings . Due to this, Heisserer's circular illustrations of Heptapod B initially bore a strong resemblance to J.R.R Tolkien's Tengwar script. [5]
Afterwards, Patrice Vermette, production designer for Arrival, worked alongside other crew members to further develop Heptapod B. Despite consulting with linguists and graphic designers, Vermette and the crew continued to struggle with developing the appearance of the characters. They researched languages such as Arabic, ancient Asian languages, and dialects from North Africa to gain inspiration, but found that this would cause Heptapod B to resemble human language more closely than alien language. [6]
After several attempts to create a design for Heptapod B, Vermette's wife, artist Martine Bertrand, offered to sketch some conceptual designs for the language. Bertrand approached Vermette with some designs for Heptapod B, which deviated from the more mathematical or hieroglyphic conceptualizations the crew had come up with, and instead appeared as more "inky and smoky" characters. [7] [8] These designs were approved by director Denis Villeneuve, who gave Bertrand the task of developing 15 similar designs for Heptapod B. [9] [10]
Once the design for Heptapod B was developed, Patrice Vermette and his team oversaw the semantics behind the characters. After several characters and definitions were developed, Stephen Wolfram, computer scientist and founder of Wolfram Mathematica, and his son, Christopher, were asked to analyze them; they did so utilising the Wolfram Language to section each character into 12 different parts in order, and found that certain patterns repeated through the characters. [11] [12] [13] Heptapod B characters were also sent to Jessica Coon, an associate professor in Linguistics at McGill University who was asked to annotate the characters as if she were analyzing them in real life. [14] [15] As Vermette and his team gained more insight on the semantics behind Heptapod B, they developed a dictionary of roughly 100 Heptapod B logograms, 71 of which were used in the film. [16] [17] [18] With their research into Heptapod B, both Vermette and Christopher Wolfram stated that resources were available to build a larger vocabulary for Heptapod B, but this process would require an extensive amount of time. [19]
In Story of Your Life , Heptapod A, the vocal communication of the heptapods, is described as sounding "vaguely like that of a wet dog shaking the water out of its fur." [20] Although Heptapod A contains some grammar structures that are similar to that of human language, the language often breaks linguistic universals found in human language, as it is designed to "provide flexibility within the confines of sequential speech". [21]
Heptapod A uses case markers to indicate whether a noun is a subject or object of the sentence; the language has a free word order, which extends to conditional clause, [22] unlike the majority of natural languages, where a fixed word order of a antecedent always preceding its consequent for this construction is a linguistic universal. [23] [24]
Heptapod A also utilizes center embedding in sentences, [25] which involves the embedding of a clause into the middle of another clause of the same type. [26] Although center embedding is a common practice for human languages, Heptapod A permits an unlimited amount of center embedding in sentences, which would severely complicate the meaning of human sentences. [27]
Jessica Coon illustrates the increasingly complicated nature of center embedding in a sentence:
a. The cat fell. b. The cat [ that the dog chased ] fell. c. The cat [ that the dog [ that the mouse scared ] chased ] fell. d. The cat [ that the dog [ that the mouse [ that the bird saw ] scared ] chased ] fell. [28] |
The lack of large scale recursive center embedding has been claimed to be an issue of human short term memory, [29] due to the difficulty of remembering large numbers of pairs of subjects and predicates; the depth of center embedding is for the most part zero in spoken language, and rarely exceeding three in written language. [30] The presence of unlimited center embedding in Heptapod A implies that heptapods can easily handle the cognitive load required to understand multiple center embedding. [28]
In Story of Your Life , Heptapod B, the written language of the heptapods, is described as looking "like fanciful praying mantids drawn in a cursive style, all clinging to each other to form an Escheresque lattice, each slightly different in its stance." [31] The script consists of a series of semagrams. Heptapod B is semasiographic; the language does not have a spoken form. This presents a large difference between the heptapod languages and human language, as all human writing systems are based on the spoken language in some way. [28]
Heptapod B does not contain a word divider (or punctuation altogether) and is not written in a linear fashion, such as in rows or spirals. Instead, sentences are formed by combining the individual semagrams of words to fit together. However, when heptapods write in Heptapod B, they do not write a single semagram and then alter it afterward to form a sentence; instead, semagrams begin with a single continuous line that participates in several clauses as the semagram becomes more complex. This means that one must know the layout of the entire sentence before writing the first stroke. This structure also means that individual graphemes become inseparable from the holistic glyph. [32]
Due to the semasiographic nature of Heptapod B, it contains an entirely separate grammar system to the spoken language, Heptapod A. [28]
Visual inflections are used to show noun declension, including:
Heptapod B does not contain punctuation, as it does not represent spoken language - instead, the syntax of a sentence is determined by the way in which semagrams are combined. Sentences are created by combining two or more semagrams together, and the only indication of a paragraph or page of writing is the size of the semagram. [34] The script demarcates the subject and object of a sentence by orienting the noun in a semagram relative to the verb. Subjects are shown by positioning the strokes for the noun and verb parallel to one another; for objects, these run perpendicular. [35]
Heptapod B functions on Lagrangian Mechanics, a form of classical mechanics that is based on least action principles and describes the motion of objects in terms of energy (i.e. kinetic and potential energy). [36] This differs from Newtonian mechanics, which describes the motion of objects in terms of forces rather than energies. [37]
In Lagrangian Mechanics, if an individual knows the stored energy (potential energy) and moving energy (kinetic energy) of an object, they will have knowledge of both the start and end point of an object's path, and therefore be able to predict the entire path of the object before it begins departing from Point A to Point B. Chiang uses a teleological interpretation of least-action principles to suggest that heptapods view time holistically, and therefore can see both the present and future simultaneously. [38]
In Heptapod A and B, this perception of time is largely present in their free-word order, especially in Heptapod's A conditional clauses, which are not reliant on stating the cause of an event before the consequence of an event. It can also be argued that heptapods' holistic perception of time also impacts the writing method used in Heptapod B, as the entire sentence must be known before writing the first stroke.[ citation needed ]
Chiang stated on an internet forum that his inspiration for including a teleological interpretation of least-action principles in Story of Your Life came from Variational Principles in Dynamics and Quantum Theory, which includes a quote from Max Planck suggesting that least-action principles could reasonably impact an individual's perception of time. [39] [40]
In-universe, the thought processes of the novella's main character are altered after learning the Heptapod languages. This is an example of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and linguistic relativity, which suggests that the language an individual speaks impacts the way they think. The former of these is considered controversial by many linguists, but the theory serves a central role in the languages and the plotline. [41]
Fictional languages are the subset of constructed languages (conlangs) that have been created as part of a fictional setting. Typically they are the creation of one individual, while natural languages evolve out of a particular culture or people group, and other conlangs may have group involvement. Fictional languages are also distinct from natural languages in that they have no native speakers. By contrast, the constructed language of Esperanto now has native speakers.
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign languages. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across time. Human languages possess the properties of productivity and displacement, which enable the creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are not immediately present in the discourse. The use of human language relies on social convention and is acquired through learning.
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.
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Ted Chiang is an American science fiction writer. His work has won four Nebula awards, four Hugo awards, the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, and six Locus awards. His short story "Story of Your Life" was the basis of the film Arrival (2016). He was an artist in residence at the University of Notre Dame in 2020–2021. Chiang is also a frequent non-fiction contributor to the New Yorker Magazine, most recently on topics related to computer technology, such as artificial intelligence.
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Alien languages, i.e. languages of extraterrestrial beings, are a hypothetical subject since none have been encountered so far. The research in these hypothetical languages is variously called exolinguistics, xenolinguistics or astrolinguistics. A group of prominent linguists and animal communication scientists, including Noam Chomsky, have examined such hypothetical languages in the book Xenolinguistics: Towards a Science of Extraterrestrial Language, edited by astrobiologist Douglas Vakoch and linguist Jeffrey Punske. The question of what form alien languages might take and the possibility for humans to recognize and translate them has been part of the linguistics and language studies courses, e.g., at the Bowling Green State University (2001).
In linguistics, center embedding is the process of embedding a phrase in the middle of another phrase of the same type. This often leads to difficulty with parsing which would be difficult to explain on grammatical grounds alone. The most frequently used example involves embedding a relative clause inside another one as in:
"Story of Your Life" is a science fiction novella by American writer Ted Chiang, first published in Starlight 2 in 1998, and in 2002 in Chiang's collection of short stories, Stories of Your Life and Others. Its major themes are language and determinism.
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Patrice Vermette is a Canadian production designer/art director. He is most noted for his work on the films C.R.A.Z.Y., for which he won both the Genie Award for Best Art Direction/Production Design at the 26th Genie Awards and the Jutra Award for Best Art Direction at the 8th Jutra Awards, and Dune, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Production Design at the 94th Academy Awards.
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