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Esperanto and Novial are two different constructed international auxiliary languages. Their main difference is that while Esperanto is a schematic language, with an unvarying grammar, Novial is a naturalistic language, whose grammar and vocabulary varies to try to retain a "natural" sound. Demographically, Esperanto has thousands of times more speakers than Novial.
Both Esperanto and Novial are written using versions of the Latin alphabet. The Esperanto alphabet has 28 letters: 22 without diacritics and 6 with diacritics unique to Esperanto: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ. Novial uses the standard 26 letters of the Latin alphabet with no diacritics.
| Esperanto | IPA | Novial |
|---|---|---|
| A, a | [ a ] | A, a |
| B, b | [ b ] | B, b |
| C, c | [ ts ] | Ts, ts; S, s |
| Ĉ, ĉ | [ tʃ ] | Ch, ch; Sh, sh |
| D, d | [ d ] | D, d |
| E, e | [ e ] or [ ɛ ] | E, e |
| F, f | [ f ] | F, f |
| G, g | [ ɡ ] | G, g |
| Ĝ, ĝ | [ dʒ ] | J, j |
| H, h | [ h ] | H, h |
| Ĥ, ĥ | [ x ] | K, k |
| I, i | [ i ] | I, i |
| J, j | [ j ] | Y, y |
| Ĵ, ĵ | [ ʒ ] | J, j |
| K, k | [ k ] | K, k |
| L, l | [ l ] | L, l |
| M, m | [ m ] | M, m |
| N, n | [ n ] | N, n |
| O, o | [ o ] or [ ɔ ] | O, o |
| P, p | [ p ] | P, p |
| Kv kv | [kv] | Qu, qu |
| R, r | [ r ] | R, r |
| S, s | [ s ] | S, s; Z, z |
| Ŝ, ŝ | [ ʃ ] | Sh, sh; Ch, ch |
| T, t | [ t ] | T, t |
| U, u | [ u ] | U, u |
| Ŭ, ŭ | [u̯] | U, u (after a vowel) |
| V, v | [ v ] | V, v; W, w |
| Ks, ks; kz | [ks],[ɡz] | X, x |
| Z, z | [ z ] | Z, z; S, s |
In Esperanto one letter corresponds to one phoneme and one phoneme to one letter: there are no digraphs. Novial has 3 digraphs: ch, sh and qu; c and q are unique to these digraphs (except in foreign proper nouns) and permit no ambiguity; when s and h are separate phonemes this is indicated by separating with a hyphen: s-h. Novial permits some 2-vowel combinations to be pronounced either as 2 separate vowels or as diphthongs; for example, au, eu and oi may be pronounced as a + w, e + w and o + y, respectively, and ie, io and ia as y + e, y + o and y + a, respectively.
In handwriting neither Esperanto nor Novial presents any problem. However, the diacritics of Esperanto require special methods for typing and printing. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the "h-system", but with the rise of computer word processing a so-called "x-system" has become equally popular. These systems are described in the article Esperanto orthography. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened.
The personal pronouns of Esperanto all end in i and some may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment (especially mi and ni). The personal pronouns of Novial use various vowels making them more distinct, although some differ only in the initial consonant (e.g. nus, vus and lus). A later form of nus – nos, more distinct from vus – has sometimes been used. Novial does not distinguish familiar and polite forms of “you” (e.g. French tu and vous). Novial's inventor argued that such a distinction has no place in a language intended solely for international use. The distinction is available in Esperanto [ citation needed ] but is little used in practice.
| singular | plural | indef. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||||
| familiar | formal | m. | f. | n. | pan-gender | m. | f. | n. | pan-gender | |||||
| English | I | thou¹ | you¹ | he | she | it | they/it | we | you | they | one | |||
| Esperanto | mi | ci¹ | vi¹ | li | ŝi | ĝi | -/ri²/ĝi²/gi | ni | vi | iŝi³ | iĝi³ | ili/iri³ | oni | |
| Novial | me | vu | vu | lo | la | lu | le | nus | vus | los | las | lus | les | on |
² tiu, "that person", is usually used in this circumstance, because many people find it unnatural to use "it" referring to humans.
Apart from Ĝiism and Giism, Hiism and Riism as proposed reforms replace "Fundamento"-pronouns (ri instead of "li, ŝi, ĝi"; or "li" as utrum and hi instead of Fundamento "li"). Other proposals are variations of those four.
³iŝi, iĝi and by extension iri are proposed neologisms
The Novial system displays a systematic correspondence between singular and corresponding plural forms (i.e. vu, vus; lo, los; la, las; lu, lus; le, les). Strictly speaking "we" is not the plural of "I", because "many I’s" is nonsensical. Jespersen suggested that nu, the singular of nus, could be used as a "royal we". The optional marking of sex in Novial, especially in the third person plural, permits greater flexibility than in Esperanto, at least in this case. Exactly the same system is applied to other pronouns and to nouns with natural sex differences.
The system of sex marking for Esperanto nouns is frequently criticised for being asymmetric and male biased. In contrast Novial has one symmetric, unbiased system for both nouns and pronouns which marks either male, female, epicene or inanimate.
The grammars of Novial and Esperanto differ greatly in the way that the various tenses, moods and voices of verbs are expressed. Both use a combination of auxiliary verbs and verb endings. However, Novial uses many more auxiliary verbs and few endings, while Esperanto uses only one auxiliary verb and a greater number of verb endings.
In Novial all verb forms are independent of person (1st, 2nd or 3rd persons) and number (singular or plural). In Esperanto verb forms are independent of the person but compound tenses, with participles, require the participle (which is an adjective) to agree with the subject of the verb in number (singular or plural).
The continuous tenses are less common in both Esperanto and Novial than in English.
In the following table endings are separated from stems by hyphens. Alternative forms with the same meaning are in brackets. In the Esperanto forms (j) indicates agreement when the subject of the verb is plural.
| English | Esperanto | Novial | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | (to) love | am-i | ama |
| Simple present | love(s) | am-as | ama |
| Future | will (shall) love | am-os | sal ama |
| Simple past | loved | am-is | did ama (ama-d) |
| Present perfect | have (has) loved | est-as am-int-a(j) | ha ama |
| Pluperfect | had loved | est-is am-int-a(j) | ha-d ama |
| Future perfect | will (shall) have loved | est-os am-int-a(j) | sal ha ama |
| Future in the past | was going to (would, should) love | est-is am-ont-a(j) | sal-ed ama |
| Conditional | would (should) love | am-us | vud ama |
| Conditional perfect | would (should) have loved | est-us am-int-a(j) | vud ha ama |
| First imperative | let us love! | ni am-u! | let nus ama! |
| Second imperative | love! | am-u! | ama! |
| Third imperative | let him love! | li am-u! | let lo ama! |
| Present continuous | is (am, are) loving | est-as am-ant-a(j) | es ama-nt |
| Future continuous | shall (will) be loving | est-os am-ant-a(j) | sal es ama-nt |
| Past continuous | was (were) loving | est-is am-ant-a(j) | did es (es-ed) ama-nt |
The difference between the passive of becoming and the passive of being is not always immediately obvious to English speakers because their forms can often be the same. However, in English the passive of becoming is often expressed with the verb get in the sense of become as well as with the verb be.
Esperanto uses an appropriate form of the auxiliary verb esti (to be) followed by a passive participle (present, past or future according to sense). With many verbs Esperanto may, instead of the passive voice, use the suffix -iĝ- to form an intransitive verb of becoming, which is conjugated in the active voice (see table below).
Novial uses the auxiliary verb bli (to get, become, be from the equivalent auxiliary verb bli in Scandinavian languages) followed by the root form of the verb. The various tenses and moods are expressed regularly using the other auxiliary verbs ha, had, sal, saled and vud, the word order corresponding to the English.
| English | Esperanto | Novial | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | (to) get absorbed | est-i absorb-at-a(j) (absorb-iĝ-i) | bli absorba |
| Simple present | get(s) absorbed | est-as absorb-at-a(j) (absorb-iĝ-as) | bli absorba |
| Future | will (shall) get absorbed | est-os absorb-at-a(j) (absorb-iĝ-os) | sal bli absorba |
| Simple past | got absorbed | est-is absorb-at-a(j) (absorb-iĝ-is) | bli-d absorba |
| Past perfect | have (has) got absorbed | est-as absorb-it-a(j) (est-as absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | ha bli absorba |
| Pluperfect | had got absorbed | est-is absorb-it-a(j) (est-is absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | ha-d bli absorba |
| Future perfect | will (shall) have got absorbed | est-os absorb-it-a(j) (est-os absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | sal ha bli absorba |
| Future in the past | was going to (would, should) get absorbed | est-is absorb-ot-a(j) (est-is absorb-iĝ-ont-a(j)) | sal-ed bli absorba |
| Conditional | would (should) get absorbed | est-us absorb-at-a(j) (absorb-iĝ-us) | vud bli absorba |
| Conditional perfect | would (should) have got absorbed | est-us absorb-it-a(j) (est-us absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | vud ha bli absorba |
| First imperative | let us get absorbed! | ni est-u absorb-ataj! (ni absorb-iĝ-u!) | let nus bli absorba! |
| Second imperative | get absorbed! | est-u absorb-at-a(j)! (absorb-iĝ-u!) | bli absorba! |
| Third imperative | let him get absorbed! | li est-u absorb-at-a! (li absorb-iĝ-u) | let lo bli absorba! |
| Present continuous | is (am, are) getting absorbed | est-as absorb-at-a(j) (est-as absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | es bli-nt absorba |
| Future continuous | shall (will) be getting absorbed | est-os absorb-at-a(j) (est-os absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | sal es bli-nt absorba |
| Past continuous | was (were) getting absorbed | est-is absorb-at-a(j) (est-is absorb-iĝ-ant-a(j)) | did es (es-ed) bli-nt absorba |
The passive voice of being is generally expressed in English with an appropriate form of the verb to be followed by the past participle. It is formed in the same way in Esperanto and Novial. Note that in contrast to the passive of becoming, in the Novial passive of being the auxiliary verb is followed by the past participle, which ends in -t.
| English | Esperanto | Novial | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | (to) be absorbed | est-i absorb-at-a(j) | es absorba-t |
| Simple present | is (am, are) absorbed | est-as absorb-at-a(j) | es absorba-t |
| Future | will (shall) be absorbed | est-os absorb-at-a(j) | sal es absorba-t |
| Simple past | was absorbed | est-is absorb-at-a(j) | did es (es-ed) absorba-t |
| Past perfect | have (has) been absorbed | est-as absorb-it-a(j) | ha es absorba-t |
| Pluperfect | had been absorbed | est-is absorb-it-a(j) | ha-d es absorba-t |
| Future perfect | will (shall) have been absorbed | est-os absorb-it-a(j) | sal ha es absorba-t |
| Future in the past | was going to (would, should) be absorbed | est-is absorb-ot-a(j) | sal-ed es absorba-t |
| Conditional | would (should) be absorbed | est-us absorb-at-a(j) | vud es absorba-t |
| Conditional perfect | would (should) have been absorbed | est-us absorb-it-a(j) | vud ha es absorba-t |
| First imperative | let us be absorbed! | ni est-u absorb-ataj! | let nus es absorba-t! |
| Second imperative | be absorbed! | est-u absorb-at-a(j)! | es absorba-t! |
| Third imperative | let him be absorbed! | li est-u absorb-at-a! | let lo es absorba-t! |
In Esperanto, most words are created from a set number of roots, endings, and affixes. This allows for a comparatively low number of words to be extended to a described vocabulary, resulting in easy learning. However, some[ who? ] argue that results in heavy reliance on common affixes. For example, Esperanto notoriously[ according to whom? ] relies heavily on the prefix mal- to form the opposite of an adjective or verb. The equivalent prefix in Novial, des-, is used to a much lesser degree.
Here is the Lord's Prayer in both languages:
Esperanto version:
| Novial version:
|
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