Interglossa | |
---|---|
Created by | Lancelot Hogben |
Date | 1943 |
Setting and usage | international auxiliary language |
Purpose | Constructed language
|
Sources | Latin and Greek |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | igs |
igs | |
Glottolog | inte1261 |
Interglossa (lit. "between + language") is a constructed language devised by biologist Lancelot Hogben during World War II, as an attempt to put the international lexicon of science and technology, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, into a language with a purely isolating grammar. Interglossa was published in 1943 as just a draft of an auxiliary. [1] Hogben applied semantic principles to provide a reduced vocabulary of just over 880 words which might suffice for basic conversation among peoples of different nationality.
A descendant of Interglossa is Glosa (1970s–), which expanded and made changes to the words of the language.
In 1943 Hogben published Interglossa: A draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order. As a professor, Hogben had seen how hard it was for the students to memorize the terms of biology, as they were poorly acquainted with etymology and the classical languages. So he began to show them the international Greek and Latin roots of these terms to aid their memory. He started to compile a vocabulary, and later, during World War II at Birmingham, he devised some guidelines of syntax, thus completing the draft of a new auxiliary language especially based on the lexicon of modern science:
Because natural science is the only existing form of human co-operation on a planetary scale, men of science, who have to turn to journals published in many languages for necessary information, are acutely aware that the babel of tongues is a social problem of the first magnitude. Men of science, more than others, have at their finger-tips an international vocabulary which is already in existence (...)
— Hogben (1943, p. 7)
Eventually, Hogben became convinced that such an auxiliary language appeared to be more necessary than ever before, so he decided to publish his proposal, insisting that it was simply a draft:
A good enough reason for publishing this draft is that the post-war world may be ripe, as never before, for recognition of need for a remedy which so many others have sought. When need becomes articulate, it will be relatively simple for an international committee (...).
(...) the author modestly consigns this first draft in the hope that readers will make suggestions and offer constructive criticisms as a basis for something better. It is not a primer for the beginner.— Hogben (1943, p. 7)
Interglossa might be seen as the draft of its descendant auxiliary language Glosa, [2] which has partly changed and expanded the lexicon.
Interglossa has a Latin alphabet using the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet without any diacritics.
Capital letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
Lower case | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z |
IPA phonemes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | k | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | k | r | s | t | u | v | w | k s | i | z |
Most letters of the alphabet are pronounced in accordance with the symbols of the international phonetic alphabet, with the following exceptions:
In the following initial consonant combinations, the first element is silent: ct-, gn-, mn-, pn-, ps-, pt-.
These rules admit of no inconsistencies. The inconvenience of having a few anomalies which go into a dozen lines of print is far less than the disadvantage which would result from mutilating roots beyond visual recognition.
— Hogben (1943, p. 30)
The stress is generally on the penultimate syllable, e.g. billeta (ticket), nesia (island). If the word ends with two vowels (-io, -ia, etc.), these might sound as a diphthong. But Hogben rather keeps a hiatus, stating that the stress in nesia is on the antepenultimate syllable (thus analysed as nE-si-a, not *nE-sia).
A classification of parts of speech relevant to an isolating language would not follow the categories appropriate to the flexional system of the Indo-European group. The vocables of Interglossa can be classified following the function of individual vocables in the “sentence-landscape” [1] (p. 32-3):
For ready recognition, a language free of flexions can benefit from two types of signposts of “sentence-landscape”:articles (see “Parts of Speech”), and terminals (that is, final vowels):
Hogben prefers to have this number of exceptions instead of the disadvantage of mutilating a familiar international stem or of unduly lengthening the word. [1] (p. 37)
Interglossa is a purely isolating language like Chinese, not depending on suffixes, neither flexional nor derivational, yet it uses a kind of composites whose second component is a monosyllabic noun. Like in Chinese (and English), composite nouns are essential, and so is the context. According to Hogben, such composite nouns may be self-explicit while we take into account its common context of use [1] (p. 21).
Interglossa provides a minimal grammar with a series of syntactic rules, yet differing from the usual grammar of inflexional-agglutinative languages like the Indo-European ones:
Inevitably, we find our-selves gravitating away from the grammatical pattern of the Aryan [Indo-European] family to a more universal idiom with features common to Chinese. The result is that learning a language so designed is a lively training in clear thinking of a kind which anyone can usefully undertake. In fact, the grammar of Interglossa, as is largely true of Basic English, is semantics.
— Hogben (1943, p. 24)
Unlike other auxiliary languages, Hogben's Interglossa tends to adopt the international words from Greek, on account of the intense infiltration of Greek roots into everyday life, which come from modern science and technology. For instance: microbe, microphone, telephone, etc. [1] (p. 30). Even so, a great part of the lexicon is of Latin origin. The term Inter-glossa itself is composed of the Latin inter and the Greek glossa. At times Hogben wavers between Greek and Latin, and suggests pairs of equivalent synonyms (e.g. hypo and infra, soma and corpora), for an eventual international committee to decide between them.
Mass observation on the basis of questionnaires sent out to different groups of people of different nationalities would settle which words in each pigeon-hole are entitled to first-rank.
— Hogben (1943, p.15-16)
In 1943 Hogben announced the preparation of an additional volume, A short English-Interglossa Dictionary. It seems that this volume was not in fact published. Its manuscript is kept among Hogben's papers at the University of Birmingham, [3] and was put online in 2014. [4]
The following is the Lord's Prayer, in Interglossa “U Petitio de Christi” [1] (p. 242):
Interglossa version: | Text in Greek: | English version (with final doxology): |
Na Parenta in Urani: | Πάτερ ημών ο εν τοις ουρανοίς, | Our Father who art in heaven, |
Hogben provides a numbered list of 880 words with etymologic clues. [1] (pp. 256–82) Some of the items (about 100) are pairs of synonyms, for example: dirigo / controlo (item no. 185).
Hogben also provides an additional list of 74 international words, so actually there would be a lexicon of 954.
Hogben finally provides an alphabetical list (pp. 249–56), which unfortunately has frequent mistakes in the item numbers (here corrected).
Syllables in bold type are "generic substantives" used in compound words.
Item no. | Word |
---|---|
483 | abdomini |
551 | acantha |
141 | accido |
784 | acidi |
463 | acouste |
142 | acro |
464 | acte |
143 | activo |
733 | acu |
144 | acuto |
076 | a(d) |
180 | adapto |
145 | adhesio |
146 | aero |
147 | aetio |
809 | agenda |
455 | aggresso |
631 | agri |
148 | algo |
149 | alieno |
102 | allo |
633 | alluvia |
150 | alto |
151 | amico |
703 | amorphi |
669 | ampulla |
552 | amygda |
670 | amyla |
004 | an |
553 | ana |
152 | anemo |
175 | angio |
061 | anni |
554 | anseri |
077 | antero |
785 | anthraci |
103 | anti |
810 | anthropi |
556 | api |
078 | apo |
734 | ara |
274 | arbitro |
153 | archo |
786 | argenta |
811 | arma |
329 | aromo |
154 | arrogo |
484 | arthri |
812 | arti |
735 | artilleri |
669 | asci |
556 | asini |
772 | aspi |
155 | assuro |
633 | astra |
634 | asyla |
704 | atria |
156 | attendo |
334 | attitudo |
463 | audie |
787 | aura |
153 | authorito |
009 | auto |
557 | avi |
736 | axi |
737 | baci |
635 | baia |
705 | balconi |
465 | balle |
813 | banca |
157 | baro |
158 | baso |
159 | batho |
028 | bi |
814 | bibli |
160 | bibo |
815 | billeta |
161 | bio |
738 | blada |
162 | blasto |
739 | bomba |
079 | boreo |
558 | bovi |
485 | brachi |
163 | bronto |
558 | brya |
486 | bucca |
560 | bulba |
816 | bureau |
671 | bursa |
672 | butyri |
673 | caca |
674 | cafa |
487 | calca |
196 | callo |
675 | calyci |
861 | cambio |
561 | cameli |
047 | cameri |
676 | campani |
562 | canabi |
636 | canali |
563 | canceri |
564 | cani |
488 | cantha |
164 | canto |
460 | capacito |
546 | capilla |
817 | capitali |
818 | capitula |
819 | capsa |
165 | captivo |
788 | carba |
489 | cardia |
740 | cardo |
565 | cari |
682 | carni |
566 | carpa |
490 | carpi |
637 | carta |
874 | cartoni |
617 | casea |
166 | catalyso |
741 | catena |
548 | cauda |
567 | caula |
104 | causo |
167 | cavito |
168 | celebro |
169 | celero |
037 | centi |
706 | centra |
491 | cephali |
707 | cera |
492 | cerebra |
168 | ceremonio |
170 | certifo |
155 | certo |
568 | cervi |
492 | cervica |
862 | charito |
494 | chiri |
171 | chloro |
678 | choani |
172 | cholo |
495 | chondra |
173 | choro |
820 | christi |
174 | chromo |
062 | chron |
569 | chyma |
863 | cido |
789 | cigara |
790 | cigaretta |
570 | citra |
821 | classi |
175 | claustro |
742 | clavi |
743 | cleidi |
105 | cleisto |
176 | clepto |
638 | clima |
679 | clinica |
177 | clino |
571 | cochlea |
572 | cocoa |
167 | coelo |
178 | cogito |
179 | coito |
744 | colea |
791 | colla |
822 | coloni |
708 | columni |
180 | comico |
823 | commisari |
824 | commita |
181 | communo |
825 | compani |
106 | comparo |
182 | competo |
839 | computo |
864 | concessio |
530 | concha |
107 | conditio |
680 | confecti |
183 | confessio |
871 | confusio |
108 | congruo |
709 | coni |
573 | coniferi |
184 | consolo |
639 | continenti |
080 | contra |
185 | controlo |
745 | copa |
505 | copra |
746 | copula |
514 | cornua |
681 | corona |
541 | corpora |
875 | corpuscula |
747 | coryna |
640 | cosmi |
496 | costa |
534 | coxa |
497 | crania |
826 | crati |
682 | crea |
186 | credito |
187 | credo |
792 | creta |
188 | critico |
710 | cruci |
189 | cryo |
190 | crypto |
793 | crystali |
748 | cteni |
711 | Cuba |
574 | cucurbi |
191 | culino |
192 | culto |
794 | cupra |
193 | curo |
206 | curso |
194 | curvo |
195 | cyano |
712 | cycli |
575 | cygni |
713 | cylindri |
498 | cysti |
499 | cyti |
500 | dactyli |
827 | data |
466 | date |
109 | de |
129 | debito |
036 | deca |
196 | decoro |
197 | defecto |
198 | demo |
199 | demonstro |
576 | dendra |
501 | denti |
749 | dentili |
501 | dermi |
641 | deserta |
200 | desicco |
467 | detecte |
642 | detriti |
081 | dextro |
063 | di |
468 | dicte |
353 | dieto |
865 | diffusio |
110 | digito |
297 | diluto |
185 | dirigo |
750 | disca |
828 | discipuli |
201 | disputo |
202 | dissipo |
203 | divino |
204 | diviso |
048 | domi |
097 | dorsi |
205 | dramo |
206 | dromo |
207 | duco |
064 | duro |
208 | dyno |
551 | echini |
209 | eco |
084 | ecto |
751 | elasti |
210 | electio |
211 | electro |
212 | elemento |
577 | elepha |
503 | entera |
065 | eo |
082 | epi |
213 | equatio |
469 | eque |
578 | equi |
214 | ergo |
518 | eri |
215 | erro |
216 | erythro |
130 | espero |
217 | espio |
470 | esthe |
158 | evido |
218 | eu |
083 | e(x) |
219 | examino |
220 | excesso |
221 | expecto |
219 | experimento |
222 | experto |
163 | explosio |
084 | extra |
579 | faba |
223 | fabrico |
504 | facia |
224 | facilo |
471 | facte |
752 | falci |
829 | famili |
225 | famo |
315 | fantaso |
643 | farina |
049 | fascio |
226 | fatigo |
005 | fe |
505 | feci |
580 | feli |
714 | fenestra |
227 | fero |
795 | ferra |
228 | fertilo |
050 | fi |
622 | fici |
830 | fili |
581 | filici |
229 | fino |
230 | fisco |
231 | fissuro |
232 | fixo |
233 | flagello |
234 | flavoro |
866 | flexio |
582 | flora |
644 | fonta |
867 | foramino |
715 | forma |
583 | formici |
831 | formula |
235 | forto |
236 | fortuno |
716 | fossa |
237 | fracto |
238 | frequo |
239 | frictio |
240 | frigo |
241 | frustro |
242 | fugo |
243 | fumo |
111 | functio |
753 | furca |
584 | galli |
244 | gameo |
796 | gasi |
506 | gastri |
832 | gazeta |
472 | ge |
162 | gemmo |
473 | gene |
245 | geneto |
018 | geno |
683 | geli |
645 | geo |
876 | glacia |
754 | gladi |
507 | glandi |
246 | glauco |
508 | glena |
509 | glossa |
247 | gluco |
585 | gluma |
510 | glutea |
664 | glypha |
511 | gnatha |
248 | gono |
586 | gossypi |
249 | grado |
716 | grami |
587 | gramini |
833 | gramma |
250 | grapho |
251 | gratio |
252 | gravito |
253 | gravo |
254 | grego |
834 | gyna |
255 | gyro |
474 | habe |
512 | haema |
256 | hagio |
797 | hali |
212 | haplo |
588 | harengi |
112 | harmono |
131 | hedo |
207 | hegemo |
646 | heli |
755 | helica |
257 | helico |
626 | helminthi |
258 | helo |
040 | hemi |
513 | hepa |
033 | hepta |
066 | hespero |
259 | hetero |
032 | hexa |
260 | historo |
021 | holo |
589 | homari |
590 | homini |
113 | homo |
067 | hora |
591 | hordea |
261 | horizo |
647 | horti |
262 | humano |
263 | hydro |
085 | hypo |
178 | ideo |
868 | idio |
264 | immuno |
265 | impacto |
836 | imperia |
266 | impero |
086 | in |
756 | inci |
110 | indico |
837 | industri |
835 | infanti |
267 | inflatio |
085 | infra |
268 | inhibito |
051 | instrumenti |
269 | insuro |
087 | inter |
270 | investo |
271 | iodeo |
172 | iro |
044 | iso |
272 | itero |
273 | itinero |
832 | journali |
274 | judico |
275 | juro |
514 | kerati |
038 | kilo |
475 | kine |
515 | labi |
516 | lacrima |
517 | lacti |
088 | laevo |
757 | lamina |
717 | lampa |
518 | lana |
758 | lancea |
276 | lapso |
089 | latero |
592 | latici |
396 | latrio |
277 | laudo |
278 | lavo |
279 | lecto |
280 | lego |
593 | legumi |
594 | lepi |
519 | lepidi |
281 | leuco |
331 | liabilo |
282 | liberalo |
283 | libero |
284 | libido |
285 | ligato |
286 | limito |
648 | limni |
595 | lina |
287 | lineo |
520 | lipi |
288 | liquo |
052 | lithi |
718 | litri |
090 | littora |
053 | loco |
289 | logo |
290 | longo |
521 | lophi |
166 | lubrico |
878 | luciferi |
291 | luco |
649 | luna |
596 | lupi |
292 | luteo |
759 | lyra |
293 | lyso |
760 | machina |
294 | magico |
295 | magneto |
045 | major |
761 | mallea |
296 | malo |
297 | mano |
798 | margara |
650 | mari |
684 | marsupia |
869 | massago |
298 | masso |
054 | materia |
299 | maturo |
055 | mechani |
022 | mega |
300 | melano |
308 | memo |
068 | mensi |
301 | merco |
091 | meridio |
019 | mero |
092 | meso |
799 | metali |
638 | meteori |
302 | methodo |
719 | metri |
114 | metro |
001 | mi |
023 | micro |
303 | milito |
039 | million |
762 | mimi |
651 | mina |
069 | mini |
304 | ministro |
046 | minor |
115 | minus |
305 | miro |
306 | miso |
763 | missili |
685 | mitra |
307 | mixo |
308 | mnemo |
056 | mobili |
309 | monito |
027 | mono |
652 | monti |
310 | mordo |
132 | moro |
311 | morpho |
312 | morto |
476 | mote |
008 | mu |
653 | muci |
720 | mura |
597 | muri |
838 | musea |
313 | musico |
314 | muto |
539 | mya |
039 | myria |
315 | mytho |
003 | na |
316 | narco |
522 | nari |
523 | nasa |
317 | natio |
318 | nato |
764 | navi |
655 | nebuli |
319 | necro |
133 | necesso |
870 | necto |
320 | negotio |
321 | neo |
656 | nepheli |
524 | nephri |
655 | nesia |
525 | neura |
623 | nicoti |
070 | nocti |
322 | nocuo |
323 | nomino |
324 | nomo |
043 | no(n) |
035 | nonnea |
325 | normo |
839 | nota |
326 | nullo |
327 | numero |
071 | nu(n) |
328 | occasio |
093 | occidento |
765 | occlu |
657 | oceani |
034 | octa |
526 | oculi |
329 | odoro |
527 | oesophagi |
330 | offero |
686 | olea |
014 | oligo |
331 | onero |
332 | oppresso |
528 | ora |
596 | orangi |
333 | ordino |
877 | organa |
334 | orientatio |
094 | oriento |
335 | orno |
336 | ortho |
453 | oscillo |
337 | osculo |
529 | ostea |
530 | ostraca |
531 | oti |
532 | ova |
721 | ovali |
599 | ovi |
338 | oxidatio |
144 | oxyo |
339 | pachyo |
340 | paco |
341 | paleo |
699 | pallia |
015 | pan |
687 | pani |
600 | panica |
342 | papillo |
800 | papyri |
095 | para |
343 | parallelo |
344 | paralyso |
345 | parasito |
346 | pardo |
840 | parenta |
254 | partio |
347 | patho |
748 | pectini |
348 | pecunio |
533 | pedi |
349 | pedio |
766 | peleci |
534 | pelvi |
116 | pendo |
350 | penito |
767 | penna |
351 | peno |
031 | penta |
117 | per |
477 | perde |
383 | perforato |
096 | peri |
134 | permito |
871 | perplexo |
332 | persecuto |
601 | persica |
007 | persona |
041 | petitio |
801 | petrolea |
352 | phaeo |
353 | phago |
354 | phanero |
135 | pheno |
355 | philo |
878 | phlogista |
356 | phobo |
602 | phoeni |
357 | phono |
358 | phoro |
359 | photo |
658 | phrea |
360 | phreno |
603 | phylla |
361 | physio |
604 | phyta |
362 | picto |
535 | pinna |
605 | pisa |
606 | pisci |
768 | pista |
688 | placa |
363 | plano |
802 | plasti |
364 | plato |
365 | pleno |
366 | plico |
013 | plu |
803 | plumba |
118 | plus |
367 | pluto |
368 | pluvio |
369 | pneumo |
536 | poda |
841 | poeti |
246 | polio |
842 | politica |
843 | polizi |
016 | poly |
607 | pomi |
721 | ponti |
722 | porta |
136 | posso |
072 | post |
844 | posta |
119 | postulo |
659 | potami |
608 | potati |
137 | poto |
370 | praxo |
073 | pre |
371 | premio |
138 | preparo |
723 | prisma |
372 | privilegio |
102 | pro |
373 | producto |
374 | profito |
342 | projectio |
845 | proletari |
375 | promisso |
846 | propaganda |
376 | proposo |
847 | propria |
848 | prosa |
724 | prosceni |
377 | prospecto |
378 | protesto |
139 | proto |
121 | proximi |
609 | pruni |
661 | psamma |
379 | pseudo |
537 | pteri |
380 | publico |
381 | pudo |
538 | pulmoni |
689 | pulvini |
382 | puro |
510 | pygea |
383 | pylo |
725 | pyrami |
610 | pyri |
384 | pyro |
726 | quadra |
385 | qualito |
042 | questio |
326 | quito |
024 | quo |
386 | radio |
611 | rami |
387 | rapo |
388 | raso |
389 | ratio |
006 | re |
478 | reacte |
414 | recepto |
727 | recessi |
010 | recipro |
390 | recto |
391 | reflecto |
849 | regi |
392 | religio |
524 | rena |
850 | rentieri |
393 | reparo |
209 | resido |
394 | residuo |
395 | resisto |
369 | respiro |
396 | revero |
769 | reti |
097 | retro |
612 | rhabdi |
397 | rheo |
613 | rhiza |
398 | rhodo |
399 | rigo |
400 | riso |
168 | rituo |
770 | rota |
051 | ru |
401 | rugo |
660 | rura |
690 | sacari |
671 | sacci |
841 | sacramenta |
256 | sacro |
402 | sado |
771 | sagitta |
614 | salmi |
403 | salto |
404 | saluto |
405 | sano |
406 | sapio |
804 | saponi |
407 | sapro |
539 | sarca |
615 | sardini |
025 | satio |
728 | scala |
540 | scapa |
408 | schizo |
409 | scholo |
852 | scientia |
410 | sclero |
411 | scopo |
772 | scuta |
616 | secala |
074 | seci |
853 | secretari |
412 | secto |
691 | sedi |
617 | selachi |
413 | semao |
414 | sensitivo |
805 | sepia |
440 | sepso |
720 | septa |
122 | sequo |
415 | serio |
258 | servo |
773 | seta |
416 | severo |
854 | sibi |
774 | signa |
417 | significo |
661 | sili |
618 | simi |
017 | singulo |
418 | siphono |
715 | skeleta |
419 | societo |
420 | solemno |
428 | solido |
020 | solo |
421 | solutio |
541 | soma |
423 | somno |
422 | sopho |
423 | soporo |
775 | spatula |
424 | specio |
662 | spectra |
619 | sperma |
776 | sphena |
730 | sphera |
879 | sphinctra |
692 | spiriti |
257 | spiro |
425 | sporto |
232 | stabilo |
426 | stalagmo |
806 | stanna |
777 | stapi |
427 | stato |
520 | stea |
428 | stereo |
429 | stigmo |
479 | stimule |
528 | stoma |
693 | strata |
430 | strategico |
011 | su |
620 | suberi |
542 | sudori |
621 | sui |
807 | sulphi |
431 | summatio |
694 | supa |
098 | supero |
622 | syca |
432 | sympto |
123 | syn |
778 | syringi |
433 | systemo |
623 | tabaca |
124 | tacto |
388 | talo |
695 | tapea |
156 | tardo |
543 | tarsi |
779 | taxi |
696 | tea |
222 | techno |
731 | tecti |
099 | tele |
855 | telefon |
856 | telegram |
075 | tem |
126 | tendo |
480 | tene |
434 | tensio |
140 | tentato |
663 | terra |
697 | testa |
435 | testimonio |
030 | tetra |
057 | texti |
305 | thaumo |
698 | theca |
544 | thela |
857 | thema |
436 | theo |
437 | thermo |
545 | thoraci |
699 | toga |
438 | tolero |
624 | tomati |
439 | tono |
100 | topo |
440 | toxo |
481 | tracte |
101 | trans |
700 | trapeza |
441 | traumo |
749 | trepana |
029 | tri |
546 | tricha |
625 | tritica |
442 | tropo |
002 | tu |
732 | tubi |
701 | tunica |
664 | tunneli |
443 | turbo |
780 | tympana |
444 | typo |
099 | ultra |
445 | umbro |
012 | un |
547 | ungua |
446 | uniformo |
447 | unio |
880 | unita |
858 | universita |
872 | universo |
548 | ura |
665 | urani |
666 | urba |
549 | urini |
550 | uteri |
873 | utilo |
448 | vacuo |
781 | vagoni |
667 | valli |
449 | valo |
859 | valuta |
450 | vaporo |
314 | vario |
058 | vasa |
782 | vecti |
783 | vela |
169 | veloco |
451 | vendo |
860 | verba |
452 | verito |
626 | vermi |
126 | verso |
627 | vespi |
059 | vesto |
668 | via |
453 | vibro |
127 | vice |
454 | victo |
544 | villi |
702 | vini |
455 | violo |
456 | viro |
482 | vise |
457 | visito |
628 | viti |
808 | vitri |
458 | vivo |
459 | voco |
128 | volo |
460 | volumo |
461 | vulno |
629 | vulpi |
292 | xantho |
149 | xeno |
026 | zero |
630 | zoa |
060 | zona |
462 | zygo |
881* | acarina |
882* | alfalfa |
883* | alga |
884* | alkali |
885* | Anguilla |
886* | anura |
887* | anus |
888* | araneida |
889* | area |
890* | arteria |
891* | avena |
892* | bacteria |
893* | banana |
894* | betula |
895* | branchia |
896* | brassica |
897* | camera |
898* | capra |
899* | carina |
900* | cetacea |
901* | chela |
902* | chelonia |
903* | coleoptera |
904* | corolla |
905* | coryza |
906* | crocodilia |
907* | diptera |
908* | dyspepsia |
909* | embryo |
910* | erica |
911* | fungi |
912* | gemini |
913* | inertia |
914* | insecta |
915* | lacertilia |
916* | lactuca |
917* | larva |
918* | lens |
919* | leo |
920* | lepidoptera |
921* | libra |
922* | mamma |
923* | manifesto |
924* | maxima |
925* | mica |
926* | minima |
927* | nausea |
928* | ophidia |
929* | oryza |
930* | ostrea |
931* | pediculina |
932* | pelecypoda |
933* | piano |
934* | picea |
935* | porifera |
936* | protesta |
937* | pterygia |
938* | pyrexia |
939* | reptilia |
940* | sago |
941* | saliva |
942* | scorpionida |
943* | sex |
944* | silica |
945* | siphanaptera |
946* | soya |
947* | trachea |
948* | ursa |
949* | vena |
950* | vertebra |
951* | violin |
952* | virgo |
953* | viscera |
954* | zea |
In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and articles to indicate number, case, gender, and a number of other grammatical categories. Meanwhile, the inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation.
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area around present-day Rome, but through the power of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian region and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin remained the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition.
The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions, it forms the Latin script that is used to write English and other modern European languages. With modifications, it is also used for other alphabets, such as the Vietnamese alphabet. Its modern repertoire is standardised as the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Z is the 26th and last letter of the Latin alphabet, as used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual names in English are zed and zee, with an occasional archaic variant izzard.
A noun is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech is a category of words that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar syntactic behavior, sometimes similar morphological behavior in that they undergo inflection for similar properties and even similar semantic behavior. Commonly listed English parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, numeral, article, and determiner.
English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts.
Chechen is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.5 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia and Georgia.
Sona is an international auxiliary language created by Kenneth Searight and described in a book he published in 1935. The word Sona in the language itself means "auxiliary neutral thing". Contrary to popular belief, the similarity to the English word 'sonorous' is superficial.
Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua (IL de ApI) or Peano's Interlingua (abbreviated as IL), is an international auxiliary language compiled by the Academia pro Interlingua under chairmanship of the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) from 1887 until 1914. It is a simplified version of Latin, and retains its vocabulary. Interlingua-IL was published in the journal Revue de Mathématiques in an article of 1903 entitled De Latino Sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale (meaning On Latin Without Inflection, International Auxiliary Language), which explained the reason for its creation. The article argued that other auxiliary languages were unnecessary, since Latin was already established as the world's international language. The article was written in classical Latin, but it gradually dropped its inflections until there were none.
A possessive or ktetic form is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership, or a number of other types of relation to a greater or lesser degree analogous to it.
Neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots. New Latin comprises many such words and is a substantial component of the technical and scientific lexicon of English and other languages, via international scientific vocabulary (ISV). For example, bio- combines with -graphy to form biography.
Babm is an international auxiliary language created by the Japanese philosopher Rikichi [Fuishiki] Okamoto (1885–1963). Okamoto first published the language in his 1962 book, The Simplest Universal Auxiliary Language Babm, but the language has not caught on even within the constructed language community, and does not have any known current speakers. The language uses the Latin script as a syllabary, and possesses no articles or auxiliary verbs. Each letter marks an entire syllable rather than a single phoneme. Babm follows a sound-based rule set, which Okamoto outlines in his book. He states "Nouns are coined from three consonants and one vowel, verbs from one or two vowels between two consonants at the beginning and at the end. Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, and propositions have respectively their own peculiar form."
Frater (lingua sistemfrater), an a posteriori international auxiliary language, published in Frater (Lingua sistemfrater). The simplest International Language Ever Constructed, in 1957 by the Vietnamese linguist Phạm Xuân Thái.
Esperanto and Novial are two different constructed international auxiliary languages. Their main difference is that while Esperanto is a schematic language, with an unvarying grammar, Novial is a naturalistic language, whose grammar and vocabulary varies to try to retain a "natural" sound. Demographically, Esperanto has thousands of times more speakers than Novial.
Glosa is a constructed international auxiliary language based on Interglossa. The first Glosa dictionary was published 1978. The name of the language comes from the Greek root glossa meaning tongue or language.
Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from the Codex Argenteus, a 6th-century copy of a 4th-century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic language with a sizeable text corpus. All others, including Burgundian and Vandalic, are known, if at all, only from proper names that survived in historical accounts, and from loanwords in other languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Occitan and French.
In linguistic morphology, inflection is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness. The inflection of verbs is called conjugation, and one can refer to the inflection of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, participles, prepositions and postpositions, numerals, articles, etc., as declension.
Uropi is a constructed language which was created by Joël Landais, a French English teacher. Uropi is a synthesis of European languages, explicitly based on the common Indo-European roots and aims at being used as an international auxiliary language for Europe and thus contributing to building a European identity.
There are several crucial differences between Lojban and Loglan, two logical constructed languages. The main one is of the sounding of the core words, which, however, have similar phonotactics in both languages. Most grammatical particles also sound differently. Lojban alphabet lacks the letters q, w, h, but has the letter x and ' (apostrophe).