History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia

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Grave of some of the 57 Irish victims of Duffy's Cut in West Laurel Hill Cemetery Duffys Cut Cross West Laurel Hill.JPG
Grave of some of the 57 Irish victims of Duffy's Cut in West Laurel Hill Cemetery

People of Irish descent form the largest ethnic group in the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding counties. [1] The Irish have lived in Philadelphia since the pre-American Revolution period. Irishmen had participated in pro-Revolutionary activities in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War. [2] Like many American cities in the 19th century, Philadelphia, which was once a Quaker stronghold, changed dramatically with the influx of European immigrants. The first major influx of Irish came in 1844 from rural areas, spurred by the Irish Famine. Because of the Quaker belief and pledge of religious tolerance, Irish Catholics and Protestants, among others, made the city incredibly diverse. Philadelphia at the time had a need for industrial labor, [3] and at the time Philadelphia was becoming a major industrial center in the United States. [4] Irish took industrial positions. In the 1840s and 1850s, anti-Catholic sentiment grew against the Irish, and eventually led up to riots, such as the Philadelphia nativist riots and the Lombard Street riot. Eventually the Irish gained financial and social status in the latter half of the 19th century and founded institutions during the period. Many Irish Philadelphians would later move on to other major Americans cities, such as Detroit, Milwaukee, Seattle, and St. Louis.

Contents

Philadelphia's Irish population have left their mark in a number of ways. Traditionally, the Philadelphia Police Department and Philadelphia Fire Department have always had a large Irish American influence. [5] Many neighborhoods, such as Kensington and Fishtown of Northeast Philadelphia, and Pennsport of South Philadelphia are still heavily Irish. One of the most prominent Irish Philadelphians was Grace Kelly, an acclaimed actress who became Princess of Monaco. Prominent local politicians past and present, such as James Logan, would have an impact as well. The Irish were also responsible for establishing many Catholic institutions, such as St. Joseph's University, La Salle University, and Villanova University. [3]

History

Pre- and early America

The Irish had a major impact on the city even prior to its inception. William Penn, founder of Philadelphia and the Province of Pennsylvania, had notable ties to Ireland. [6] Penn converted to Quakerism as a result of a sermon preached in Cork. [6]

The Irish Catholics were a recognizable part in the city in the pre-Revolutionary War years. [7] Philadelphia had a large presence of Irish bars and taverns, such as "Isabella Barry's Faithful Irishman", and "The Jolly Irishman". [7] Patriotism became a well known characteristic of Irish in Philadelphia during the Revolution. [8]

The Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick was founded in 1771. [3]

Commodore John Barry statue in front of Independence Hall Johnbarryindependencehall2.JPG
Commodore John Barry statue in front of Independence Hall

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Philadelphia was in 1771. [9] Prior to the first parade, the Irish were already celebrating St. Patrick's Day in Philadelphia. Before the America republic was founded, Irishmen came together in 1771 to pay honor to Ireland's patron as founding members of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick for the relief of Emigrants from Ireland. George Washington, who has encouraged the many Irish soldiers under his command during the American Revolution to fete St. Patrick's Day, was an honorary member of this society. The designation of March 17 as a day of special observance was a very early Philadelphia custom. [10] Philadelphia's Saint Patrick's Day parade is the second oldest in the United States. [11]

Many Irish fought in the Battle of White Marsh during the Philadelphia campaign in the Revolutionary War. [12] Perhaps no Irishman would have a bigger impact during the Revolutionary War than John Barry. He came to be widely credited as "The Father of the American Navy" (and shares that moniker with John Paul Jones) and was appointed a captain in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775. [13] He was the first captain placed in command of a US warship commissioned for service under the Continental flag. [14] After the war, he became America's first commissioned naval officer, at the rank of commodore, receiving his commission from President George Washington in 1797.

19th century

Enclosure at Duffy's Cut where the majority of the remains are believed to rest, possibly after having been moved. Duffys Cut enclosure.jpg
Enclosure at Duffy's Cut where the majority of the remains are believed to rest, possibly after having been moved.

Several Irish associations were formed in the 19th century. The first mutual aid groups to support individual counties were those for County Donegal and County Mayo, and others were subsequently formed. The Total Abstinence Brotherhood was founded to promote Catholic-based morality and an abstinence from alcohol. The Clan na Gael and the Fenian Brotherhood were formed to support Ireland-based nationalist groups. [3] Some groups had Philadelphia-based chapters with their own meeting halls. They included the Ancient Order of the Hibernians, The Irish Catholic Benevolent Union, and the Irish League. [16]

Duffy's Cut

Duffy's Cut is the name given to a stretch of railroad tracks about 30 miles west of Philadelphia, originally built for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in the summer and fall of 1832. The line later became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Main Line. Railroad contractor Philip Duffy hired 57 Irish immigrants to lay this line through the area's densely wooded hills and ravines. The workers came to Philadelphia from the Ulster counties of Donegal, Tyrone and Londonderry to work in Pennsylvania's nascent railroad industry. Less than two months after their arrival, all 57 died during the second cholera pandemic. While most died of the disease, forensic evidence suggests that some may have been murdered, perhaps due to fear of contagion, [17] as the pandemic spanned several continents and many years. [18]

The site is located near Malvern, Pennsylvania, in East Whiteland Township [19] near the intersection of King Road and Sugartown Road, where a Pennsylvania state historical marker has been placed. [20]

The famine generation

"Leacht Cuimhneachain na nGael", Irish famine memorial located in Philadelphia. Irish Memorial in Philadelphia 1.jpg
"Leacht Cuimhneacháin na nGael", Irish famine memorial located in Philadelphia.

By 1846, Philadelphia had received Irish immigrants for six generations, but it was the seventh generation that was to greatly change the city's composition and posture with respect to immigrants. [21] The increase of Irish immigrants in the post-famine years introduced a ghetto system. [21] During the famine, the Society of Friends in Philadelphia distinguished itself by its dedication to the relief of the suffering in Ireland. [21] Although Quaker families had found hospitality and refuge in Ireland in the seventeenth century, they also found hostility. It is a mark of the high principles of these families that many of the descendants of the earlier Quaker emigrants contributed heavily in the 1840s to the Irish.

Nativist and Lombard street riots

The Lombard Street riot was a three-day race riot in 1842. [22] [23] The riot was the last in a 13-year period marked by frequent racial attacks in the city. [24] [25] It started on Lombard Street, between Fifth and Eighth streets. During the years immediately before the riots, there were periodic outbreaks of racial, ethnic and religious violence among Irish Catholics, German Protestants, African Americans and even pacifist Quakers. These were the result of social and economic competition, especially between Irish Catholics and African Americans, who were generally at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Many Irish refused to work on labor teams with African Americans. [23] [24]

Irish Catholics, often competitors for the lowest-paying, unskilled and menial jobs, perceived the city's more successful African-American residents as flaunting their success, setting the stage for blacks to become targets for the immigrants' frustrations and jealous rage. [26] [27]

St. Augustine's Church on fire during the Nativist Riots Riots1844staugestine.jpg
St. Augustine's Church on fire during the Nativist Riots

On the morning of August 1, 1842, a parade was held by over 1,000 members of the black Young Men's Vigilant Association on Philadelphia's Lombard Street between Fifth and Eighth Streets in commemoration of the eighth anniversary of the end of slavery in the British West Indies. [28] As the paraders neared Mother Bethel Church, they were attacked by an Irish Catholic mob. [22] [28] [29] [30] The rioters moved west, setting fires and attacking firefighters and police as they went, heading for the home of African-American leader Robert Purvis. Purvis and his home were reportedly saved from the Irish mob solely by a Catholic priest's intervention. [28]

Requests to the mayor and police for protection initially led to the arrest of several of the victims and none of the rioters. Over three days of attacks, the Second African American Presbyterian Church (on St. Mary's Street near 6th Street), the abolitionist Smith's Hall, and numerous homes and public buildings were looted, burned and mostly destroyed. [30] The mayor had credible evidence of a plan to burn several local churches, which he ignored. Eventually, as the rioting began to subside, the local militia was brought in to restore order. [23] [24]

The Philadelphia Nativist Riots were a series of riots that took place between May 6 and 8 and July 6 and 7, 1844, in the districts of Kensington and Southwark. The riots were a result of rising anti-Catholic sentiment at the growing population of Irish Catholic immigrants. In the five months prior to the riots, nativist groups had been spreading a rumor that Catholics were trying to remove the Bible from public schools. A nativist rally in Kensington erupted in violence on May 6 and started a deadly riot that would result in the destruction of two Catholic churches and numerous other buildings. Riots erupted again in July, after it was discovered that St. Philip Neri's Catholic Church in Southwark had armed itself for protection. Fierce fighting broke out between the nativists and the soldiers sent to protect the church, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. Several Catholic churches were burned. Nationally, the riots helped fuel criticism of the nativist movement, despite denials from nativist groups of responsibility. The riots made deficiencies in law enforcement in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts readily apparent, influencing various reforms in local police departments and the eventual consolidation of the city in 1854.

20th century

During the 20th century the Irish Center/Commodore Barry Club and the Irish American Club raised funds for Irish-related causes through meetings. [31]

The Kelly family

The Kelly family home built by Jack Kelly Sr. in 1929, in the East Falls section of Philadelphia The Kelly Family House in East Falls, Philadelphia 02.JPG
The Kelly family home built by Jack Kelly Sr. in 1929, in the East Falls section of Philadelphia

It was during the 20th century that Philadelphia's most prominent Irish family would gain notice. Jack Kelly Sr. (1889–1960), [32] had won three Olympic gold medals for sculling and owned a successful brickwork contracting company that was well known on the East Coast. A registered Democrat, he was nominated to be mayor of Philadelphia for the 1935 election but lost by the closest margin in the city's history. In later years, he served on the Fairmount Park Commission and, during World War II, was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Two of his brothers were also notable: Walter C. Kelly (1873–1939) was a vaudeville star who also made films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures, and George Kelly (1887–1974) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning dramatist, screenwriter, and director. [33] [ incomplete short citation ]

"Princess Grace of Monaco" Gracia van Monaco (1972).jpg
"Princess Grace of Monaco"

The most well known Kelly family member was Grace Kelly. Grace Kelly was born on November 12, 1929, at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia. [34] She had two older siblings, Margaret (1925–1991) and Jack Jr. (1927–1985), and a younger sister, Elizabeth (1933–2009). The children were raised in the Roman Catholic faith. [35] [36] After embarking on an acting career in 1950, at age 20, Kelly appeared in New York City theatrical productions and more than 40 episodes of live drama productions broadcast during the early 1950s Golden Age of Television. In October 1953, she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo , which won her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination in 1954. Subsequently, she had leading roles in five films, including The Country Girl (1954), for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress. [37] Other films include High Noon (1952) with Gary Cooper, Dial M for Murder (1954) with Ray Milland, Rear Window (1954) with James Stewart, To Catch a Thief (1955) with Cary Grant, and High Society (1956) with Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby.

Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and began her duties as Princess of Monaco. They had three children: Caroline, Albert II, and Stéphanie. Kelly retained her American roots, maintaining dual U.S. and Monégasque citizenship. [38] She died on September 14, 1982, a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car, which caused a crash.

Despite the Irish having a huge influence to the city and area, it wouldn't be until 1962 that Philadelphia would have its first Irish Catholic mayor. James Tate was Mayor Of Philadelphia from 1962 to 1972.

Perhaps the most well known Irish mayor the city ever had was William J. Green III. As mayor, Green was often forced by circumstances to make difficult and unpopular choices. He was required to balance a city budget still at a record high $285 million deficit inherited from Mayor Rizzo, the largest ever inherited by an incoming Philadelphia mayor. The resulting disputes with municipal labor unions, open battles with City Council, quiet disputes with campaign contributors, and an adversarial relationship with the mass media sapped his morale. "Reporters are the type of people who tore the wings off flies when they were young," he complained at the time. His efforts to balance the budget were successful, however, and for the first time in years new businesses were choosing to relocate to Philadelphia, which won a national marketing award during the Green administration. In a city divided by race, Green appointed the first African American managing director, future Mayor Wilson Goode, aggressively supported Joseph Coleman as the first African American president of City Council, and appointed the first African American superintendent of the Philadelphia public schools, Constance Clayton. Another member of his cabinet was the city's first female city solicitor. The Green administration is also remembered for having brought young talent into the City government: Chaka Fattah received his first government job in Green's Commerce Department, one headed by Dick Doran; Ed Deseve, Green's finance director, went on to head the U.S. Office of Management and the Budget in the administration of President Bill Clinton; Bill Marrazo, a Green commissioner of the Philadelphia Water Department, is now president of WHYY, Philadelphia's principal public television station.

Green decided not to seek re-election during the Democratic primary and concentrated on his family when his wife Patricia became pregnant. Pat Green was 40 and Green feared for her health and the health of his unborn child if she faced the stress of a political campaign during the pregnancy. After his youngest child, Maura Elizabeth Green, was born healthy near the end of his term, Green joked, "I am the winner" of the 1983 mayoral contest.

21st century

Then Congressman Patrick Murphy walking in the 2007 Philadelphia St. Patrick's Day Parade Patrick Murphy at Philadelphia St. Patrick's Day Parade.jpg
Then Congressman Patrick Murphy walking in the 2007 Philadelphia St. Patrick's Day Parade

Due to the change in demographics in the city, the Irish are no longer a dominant ethnicity. These events have brought changes to some of the cities neighborhoods that were predominantly known as Irish neighborhoods, such as Fishtown. [39] However, the Irish still have a lasting impact in the city. In 2015, Philadelphia elected Irish American Jim Kenney as the 99th mayor of the city. Several current local politicians of Irish descent include Pat Meehan, Brendan Boyle, currently a member of the US House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's Second District, Mike Stack, who was formerly the 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Murphy, formerly the Secretary of the Army.

Culture

Media

18 Irish newspapers had been established since the 1800s. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia newspaper, the Catholic Standard and Times , has covered news related to Irish affairs. It was founded in 1866. [31]

Irish radio broadcasts appeared during the 20th century. From March 17, 1926, the Irish Hour by Patrick Stanton operated over the radio airwaves, playing Irish music and news broadcasts. Stanton later acquired WJMJ , which played Irish music. [31]

Arts and entertainment

A Philadelphia tradition since the early twentieth century, the Mummers Parade is held each New Year's Day in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is believed to be the oldest folk festival in the United States. [40] Numerous Irish immigrants and Irish-Americans from South Philadelphia became involved in the Mummers Parade as both Mummers performers and parade goers.

Several Irish themed bands have emerged from the area. The Green Fields of America is an ensemble which performs and promotes Irish traditional music in the United States.

"The Green Fields of America" was formed in 1978 in Philadelphia and still led by musician and folklorist Mick Moloney. The band was created to present and tour some of Irish America's finest musicians and dancers. "The Green Fields of America" was the first group on either side of the Atlantic to bring together Irish vocal, instrumental, and dance traditions on the concert and festival stage. Featuring Irish stepdance they introduced their sound to general American audiences.

The television series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" is perhaps the most well known Philadelphia entertainment with an Irish theme. The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.

Cuisine

Irish potato candy, popular around St. Patrick's Day Irish potato candy.JPG
Irish potato candy, popular around St. Patrick's Day

Irish potato candy is a traditional Philadelphia confection that, despite its name, is not from Ireland, and does not usually contain any potato. [41] The candies have a coconut cream inside (generally made from some blend of coconut, confectioner's sugar, vanilla, and cream or cream cheese) and are rolled in cinnamon on the outside, resulting in an appearance reminiscent of small potatoes. [41] [42] The treats are about the size of a large marble and are especially popular around St. Patrick's Day. [41]

Oh Ryan's of Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, claims to be the largest distributor of Irish Potatoes, shipping about 80,000 pounds to major chains and smaller candy stores, mostly in the Philadelphia area. [43] See's Candies, based in South San Francisco, also makes a version composed of a divinity and English walnut interior dusted with cocoa and using pine nuts as potato "eyes." [43] The potatoes are showcased as a seasonal product by Philadelphia-area supermarkets, such as Acme Markets.

Sports

The Phillies started the tradition of wearing green uniforms on St. Patrick's day. Eric Bruntlett 2009.jpg
The Phillies started the tradition of wearing green uniforms on St. Patrick's day.

The Philadelphia Phillies always play at home during spring training on St. Patrick's Day. The Phillies hold the distinction of being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on St. Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. [44]

Rugby is a popular sport within the Philadelphia Irish community. The Philadelphia Whitemarsh RFC, a rugby union team, was founded in 1985, the Philadelphia Fight, a semi-professional rugby league football team, was founded in 1998, and the Northeast Philadelphia Irish, a team within the Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union, was founded in 2011 and has both men and women clubs. [45]

Numerous colleges in the area offer club rugby teams, with most area teams competing as part of the Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union. The Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC), is a college rugby sevens tournament held every June at Talen Energy Stadium near Philadelphia. The CRC is the highest profile college rugby competition in the United States, with the tournament broadcast live on NBC every year. The Collegiate Rugby Championship has succeeded in drawing media attention, corporate sponsorships and attendance. [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] Philadelphia also takes part in hurling, camogie, and Gaelic football. These sports are within the Philadelphia Division GAA Board, which is affiliated to the North American Board. [51]

Crime

The prominent Irish street gang pre-twentieth century were the Schuylkill Rangers headed by Jimmy Haggerty, whose boyhood home was located on Arch Street in the area between Eighteenth and Nineteenth Street known as "McAran's Garden".

After numerous arrests for theft and similar offenses, Haggerty and Schuylkill Ranger Hugh Murphy were convicted of the robbery of a Ninth Street store and sentenced to ten years imprisonment on December 12, 1865. He was pardoned by Governor Andrew G. Curtin eight months later, in part to Haggerty's political connections and his promise to leave the country upon his release, and lived in Canada for a brief time before returning to the city to resume his criminal career. Haggerty remained a major underworld figure in Philadelphia until January 1869 when he was arrested on several counts of assault with intent to kill; during his arrest, he shot the arresting police officer. [52] He was caught trying to escape from prison but was later released on bail and fled the city. Staying in New York for a brief time, he returned to Philadelphia in April to surrender himself to authorities after the wounded police officer had received "hush money". He won both court cases against him, but was ordered at the second trial to return to the Eastern State Penitentiary by the District Attorney for violating the terms of his release. While his lawyers argued the ruling, Haggerty disappeared from the courthouse during a recess in what was suspected to have been a planned escape. [52]

During prohibition, Daniel "Danny" O'Leary fought with Maxie Hoff over control of Philadelphia's bootlegging throughout Prohibition. Jack "Legs" Diamond was a prominent mobster in both Philadelphia and New York City.

In the years following World War II, the K&A Gang was the dominant Irish gang in the city's underworld. A multi-generational organized crime group made up of predominantly Irish and Irish American gangsters, the gang originated from a youth street gang based around the intersections of Kensington and Allegheny, which grew in power as local hoods and blue collar Irish Americans seeking extra income joined its ranks. In time, the group expanded and grew more organised, establishing lucrative markets in gambling, loan sharking, and burglary.

The gang moved into the methamphetamine trade in the late 1980s and expanded into the Fishtown and Port Richmond neighbourhoods. [53] John Berkery, a member of the K&A burglary crew, became leader of the gang, and was influential in expanding the drug trade. In 1987, Scarfo crime family soldier Raymond Martorano, Berkery, and dozens of others, were indicted for their involvement in a large methamphetamine ring. [54]

Demographics

Philadelphia has a high percentage of Irish Americans, making up 14.2% of the population. [55] Due to the change of the city's demographics, most of Philadelphia's Irish population are now in the suburbs. Many surrounding towns have large Irish populations, such as Crum Lynne, Pennsylvania (39.2% Irish), Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania (37.9% Irish), and Gloucester City, New Jersey (38.8% Irish). Havertown, Pennsylvania (21.7% Irish) is often known as the "33rd county," a reference to the 32 counties of Ireland. [56]

Notable individuals

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Global Philadelphia". Global Philadelphia Association. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  2. ↑ Clark, p. 9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Poxon, p. 9.
  4. ↑ Clark, p. 31.
  5. ↑ "Philadelphia Emerald Society" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  6. 1 2 Clark, p. 7.
  7. 1 2 Clark, p. 8.
  8. ↑ Clark, p. 10.
  9. ↑ St. Patrick’s Day Parade: Philadelphia’s long-standing celebration of everything Irish, VisitPhilly.com, Philadelphia, PA: Visit Philadelphia, March 10, 2013, Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  10. ↑ "St. Patrick's Day Parade--Home Page" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Philadelphia's St. Patrick's Day Parade". The St. Patrick's Day Observance Association. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
  12. ↑ McGuire, p. 232. Most notably, Loyalist dragoons were raised by Richard Hovenden in Philadelphia County and Jacob James in Chester County, and a Bucks County regiment raised by Thomas Sandford.
  13. 1 2 Williams, 2008, p. 5.
  14. ↑ Meany, 1911, p. 1.
  15. ↑ "Death on the Railroad". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  16. ↑ Poxon, p. 9-10.
  17. ↑ Watson, William E.; Watson, J. Francis; Schandelmeier, Earl H. & Ahtes, John H. (2006). The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut: The Irish who Died Building America's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railroad. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   0-275-98727-2.
  18. ↑ Crimmins, Peter (March 24, 2009). "Irish Laborers Buried Under Suburban Railroads". Weekend Edition. WHYY/NPR. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  19. ↑ Miller, Jennifer (March 24, 2009). "Bones may reveal Pa. grave of Irish immigrants in Chesco". The (Delaware County) Daily Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  20. ↑ Barry, Dan (March 25, 2013) "With Shovels and Science, a Grim Story Is Told" The New York Times .
  21. 1 2 3 Clark, p. 24.
  22. 1 2 Gregory, Kia. Philadelphia Weekly . Monumental Achievement Archived 2013-01-31 at archive.today , December 7, 2005; accessed April 30, 2008.
  23. 1 2 3 Newlin, Heather. "The Calm After the Storm" Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine , phillyhistory.org; accessed April 30, 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 DuBois, W.E.B. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
  25. ↑ Independence Hall Association. "Philadelphia Timeline, 1842", ushistory.org; accessed April 30, 2008.
  26. ↑ Runcie, John. Pennsylvania History, April 1972, Penn State University Press. "'Hunting the Nigs' in Philadelphia: The Race Riot of August 1834". 39.2, pp 187–218.
  27. ↑ Hopper, Matthew S., Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, "From Refuge to Strength: The Rise of the African American Church in Philadelphia, 1787-1949" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , preservationalliance.com; accessed December 30, 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, "Lombard Street Riots", philaplace.org; accessed August 15, 2012.
  29. ↑ Contosta, Nicole. University City Review, "The Lombard Street Riot: an often-ignored chapter in Philadelphia's history", yudu.com, July 11, 2012; accessed December 28, 2012.
  30. 1 2 The Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, YEARS OF GROWTH AND CHALLENGE, 1830-1880 (archived copy available here), preservationalliance.com; accessed 30 December 2012.
  31. 1 2 3 Poxon, p. 10.
  32. ↑ Jacobs, Laura. "Grace Kelly's Forever Look".
  33. ↑ Leigh 2007
  34. ↑ "High Society (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  35. ↑ Spoto, Donald; Forshaw, Barry (May 28, 2009). "Grace Kelly and Hollywood by Donald Spoto". The Times. UK. Retrieved May 20, 2010. Born in 1929 and raised by stiff-necked Catholic parents in Philadelphia … Philadelphia convent girl (always remaining Roman Catholic) ...
  36. ↑ Jacobs, Laura (May 2010). "Grace Kelly's Forever Look". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  37. ↑ "1954 Academy Awards: Winners and History". AMC Filmsite.
  38. ↑ Buchwald, Art (April 17, 1956). "Grace Kelly Can Retain American Citizenship: Status of Pat Poodle Oliver Not So Clear; His Marriage Could Start Monaco Squabble". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest   166920188.
  39. ↑ "Ancient Order of Hibernians Irish Catholic society, the last of a dying breed in Fishtown". Woodpress. October 19, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  40. ↑ Todt, Ron (January 1, 2012). "Mummers Strut Down Broad Street in Annual Parade". WCAU-TV. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
  41. 1 2 3 "Ohryans: Home". Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  42. ↑ "Irish Potato Candy Recipe" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  43. 1 2 Erin Zimmer Irish 'Potatoes' from See's Candies and Oh Ryan's March 17, 2009 Serious Eats.
  44. ↑ Hagen, Paul (March 18, 2011). "When Tug McGraw broke the color barrier with Phillies". Philadelphia Media Network. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Northeast Philadelphia Irish Rugby". Northeast Philadelphia Irish. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  46. ↑ Gainline.us, 7s tournament points to resurgence of invitationals, Nov. 11, 2011, http://www.gainline.us/gainline/2011/11/7s-tournament-points-to-resurgence-of-invitationals.html
  47. ↑ Bleacher Report, NBC to Broadcast Collegiate Sevens Rugby Championship, March 6, 2010, http://bleacherreport.com/articles/358141-nbc-to-broadcast-collegiate-sevens-championship
  48. ↑ Bleacher Report, Rugby: NBC's Collegiate Sevens Championship Preview, June 3, 2010, http://bleacherreport.com/articles/400735-rugby-nbcs-collegiate-sevens-championship-preview
  49. ↑ Rugby Mag, Fans Can Make Rugby Work on TV – NBC, May 1, 2012, http://www.rugbymag.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4390:fans-can-make-rugby-work-on-tv-nbc&catid=149:usa7s-crc&Itemid=392 Archived 2012-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ The Times Herald, PPL Park to host college rugby championship through 2014, June 3, 2012, http://www.timesherald.com/article/20120603/SPORTS02/120609886/source-ppl-park-to-host-college-rugby-championship-through-2014
  51. ↑ "2006 NORTH AMERICAN COUNTY BOARD GAA CONVENTION" . Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  52. 1 2 "The Haggerty Homicide.; Formal Investigation by Coroner Herrman Evidence by the Eye-Witnesses to the Affray No Verdict Rendered Reddy Admitted to Bail Departure of the Remains for Philadelphia". The New York Times. January 28, 1871.
  53. ↑ Brendan McGarvey (December 18, 2002). "Pole-Vaulting – Another group of Eastern-European gunsels makes its mark". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  54. ↑ Josepha Daugen (August 4, 1987). "Tough Sentence To Be Sought For Berkery". Philadelphia Daily News. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  55. ↑ Trulia (March 15, 2013). "America's Most Irish Towns". Forbes . Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  56. ↑ Leone, Anthony (March 13, 2012). "Irish of Havertown To Join St. Patrick's Day Parade Celebration". Patch Media. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  57. ↑ Heyman 1992, 8.
  58. ↑ "Brendan Boyle, son of Donegal emigrant, wins seat in Congress". The Irish Times. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  59. ↑ Kinney, Monica Yant. "Outsiders Who Made it In". Philadelphia Inquirer.
  60. ↑ Berkvist, Robert (December 14, 2006). "Peter Boyle, 71, Is Dead; Roles Evoked Laughter and Anger". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  61. ↑ Robert Brady profile Archived 2011-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ↑ Doherty, Thomas (2009). Hollywood's Censor: Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration. Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12, 14. ISBN   978-0-231-14359-2.
  63. ↑ "The Irish roots of the world's first supermodel, Gia Carangi, who'd be 57 today" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  64. ↑ Clark, p. 11.
  65. ↑ "Imogene Coca" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  66. ↑ O'Toole, Lesley (November 19, 2012). "Bradley Cooper: Daniel Day-Lewis told me he liked 'The Hangover'". Metro . Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  67. ↑ Bruce Fretts. "Small-screen gem: Kim Delaney – The actress talks about her role on NYPD Blue" (part of cover-story package on NYPD Blue), Entertainment Weekly, Issue 357, December 13, 1996.
  68. ↑ "Jack "Legs" Diamond". A&E Television Networks, LLC . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  69. ↑ "Meet the New Doc. Same as the Old Doc?" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  70. ↑ "John Drew, Jr" . Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  71. ↑ "The Danny Faulkner Story". Fraternal Order of Police. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  72. ↑ http://www.fancast.com/people/Kate-Flannery/107005/biography/about%5B%5D
  73. ↑ Schlegel, Marvin Wilson, Ruler of the Reading: The Life of Franklin B. Gowen, Harrisburg: Archives Publishing Company of Pennsylvania, 1947, pp 3–4; a comprehensive biography of Gowen, but its author notes that "the disappearance of Gowen's personal papers has left tantalizing gaps in his portrait", vii.
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