Impeachment in Alabama

Last updated

The constitution of the U.S. state of Alabama grants its legislature the ability to impeach and remove certain officials. An impeachment vote in the Alabama House of Representatives is followed by an impeachment trial in the Alabama Senate through which an official can be removed from office if convicted.

Contents

State impeachment law

Officials subject to impeachment

There are officials that may be removed from office for similar reasons by court order instead of impeachment. [1]

Grounds for impeachment

The grounds for impeachment specified in the state's constitution are:

Willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, incompetency, or intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors or narcotics to such an extent, in view of the dignity of the office and importance of its duties, as unfits the officer for the discharge of such duties for any offense involving moral turpitude while in office, or committed under color thereof, or connected therewith. [1]

Additionally, the constitution states that "dissatisfaction with the ruling of a judge or justice shall not be a ground upon which impeachment...may proceed." [1] The constitution also states that for judges and justices,

A finding of lack of probable cause or a termination of proceeding without a finding of wrongdoing by either the Judicial Inquiry Commission or Court of the Judiciary shall constitute a complete defense to proceedings of impeachment...and shall bar all further proceedings of impeachment as to the same charge or subject matter. [1]

Per the constitution, any "charge or subject matter" against a judges and justices that has been tried before the state's Court of the Judiciary cannot be a grounds for an impeachment. [1]

Punishment upon conviction

The punishment upon conviction in an impeachment trial is "removal from office, and disqualifications from holding office, under the authority of this state, for the term for which the officer was elected or appointed". [1]

An official is still separately liable for criminal indictment under the law. [1]

Impeachment procedure

Constitutional rules

The Alabama Constitution makes limited specifications about the impeachment process. [2] [3] Impeachment and removal in Alabama is a two-step program, with impeachment in the House of Representatives being followed by an impeachment trial in the Senate. [1]

Per the constitution, after impeaching, the House presents the Senate with articles or charges of impeachment against the impeached official specifying the cause for impeachment. During the impeachment trial, the Senate takes testimony under oath. Conviction in an impeachment trial requires a two-thirds vote of the senators present. [1]

In gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial impeachments, the constitution states that the chief justice of the Supreme Court is to preside. However, if the chief justice is absent or disqualified, the Senate will select an associate justice of the Supreme Court to preside. In all other impeachments, the constitution states that the lieutenant governor will preside. In the case of Supreme Court or appellate judge impeachments, in order for a trial to begin, at least twelve members of the House must verify under oath to the factual basis of the charge upon which an article of impeachment is based. [1]

If the Legislature is not in session, the constitution states that a majority of the membership of the House of Representatives can state in writing to the secretary of state their desire to meet to vote on impeachment of either the governor, lieutenant governor, or any "other officer administrating the office of governor". The secretary of state will be required to, within ten days of receipt of such a notice, to inform the speaker of the House. The speaker will summon the House's members to assemble on a fixed date that will be within fifteen days of the speaker's receipt of such notice to consider impeachment. [1]

After impeachment in the House, the constitution requires that the speaker of the House must notify either the lieutenant governor (in most impeachments) or president pro tempore of the Senate (in the case of lieutenant gubernatorial impeachment), who would then summon the Senate members to meet at the capitol on a fixed date that will be no later than ten days after they receive such notification. The Senate members will meet for the purposes of hearing and trying the articles of impeachment. [1]

While the 1901 Constitution was replaced by a new constitution in 2022, the 2022 constitution retains the same impeachment clause that the 1901 constitution had used since being amended in 2016. [1] [4] The most recent change to the state's constitutional impeachment rules came after Alabama voters voted on November 8, 2016, to approve changes to the 1901 constitution's impeachment language. That constitution's language had previously stated that a majority was needed in order to convict in an impeachment trial, but did not clarify whether this meant a majority of members present or an absolute majority of all members in office. [4] [5] The change altered the vote threshold needed to convict in an impeachment trial to two-thirds of senators present. [4] [5] The change also added members of the Board of Education as officials explicitly listed as impeachable and removed the state superintendent of education from being listed as an impeachable official. Board of Education members are elected officials, while superintendents of education are now appointed by the board members. [4] [5] Other changes were made as well at that time. [4]

Additional rules

In April 2016, during the impeachment attempt against Governor Robert J. Bentley, the House of Representatives voted 79–14 to adopt a change to the legislative chambers' rules that set a process that would need to be followed before an impeachment could take place. First, articles of impeachment would need the support of at least 21 House members. Then, the House Judiciary Committee would examine the articles of impeachment and hold a vote on whether to place them before the full House for a vote. Thereafter, at least 63 members of the House (three-fifths of its full membership) would need to vote to permit the articles of impeachment to be heard on the floor of the House. Only after all of these steps are followed can the House vote by a majority to impeach. [6]

Impeachment effort against Secretary of State John Purifoy (1915)

Secretary of State John Purifoy faced a 1915 impeachment effort after he was accused of bribing an opponent in the 1914 secretary of state Democratic primary election to withdraw their candidacy. [2] [5] After an impeachment inquiry, the House Committee on the Judiciary recommended impeachment and forwarded three articles of impeachment to the House. [7] The effort to impeach Purifoy ultimately failed, [6] with the House voting against impeachment. [5]

Impeachment effort against Governor Robert J. Bentley (2016–17)

Republican governor Robert J. Bentley was subject to an impeachment attempt from 2016 until his resignation in 2017. On March 25, 2016, State Auditor Jim Zeigler, also a Republican, filed an ethics complaint against Bentley for allegations that Bentley had used state property in the course of his extramarital affair with political advisor Rebekah Caldwell Mason. [8] On March 30, 2016, Mason resigned her positions, stating she would no longer serve as the governor's senior political adviser and would no longer receive payment from Bentley's campaign fund. [9] That same day, Republican State Representative Ed Henry announced that he planned to file a resolution calling for the impeachment of Bentley. [10] [11] Additionally, the Alabama Ethics Commission separately opened an investigation into Bentley. [12]

On April 26, 2016, the House passed new rules outlining procedure that would need to be followed before an impeachment vote could be held. [6] [13] The new rules required legislators supporting an impeachment resolution before it could be considered by the House Judiciary Committee, ten more than the proposed impeachment resolution had in terms of sponsors and co-sponsors at the time that these rules were adopted. [13] On April 28, Henry announced that he now had twenty-three other House members join him in supporting his resolution, satisfying the requirement. [14]

In November 2016, upon a request from Republican Attorney General Luther Strange, the Judiciary Committee temporarily suspended its impeachment inquiry hearings. Strange voiced concern that the hearings could threaten his office's criminal investigation of a separate criminal matter. [15] In February 2017, when Bentley appointed Strange to fill a vacant United States Senate seat, there was speculation that Bentley's appointee for the new attorney general might be someone that would be less likely to prosecute him. [16]

A bipartisan subcommittee of the Senate was created in February 2017 to look at creating rules for a potential impeachment trial. [3]

On April 6, 2017, the Alabama Ethics Commission voted to find probable cause that Bentley had committed an instance of violating that the ethics law and three instances of violating campaign finance law. [17] That day, the special counsel hired by the House Judiciary Committee released his pre-hearing report which made many allegations against Bentley, concluding that he "encouraged an atmosphere of intimidation." [18] The House Judiciary Committee was set to conduct impeachment inquiry proceedings the following week. However, also on April 7, 2017, Bentley filed in court to request an order to stop the impeachment proceedings and to block the House Judiciary Committee counsel from releasing his report. Bentley argued that he had been denied due process by being unable to cross-examine witnesses against him, and also argued both that the charges made against him were vague and that he had been given insufficient notice. [19] A suspension of the impeachment proceedings was granted the same day by Montgomery Circuit Court Judge Greg Griffin, who had been appointed to the bench by Bentley. The House Judiciary Committee immediately appealed. [20] On April 8, 2017, the state's Supreme Court unanimously moved to stay the lower court's order. [21] [22] Impeachment hearings were scheduled to begin on April 10. [21] On April 10, Bentley resigned from office shortly after striking plea agreement on misdemeanor campaign finance law violations. The plea deal required that he resign. [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment</span> Process for charging a public official with legal offenses by the legislature(s)

Impeachment is a process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcee Hastings</span> American politician & judge (1936–2021)

Alcee Lamar Hastings was an American politician and former judge from the state of Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Porteous</span> American judge (1946–2021)

Gabriel Thomas Porteous Jr. was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. He served for sixteen years before being impeached and removed from office in December 2010. He died on November 14, 2021, aged 74.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Hampshire Supreme Court</span> Highest court in the U.S. state of New Hampshire

The New Hampshire Supreme Court is the supreme court of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and sole appellate court of the state. The Supreme Court is seated in the state capital, Concord. The Court is composed of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to serve during "good behavior" until retirement or the age of seventy. The senior member of the Court is able to specially assign lower-court judges, as well as retired justices, to fill vacancies on the Court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry E. Claiborne</span> American judge (1917–2004)

Harry Eugene Claiborne was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada from 1978 until his impeachment and removal in 1986. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1978, Claiborne was only the fifth person in United States history to be removed from office through impeachment by the United States Congress and the first since Halsted Ritter in 1936.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment of Bill Clinton</span> 1998 presidential impeachment proceedings against Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives of the 105th United States Congress on December 19, 1998, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The House adopted two articles of impeachment against Clinton, with the specific charges against Clinton being lying under oath and obstruction of justice. Two other articles had been considered but were rejected by the House vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halsted L. Ritter</span> American judge

Halsted Lockwood Ritter was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. He was the thirteenth individual to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives and the fourth individual to be convicted and removed from office in an impeachment trial before the United States Senate. He was also the last federal official to be impeached by the House of Representatives until Harry E. Claiborne, when he was impeached and removed from office by the Senate for tax evasion in 1986.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment in the United States</span> Procedure of officially accusing a civil officer

In the United States, impeachment is the process by which a legislature may bring charges against an officeholder for misconduct alleged to have been committed with a penalty of removal. Impeachment may also occur at the state level if the state or commonwealth has provisions for it under its constitution. Impeachment might also occur with tribal governments as well as at the local level of government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of Alabama</span> State government of the US state of Alabama

The government of Alabama is organized under the provisions of the 2022 Constitution of Alabama. Like other states within the United States, Alabama's government is divided into executive, judicial, and legislative branches. Also like any other state, these three branches serve a specific purpose in terms of power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert J. Bentley</span> Governor of Alabama from 2011 to 2017

Robert Julian Bentley is an American former politician and physician who served as the 53rd governor of Alabama from 2011 until 2017 upon his resignation following his arrest after a sex scandal involving a political aide. A member of the Republican Party, Bentley was elected governor in 2010 and re-elected in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luther Strange</span> American politician & lawyer (born 1953)

Luther Johnson Strange III is an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator from Alabama from 2017 to 2018. He was appointed to fill that position after it was vacated by Sen. Jeff Sessions upon Sessions's confirmation as U.S. Attorney General.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Will Ainsworth</span> American politician (born 1981)

Will Ainsworth is an American politician serving as the 31st lieutenant governor of Alabama since 2019. He previously served in the Alabama House of Representatives from 2014 to 2018, representing its 27th district.

The first impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson was launched by a vote of the United States House of Representatives on January 7, 1867, to investigate the potential impeachment of the President of the United States, Andrew Johnson. It was run by the House Committee on the Judiciary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment inquiry in the United States</span>

In the United States, an impeachment inquiry is an investigation or inquiry which usually occurs before a potential impeachment vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal impeachment in the United States</span> Procedure of officially accusing a civil officer

In the United States, federal impeachment is the process by which the House of Representatives charges the president, vice president, or another civil federal officer for alleged misconduct. The House can impeach an individual with a simple majority of the present members or other criteria adopted by the House according to Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution.

In the United States state of Vermont, the practice of impeachment has existed since its pre-statehood era as the Vermont Republic and has continued into its existence as a state since 1791. Impeachment allows a legislative body to remove an official from office after a trial.

The constitution of the U.S. state of Alaska grants its legislature the ability to impeach and remove "all civil officers of the State". An impeachment vote in the Alaska Senate is followed by an impeachment trial in the Alaska House of Representatives through which an official can be removed from office if convicted.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Alabama Constitution of 2022 Article VI sections 138 and 158; Article VII (all sections); Article IX 219.02 (d)
  2. 1 2 Lyman, Brian (February 21, 2017). "Possible Bentley impeachment leads to look at trial rules". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 Doudna, Michael (23 February 2017). "Alabama Senate prepares for possibility of impeachment". WSFA. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Alabama Impeachment, Amendment 6 (2016)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Greenblatt, Alan (23 September 2016). "Amid Governor's Scandal, Alabamians Clarify Impeachment Rules". Governing. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 Lyman, Brian (April 26, 2016). "Alabama House creates impeachment process". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  7. ↑ "In the Legislature of the State of Alabama Regular Session, 1915 Legislative Document No. 17 Report of Judiciary Committee of the House to which committee was referred the duty of investigating the matter of the impeachment of John Purifoy, Secretary of State". Brown Printing Company. 1915. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  8. ↑ Koplowitz, Howard (March 25, 2016). "Jim Zeigler files ethics complaints against Gov. Robert Bentley, Rebekah Caldwell Mason". AL.com. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Top aide to Alabama Gov. Robert Bentley resigns amid scandal". CBS News. March 30, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  10. ↑ "Ed Henry says he'll begin impeachment process against Bentley". Decatur Daily. Associated Press. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  11. ↑ Bullard, Ben (March 31, 2016). "Doubling down: Henry resolves impeachment as governor scandal matures". The Cullman Times. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  12. ↑ Posey, Sebastian (25 March 2016). "Governor Bentley Scandal: Timeline of Events". CBS 42. WIAT.
  13. 1 2 Cason, Mike (26 April 2016). "House passes resolution to set up impeachment procedure". AL.com. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  14. ↑ Cason, Mike (April 28, 2016). "Rep. Ed Henry rounds up enough signatures to file impeachment". AL.com. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  15. ↑ Moon, Josh (4 November 2016). "Impeachment Proceedings Suspended Due To "Active Criminal Investigation"". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  16. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Breshanan, John; Caupto, Marc (7 February 2017). "Governor expected to pick 'Big Luther' Strange to replace Sessions". Politico. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  17. ↑ Cason, Mike (6 April 2017). "How Alabama Ethics Commission voted on Bentley accusations". AL.com. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  18. 1 2 Blinder, Alan (10 April 2017). "Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  19. ↑ "Alabama governor asks court to halt impeachment process". Reuters. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  20. ↑ "The Latest: Alabama lawmakers appeal impeachment ruling". Salina Journal. April 7, 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  21. 1 2 Cason, Mike (10 April 2017). "Gov. Robert Bentley impeachment hearings begin today". AL.com. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  22. ↑ Curtis, Ken (8 April 2017). "Alabama Supreme Court stays order, impeachment proceedings back on next week". WTVY. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.